Twelve Tribes (New religious movement)

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Twelve Tribes
Twelve Tribes Logo.jpg
Classification Messianic Judaism[1]
Organizational structure Apostolic Council[2]
Geographical area North America, South America, Western Europe, Australia[3]
Founder Elbert "Gene" Spriggs[1]
Origin 1972[4]
Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States
Members 2,500-3,000[5]
Official Website http://www.twelvetribes.com

The Twelve Tribes is an international confederation of religious communities[6] founded by Gene Spriggs (now known as Yoneq) that sprung out of the Jesus Movement in the early 1970s in Chattanooga, Tennessee.[4] The group is an attempt to recreate the first century church in the Book of Acts;[2] the name Twelve Tribes also derives from a quote of the Apostle Paul in Acts 26:7.[7] The group has also gone by the names The Vine Christian Community Church,[8] Northeast Kingdom Community Church,[1] and The Messianic Communities.[9] The group has also been referred to as The Yellow Deli People[10] and informally as The Community.[11]

Contents

[edit] History

The origins of the Twelve Tribes movement can be traced to a ministry for teenagers called the "Light Brigade"[12] that operated out of a small Coffee Shop called "The Lighthouse"[4] within the home of Gene Spriggs and his wife Marsha. The Light Brigade began living communally and opened a restaurant called "The Yellow Deli," while attending several churches before deciding on First Presbyterian Church.[13]

The Yellow Deli logo

The Light Brigade while at First Presbyterian experienced friction with the establishment by bringing anyone who was willing to come with them including different social classes and racial groups than the church normally experienced.[4][13] On January 12, 1975, the Group arrived at First Presbyterian to find the service had been cancelled for the Super bowl,[4] for the group this was an intolerable act and led them to form The Vine Christian Community Church.[13] During this time the church planted churches each with their own Yellow Delis in Dalton and Trenton, Georgia, Mentone, Alabama, and Dayton, Tennessee.[8]

Their withdrawal from the borders of the religious mainstream turned what had been a frictional relationship into an outcry against them.[1] They began holding their own services in Warner Park calling it "Critical Mass",[14] appointing elders[15][16] and baptizing people outside of any denominational authority.[13] The deteriorating relationship between the group and the religious and secular Chattanooga community attracted the attention of The Parents' Committee to Free Our Children from the Children of God and the Citizen's Freedom Foundation who labelled the church a "cult" and heavily attacked Spriggs as a Cult leader.[1] This led to what the group refers to today as the "Cult Scare"[17] in the late seventies. A series of deprogrammings starting in the summer of 1976 that were carried out by Ted Patrick.[18] The group nevertheless largely ignored the negative press, the wider world in general, and continued their businesses[1] opening the Areopagus and a second local Yellow Deli in downtown Chattanooga.[18][19] In 1978 an invitation was received from a small church in Island Pond, Vermont for Spriggs to minister there, the offer was declined but the group began moving in stages to the small rural town naming the church there The Northeast Kingdom Community Church.[13] The final deprograming in Chattanooga was conducted in January, 1980 by Ted Patrick[18] and was assisted by one of the Chattanooga Police Department's Detectives in falsifying charges in order to perpetrate the "rescue" of the member Rebecca Westbrook.[20] The group continued moving, closing down all the Yellow Delis and associated churches except for the one in Dalton.[8] At one point a leader conceded the group was deeply in debt[16] before closing the Dalton church down and moving the last members to Vermont.[4]

Northeast Kingdom Community Church Members leaving the Courthouse with their children on June 22nd, 1984

The move to Vermont combined with an initial period of economic hardship caused some members to leave,[4] The Citizen's Freedom Foundation conducted several meeting in Barton, Vermont to draw attention to the group.[20] The Citizen's Freedom Foundation changed from the allegations of mind control used in Chattanooga to the much more sensational accusations of child abuse.[20] In 1983 charges were brought against a Charles Wiseman an elder in the group for misdemeanor simple assault this combined with a multiple child custody cases led to the basis of search warrant.[13] On June 22, 1984 Vermont State Police[13] and Vermont Social Rehabilitation Services[21] seizing 112 children[4] all were released the same day while the raid was ruled unconstitutional.[22] Due to what the group perceived as massive misunderstanding of the events and concerns leading up to and surrounding the raid they began formal relationships with their neighbors.[1] Two months after the raid the case against Wiseman fell apart after the main witness recanted saying he was under duress from the anticult movement.[1] The case was later dropped in 1985 after a Judge ruled that Wiseman had been denied his right of a speedy trial.[13]

By 1989, the church had become widely accepted in Island Pond[23] and grew substantially during the 1980s and 1990s, opening branches in several different countries, including Canada, Australia, Brazil, Spain, Germany, Argentina, and the United Kingdom.[13] During this expansion phase the group used the name Messianic Communities, before deciding on The Twelve Tribes.[13] Through the mid-2000s the group remained controversial with accusations of child Labor,[24] custodial interference,[20] and illegal Homeschooling.[25] In 2006 the group held a reunion for members and friends of the Vine Christian Community Church and former Yellow Deli in Warner Park announcing a new community in Chattanooga.[26] The announcement was met with some controversy[27] but the group proceeded to open a new Yellow Deli in 2008, nearly thirty years after leaving Chattanooga.[18]

[edit] Beliefs and practices

The Twelve Tribe’s beliefs are closely related to Christian fundamentalism and Messianic Judaism, however the group believes that all denominations are fallen and refuse to align themselves with any denomination or movement.[4] They believe that in order for the messiah to return it need to be restored to its original form seen in the Acts 2:38-42 and Acts 4:32-37.[13] This restoration is not merely the restoration of the first century church but as a new Israel consisting of Twelve Tribes in twelve geographic regions.[4][12] Part of this restoration is the returning to observing the sabbath on saturdays[13] maintaining Mosaic law[11] including dietary law,[13] and jewish feasts.[28][11] This prophesied restoration of Israel [2] combined with the perceived immorality[29]in the world leads the group to believe the end times have arrived through no date as has been set.[30]

Example alt text
The Bride wears a white linen dress with a crown of Flowers, While the groom representing Yahshua, is also clothed in white with a red sash symbolizing his blood.[31]

One noted aspect of the group is their insistence of using the hebrew name Yahshua,[1][13] opposed to the Jesus or even the more common hebrew transliterated form Yeshsua.[4] Their The Free Paper “The Colossus” citing that the English name Jesus is dervied from the Latin name Iesus meaning “Healing Zeus” where Yashua literally means meaning Yahweh’s salvation.[32] As the name "Yahshua" represents the nature of Jesus, similarly the bestows hebrew names upon on members that are meant to reflect the personality of the individual.[28]

The group rejects the traditional Christian duality of heaven and hell; instead believe in what they term the Three Eternal Destinies.[33] They believe that after the Fall of Man every person is given a conscience;[33]and that after dying every person goes to a state of being called death[34] regardless of faith.[33] Upon the second coming, believers will be brought back for the thousand years to reign with Yashua before the last judgment.[33] At the end of this thousand years, all the nonbelievers will be judged according to their deeds and be put into two groups: the righteous, filthy/unjust.[33] The filthy and the unjust will be sent to the Lake of Fire while the righteous will go to heaven with the Twelve Tribes.[33]

The leadership within is a structure is a series of Councils on the local, regional, and a global Apostolic Council;[2] the group is also overseen within these councils by a fluid number of teacher, deacons, deaconesses elders and apostles.[35] Members are chosen for one of the councils according to 1 Timothy 3:1-7 and Titus 1:5-9.[36] Gene Spriggs is highly regarded as the first to open up his home to brothers and sisters.[31] but is not regarded as a spiritual figurehead.[31][2] [11] The group operates as a 501 (d) - a "for-profit organizations with a religious purpose and a common treasury" the community pays taxes on property and income[2][18] and do not vote in elections.[11]

Courtship within the Community involves a "waiting period"[18][37] in the which the man asks the permission of the father to date his daughter[31] the couple then receives counseling[31] while spending time together.[37] The couple is only betrothed if the entire community approves of it;[35][31] the couple is then permitted to hold hands.[37] Weddings in the community are preenactments of what the group believes will happen at the end of time when "Yahshua" returns to earth for his bride.[18][31]

Children have been noted play a central role in the the group's eschatological beliefs,[35] as future generations of the group are to be the "pure and spotless bride" of Revelations[31][35] Most are most children within the group are born at through a home birth with a midwife, though a hospital may sometimes be used[31][11] Children are homeschooled,[31][11][35][30][2][25] by both parents and others within the group[31] their curriculum includes learning to read, arithmetic, writing, history, science,[35]religion and dance[30] before being apprenticed as a teenager.[35] Commerical toys are not used in the group however blocks, puzzles, sewing kits, and books are encouraged to promote imagination rather than fantasy[31][35] .The group utilizes corporal punishment [20][31][35][1][4][38] with a wet reed,[11] balloon stick[39] across the child's bottom or palm[35] after which the child is forgiven.[11][35] The goal for is to make future generations within the community less materialistic and more spiritually pure for the return of Yahshua.[35]

[edit] Controversies

The New England Institute of Religious Research helmed by the Rev. Bob Pardon warns in his report that "Messianic Communities, under the leadership of Spriggs, has tended towards an extreme authoritarianism."[40] The Tribes have responded with a line by line response to the report and continue to contend its large "errors, distortions, misunderstandings, and misjudgments", while criticizing the heavy use of apostates in his report.[41]

In 2001, New York State fined two Greene County Twelve Tribes businesses $2,000 for child labor law violations in 2001,[24] for a fifteen-year-old pushing a wheelbarrow and another fifteen-year-old changing a lightbulb.[38] The Twelve Tribes businesses appealed the decision, but lost. The group does admit that it uses corporal punishment, spanking children with a "small reed-like rod"[42] and that the "children help their parents" in their cottage industries.

In Europe, the controversies centered on the issues of homeschooling, health, and religious freedom. On October 18, 2004, seven fathers from the community in Klosterzimmern, in the municipality Deiningen, Bavaria were arrested because they homeschooled their children, instead of sending them to regular school.[43][44] In Germany, homeschooling was illegal. In France, the sect of Tabitha's place appears on the official list of sects.[45]

[edit] Outreaches and Businesses

Twelve Tribes businesses serve two purposes; to serve as a source of income for each of the communities and an outreaches to the world.[13]

Notable Businesses Include:

  • BOJ Construction[46]
  • Common Wealth Construction[46]
  • Mate Factor Brand and Cafés[46]
  • Yellow Deli[46]
  • The Parchment Press[46]
  • Common Sense Farm[46]
  • Simon the Tanner[46]

Organic Farms

  • Gladheart Farms[46]
  • Morning Star Ranch[46]
  • Stentwood Farm[46]

Mobile Evangelical Operations

The Twelve Tribes utilizes mobile operations and as vehicles to evangelize at various events.

  • Peacemaker Marine-a Class-A Sailing Barquentine Ship bought and restored by the group sailing on the Eastern coast of the United States. The Group now gives tours and Evangelizing at ports.[47]
  • Peacemaker I&II Buses[3]
  • Common Ground Cafe- A Two Story Mobile Cafe set up at Festivals and Concerts[48]
  • A First Aid Tent is set up at various events by the group.[49]

[edit] Locations of Tribes and Communities

The Group has divided up the World into Twelve Geographical Regions[12] and named them after the Twelve Tribes listed in Revelation 7:5-8[2] :

Tribe of Yehudah consists of Communities in the traditional Northern United States including:

The Tribe of Reuben consists of a community in France and all future communities in France

The tribe of Gad consists of all communities in Canada

[50]

The Tribe of Asher consists of communities in Australia and future communities in the Australia and Asia

The Tribe of Naphtali consists of communities in Brazil

Tribe of Manasseh consisting of the communities in the United States between Mississippi River and the Rockies.

The Tribe of Shimon consisting of communities in Spain and all future communities in Spain and Portugal

The Tribe of Levi consists of a community in Germany and all future communities in Germany.

The Tribe of Issachar consists of the community in Argentina

The Tribe of Zebulun consists of the community in the United Kingdom and all future communities in the United Kingdom

Tribe of Yoceph consisting communities in the United States west of the Rockies:

Tribe of Benyamin consisting of the communities in the traditional south of the United States

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Palmer, Susan J. Apostates and Their Role in the Construction of Grievance Claims Against the Northeast Kingdom/Messianic Communities article in the book The Politics of Religious Apostasy: The Role of Apostates in the Transformation of Religious Movements edited by David G. Bromley Westport, CT, Praeger Publishers, (1998). ISBN 0275955087
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Barna, Mark (2009-7-29). "Twelve Tribes living as one". Colorado Spring Gazette (Freedom Communications). http://www.gazette.com/articles/twelve-45677-tribes-springs.html. Retrieved 2009-11-04. 
  3. ^ a b Wallgren, Christine (2006-7-23). "A festival of peace Twelve Tribes opens its Plymouth home to curious neighbors". Boston Globe (Globe Newspaper Company): pp. 1–3. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Palmer, Susan J.; Bozeman, John M. (1997-05). "The Northeast Kingdom Community Church of Island Pond, Vermont: Raising Up a People for Yahshua's Return". Journal of Contemporary Religion 12 (2): pages 181 - 190. doi:10.1080/13537909708580798. http://www.twelvetribes.com/controversies/bozeman-palmer.html. Retrieved 2009-11-05. 
  5. ^ Legere, Christine (2009-6-4). "Sect to increase holdings Plan would link harbor, downtown". Boston Globe (Globe Newspaper Company): pp. 2. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/06/04/plymouth_plan_would_link_waterfront_downtown/?page=2. Retrieved 2009-11-04. 
  6. ^ Chiaramida, Angeljean (2009-7-29). "Tall Ships tie up in Salisbury for weekend festival". Newbury port Daily News (Eagle Tribune Publishing Company). http://www.newburyportnews.com/punews/local_story_203231819.html. Retrieved 2009-11-04. 
  7. ^ Twelve Tribes (2004-Summer). "Our Twelve Tribes: a Manifesto". The Voice: Call to Restoration (Parchment Press): pp. 2. http://www.twelvetribes.com/pdf/freepapers/voice-call-08.2008.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-06. 
  8. ^ a b c "Church to sell Yellow Delis, other properties and relocate". Chattanooga Times (WEHCO Media). 1979-3-26. 
  9. ^ Johnson, Sally (1993-03-12). "Defender of the faith". The Boston Globe Magazine (Globe Newspaper Company). 
  10. ^ Shultz, Wes (2008-05-07). "Remembering the Yellow Deli People". Chattanoogan (Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc.). http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_128124.asp. Retrieved 2009-12-06. 
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stephenson, Heather (2000-9-10). "A church of their own". Rutland Herald (Herald Association). http://docs.newsbank.com/s/InfoWeb/aggdocs/AWNB/10D839791ED8ED48/0D440D4D248F4E4A?p_multi=RHDB&s_lang=en-US. Retrieved 2009-12-06. 
  12. ^ a b c Warth, Gary (2009-10-3). "The 12 Tribes at a glance". North County Times (Lee Enterprise). http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/valley-center/article_a68bc3cf-981d-5250-9525-e064a002bf1d.html. Retrieved 2009-11-11. 
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hadden, Jeff K.. "Profile of the Twelve Tribes". Religious Movements Profiles. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2003-01-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20060829151659/religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/tribes.html. Retrieved 2009-11-05. 
  14. ^ Twelve, Tribes (2006-Spring). "Chattanooga: Do You Remember?" (PDF). Chattanooga: Do you Remember. Parchment Press. http://www.yellowdeli.com/pdf/do-you-remember.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-06. 
  15. ^ Murray, Alan (1978-1-19). "Vine elders concede church has authoritarian character". Chattanooga Times (Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc.). 
  16. ^ a b Castel, Bill (1980-12-1). "Elder: "We have no money"". Chattanooga Times (Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc.). 
  17. ^ Wiseman, Eddie (2009-Q3). "Cult Scare in Chattanooga". In the Vine House Days (Parchment Press): pp. 10. http://www.twelvetribes.com/pdf/freepapers/vine-house-days.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-06. 
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Garret, Joan (2008-05-03). "Chattanooga: Yellow Deli hosts reunion, betrothal". Chattanooga Times Free Press (Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc.). http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2008/may/17/chattanooga-yellow-deli-hosts-reunion-betrothal/. Retrieved 2009-11-07. 
  19. ^ "Yellow Deli In Comeback Popular Christian Eatery From 1970s To Be Revived". Chattanoogan (John Wilson). 2006-4-5. http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_83232.asp. Retrieved 2009-11-08. 
  20. ^ a b c d e Swantko, Jean (2000). "The Twelve Tribes' Communities, the Anti-Cult Movement, and Government's Response". Social Justice Research 12 (4): 341–364. http://www.twelvetribes.com/pdf/appendixes/social-justice.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-09. 
  21. ^ Wright, Stuart A. (1997-12). "Media Coverage of Unconventional Religion: Any "Good News" for Minority Faiths?". Review of Religious Research 39 (2): 101–115. http://www.jstor.org. Retrieved 2009-11-12. 
  22. ^ "Children of Sect Seized in Vermont". New York Times (The New York Times Company). 1984-6-24. http://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/23/us/children-of-sect-seized-in-vermont.html. Retrieved 2009-11-12. 
  23. ^ "Vt. Village Warms to Church". The Hartford Courant (Tribune Company): pp. 17. 1989-7-5. http://docs.newsbank.com/s/InfoWeb/aggdocs/AWNB/109E937C18D1F088/0D440D4D248F4E4A?p_multi=NWDB&s_lang=en-US. Retrieved 2009-12-28. 
  24. ^ a b Lovett, Kenneth (2001-10-4). "Upstate 'Soap' Cult fined for Child Labor". New York Post (News Corporation). http://www.nypost.com/p/news/upstate_soap_cult_fined_for_child_Eoi0z2cBQc5W4LlE1al4FK. Retrieved 2009-12-15. 
  25. ^ a b "Fundamentalist Christian Group Gets School of Their Own". Deutsche Welle (Deutsche Welle). 2006-08-31. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2151809,00.html. Retrieved 2009-11-17. 
  26. ^ Nash, Robert T. (2006-04-16). "Chattanooga Yellow Deli Reunion Draws Crowd". Chattanoogan (Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc.). http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_83886.asp. Retrieved 2009-11-17. 
  27. ^ Garret, Joan (2008-09-7). "Chattanooga: Yellow Deli draws interest, worries some". Chattanooga Times Free Press (Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc.). http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2008/sep/07/chattanooga-yellow-deli-draws-interest-worries-som/. Retrieved 2009-11-17. 
  28. ^ a b Warth, Gary (10-4-2009). "VALLEY CENTER: Twelve Tribes Christian community lives as an example of its faith". North County Times (Lee Enterprise). http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/valley-center/article_8d5e5793-aa9c-52c9-873f-fb0845ebb246.html. Retrieved 2009-12-13. 
  29. ^ Twelve Tribes (2004-fall). "If the Foundations Are Destroyed, What Can the Righteous Do?". Love is a Many Splendored thing (Parchment Press): pp. 9-12. http://www.twelvetribes.com/pdf/freepapers/love-is-splendored.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-12. 
  30. ^ a b c Folstad, Kim (2000-12-02). "Life on the Farm". Palm Beach Post (Cox Enterprises): pp. 9-12. http://docs.newsbank.com/s/InfoWeb/aggdocs/AWNB/0EAF4135A2BDE992/0D440D4D248F4E4A?p_multi=PBPB&s_lang=en-US. Retrieved 2009-12-12. 
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m [[Susan J. Palmer |Palmer, Susan J.]] (1994). Moon Sister, Krishna Mothers, Rajneesh Lovers. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 133-153. ISBN 978-0815603825. 
  32. ^ "What's in a Name". Collosus (Parchment Press). 2004-Summer. http://www.twelvetribes.com/pdf/freepapers/colossus.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-18. 
  33. ^ a b c d e f Twelve Tribes (2001-06). "Three eternal Destinies of Man". The Three Eternal Destinies (Parchment Press): pp. 9–22. http://www.twelvetribes.org/pdf/freepapers/3ED7.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-07. 
  34. ^ Twelve Tribes (2004-Spring). "The Passion of the Christ The Rest of the Story". The Passion of the Christ : The Rest of the Story (Parchment Press): pp. 7. http://www.twelvetribes.com/pdf/freepapers/the-passion-revised.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-12. 
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l [[Susan J. Palmer |Palmer, Susan J.]] (1999-6-1). Children in New Religions. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 153-171. ISBN 978-0813526201. 
  36. ^ Twelve Tribes. "Lifestyle FAQs:How are leaders chosen?". Twelve Tribes Website. Parchment Press. http://www.twelvetribes.com/faq/lifestyle.html. Retrieved 2009-12-29. 
  37. ^ a b c Filipov, David (2009-6-28). "‘Forgiven and free’". Boston Globe (Globe Newspaper Company). http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/06/28/religious_group_opens_its_ship_peacemaker/?page=1. Retrieved 2009-12-27. 
  38. ^ a b "Healing Buildings in the Catskills". http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9503E5DA173FF937A15754C0A9639C8B63. Retrieved 2009-10-28. 
  39. ^ Pokorny, Brad (1985-2-24). "Island Pond has message for Media: Paint Brighter Picture or Get Lost". Boston Globe (New York Times Commpany): pp. 32. http://docs.newsbank.com/s/InfoWeb/aggdocs/AWNB/0EADEAD28831B5B4/0D440D4D248F4E4A?p_multi=BGBK&s_lang=en-US. Retrieved 2009-12-28. 
  40. ^ "My Analysis of the Twelve Tribes". New England Institute of Religious Research website. http://www.neirr.org/conclusn.html. Retrieved 2005-10-23. 
  41. ^ "Our Response to the NEIRR Analysis". Twelve Tribes: Controversies. http://www.twelvetribes.com/pdf/appendixes/neirr-response.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-29. 
  42. ^ "Family FAQs". The Twelve Tribes: Family FAQs. http://www.twelvetribes.com/faq/family.html. Retrieved 2005-10-12. 
  43. ^ "Pictures of the arrest". Slide show of arrested fathers in Germany. http://www.zwoelfstaemme.de/verhaftung_slideshow. Retrieved 2005-10-23. 
  44. ^ "Press Conference October 15, 2004 in Pfäfflingen, Germany". Press conference by Holger Röhrs, one of the seven arrested fathers. http://www.commonwealthofisrael.org/controversies/press-conf-roehrs.html. Retrieved 2009-10-29. 
  45. ^ "French National Assembly: On Sects". http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/rap-enq/r3507.asp. Retrieved 2008-05-09. 
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Twelve Tribes. "Links". Twelve Tribes Website. Parchment Press. http://www.twelvetribes.com/whereweare/links.html. Retrieved 2009-11-09. 
  47. ^ Felty, Dana Clark (2008-11-29). "Savannah Now article". Savannah Morning News. http://savannahnow.com/node/625617. Retrieved 2008-12-23. 
  48. ^ Ryan, Dennis (7-2-04). "It's all Folk". Pentagram (Comprint Military Publications). 
  49. ^ Dreher, Christopher (2005-10-23). "The Doomsday Prophets on Main Street". Boston Globe (Globe Newspaper Company). http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/10/23/the_doomsday_prophets_on_main_street/. Retrieved 2009-11-10. 
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "Worldwide Addresses of Our Homes". Twelve Tribes Website. Parchment Press. http://www.twelvetribes.com/whereweare/global/index.html. Retrieved 2009-11-11. 

[edit] External links

Twelve Tribes organization sites
Sites explicitly or largely critical of Twelve Tribes
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_(New_religious_movement)"
Languages