Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk

For other people of the same name, see Thomas Howard (disambiguation).

The Duke of Norfolk
Spouse(s)	Mary FitzAlan Margaret Audley Elizabeth Leyburne
Noble family	House of Howard
Father	Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
Mother	Frances de Vere
Born	10 March 1536(1536-03-10)
Died	2 June 1572(1572-06-02) (aged 36) Tower Hill , London, England

Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, KG, Earl Marshal (10 March 1536 – 2 June 1572) was an English nobleman.

Norfolk was the son of the poet Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. He was taught as a child by John Foxe, the Protestant martyrologist, who remained a lifelong recipient of Norfolk's patronage. His father predeceased his grandfather, so Norfolk inherited the Dukedom of Norfolk upon the death of his grandfather, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk in 1554.

Norfolk was a second cousin of Queen Elizabeth I of England through her mother's family and was trusted with public office despite his family's history and leanings towards Catholicism (although he was brought up a Protestant).

Marriages and plots

First wife

Thomas Howard's first wife was Mary FitzAlan, who after the death of her brother Henry in 1556 became heiress to the Arundel Estates of her father Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel. She died after a year of marriage having given birth to a son, Philip Howard (28 June 1557 – 19 October 1595), who became 20th Earl of Arundel.

It is from this marriage that the present Duke of Norfolk takes his name of 'FitzAlan-Howard' and why his seat is in Arundel. Though her funeral effigy is there, Mary FitzAlan was never buried at Framlingham, but at the church of St. Clement Without, Temple Bar and then (under the direction of her grandson's will) at Arundel.

Second wife

Norfolk next married another heiress, Margaret Audley, widow of Sir Henry Stanley and daughter of Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden.

Margaret's children by her marriage to Norfolk were two boys (Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk and Lord William Howard, ancestor of the Earls of Carlisle) and two girls. Both Mary FitzAlan and Margaret Audley have their tomb effigies at St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham. [1]

Third wife

After Margaret's death, Norfolk married Elizabeth Leyburne (1536 – 4 September 1567), widow of Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre of Gillesland.

Norfolk's three sons by his first two wives, Philip, Thomas, and William, married, respectively, Anne, Marie, and Elizabeth Dacre. The Dacre sisters were the daughters of Elizabeth Leyburne by her marriage to Thomas Dacre and were, therefore, stepsisters to Norfolk's sons.

Public offices

Norfolk was Earl Marshal of England and Queen's Lieutenant in the North. From February to July 1560, Norfolk was commander of the English army in Scotland in support of the Lords of the Congregation opposing Mary of Guise. He agreed the Treaty of Berwick (1560) by which the Congregation invited English assistance.

Attempted fourth marriage, plots and death

Queen Elizabeth imprisoned Norfolk in 1569 for scheming to marry Mary, Queen of Scots.

Following his release, he participated in the Ridolfi plot with King Philip II of Spain to put Mary on the English throne and restore Catholicism in England, though the strength of the evidence for his participation in the Ridolfi plot is doubted by some^{[citation needed]}. He was executed for treason in 1572. He is buried at St Peter ad Vincula within the walls of the Tower of London.

Norfolk's lands and titles were forfeit, although much of the estate was later restored to his sons. The title of Duke of Norfolk was restored, four generations later, to Thomas Howard.

In books and film

• Thomas Howard appears as a character in the Philippa Gregory novels The Virgin's Lover and The Other Queen, and in the novel I, Elizabeth by Rosalind Miles.
• A highly fictionalized version of the 4th Duke of Norfolk appears as a villain, played by Christopher Eccleston, in the 1998 film Elizabeth. Another version of the Duke is in the BBC mini-series The Virgin Queen, played by Kevin McKidd.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk

16. John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk

8. Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk

17. Katherine de Moleyns

4. Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

18. Sir Frederick Tilney

9. Elizabeth Tilney

19. Elizabeth Cheney

2. Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey

20. Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham

10. Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham

21. Catherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham and Bedford

5. Elizabeth Stafford, Duchess of Norfolk

22. Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland

11. Eleanor Percy, Duchess of Buckingham

23. Maud Herbert, Countess of Northumberland

1. Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk

24. Robert de Vere

12. John de Vere

25. Joan Courtenay

6. John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford

13. Alice Kilrington

3. Frances de Vere, Countess of Surrey

14. Sir Edward Trussell of Kibbleston

7. Elizabeth Trussell, Countess of Oxford

15. Margaret Dunn

See also

• Dukes of Norfolk family tree

Further reading

• The marvellous chance: Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk, and the Ridolphi plot, 1570-1572 by Francis Edwards (1968) ISBN 0246644745
• Thomas Howard, Fourth duke of Norfolk by Neville Williams (1965) AISN B0007DRE5Y
• Thomas Howard: Fourth Duke of Norfolk by The Benedictine Brethren of Glendalough, edited by William Cooke Taylor (2005) ISBN 142546159X
•  "Howard, Thomas (1536-1572)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 

Footnotes

Political offices
Preceded by The Duke of Norfolk	Earl Marshal 1554–1572	Succeeded by The Earl of Shrewsbury
Preceded by The Earl of Sussex	Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk 1559–1572	Succeeded by Unknown
Peerage of England
Preceded by Thomas Howard	Duke of Norfolk (3rd creation) 1554–1572	Succeeded by Thomas Howard (Restored 1660)
	Earl of Surrey (3rd creation) 1554–1572	Succeeded by Thomas Howard (another) (Restored 1604)
	Baron Mowbray 1554–1572	Succeeded by Philip Howard