Threonine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Threonine | |
|---|---|
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| IUPAC name |
Threonine
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| Other names | 2-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 80-68-2  ,72-19-5 (L-isomer) |
| PubChem | 6288 |
| EC number | 201-300-6 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C4H9NO3 |
| Molar mass | 119.12 g mol−1 |
| Supplementary data page | |
| Structure and properties |
n, εr, etc. |
| Thermodynamic data |
Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| (what is this?) (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
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| Infobox references | |
Threonine (abbreviated as Thr or T)[1] is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH(OH)CH3. Its codons are ACU, ACA, ACC, and ACG. This essential amino acid is classified as polar. Together with serine and tyrosine, threonine is one of three proteinogenic amino acids bearing an alcohol group.
The threonine residue is susceptible to numerous posttranslational modifications. The hydroxy side chain can undergo O-linked glycosylation. In addition, threonine residues undergo phosphorylation through the action of a threonine kinase. In its phosphorylated form, it can be referred to as phosphothreonine.
Contents |
[edit] Stereoisomerism
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| L-Threonine (2S,3R) and D-Threonine (2R,3S) |
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| L-allo-Threonine (2S,3S) and D-allo-Threonine (2R,3R) |
With two chiral centers, threonine can exist in four possible stereoisomers with the following configurations: (2S,3R), (2R,3S), (2S,3S) und (2R,3R). However, the name L-threonine is used for one single enantiomer, (2S,3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. The second stereoisomer (2S,3S), which is rarely present in nature, is called L-allo-threonine. The two stereoisomers (2R,3S)- and (2R,3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid are only of minor importance.
[edit] Biosynthesis
As an essential amino acid, threonine is not synthesized in humans, hence we must ingest threonine in the form of threonine-containing proteins. In plants and microorganisms, threonine is synthesized from aspartic acid via α-aspartyl-semialdehyde and homoserine. Homoserine undergoes O-phosphorylation; this phosphate ester undergoes hydrolysis concomitant with relocation of the OH group.[2] Enzymes involved in a typical biosynthesis of threonine include:
- aspartokinase
- α-aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
- homoserine dehydrogenase
- homoserine kinase
- threonine synthase.
[edit] Metabolism
Threonine is metabolized in two ways:
- It is converted to pyruvate via threonine dehydrogenase. An intermediate in this pathway can undergo thiolysis with CoA to produce acetyl-CoA and glycine.
- In humans, it is converted to alpha-ketobutyrate in a less common pathway via the enzyme serine dehydratase, and thereby enters the pathway leading to succinyl-CoA.
[edit] Sources
Foods high in threonine include cottage cheese, poultry, fish, meat, lentils, and sesame seeds.[citation needed]
Racemic threonine can be prepared from crotonic acid by alpha-functionalization using mercury(II) acetate.[3]
[edit] References
- ^ "Nomenclature and symbolism for amino acids and peptides (IUPAC-IUB Recommendations 1983)", Pure Appl. Chem. 56 (5): 595–624, 1984, doi:.
- ^ Lehninger, Albert L.; Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2000), Principles of Biochemistry (3rd ed.), New York: W. H. Freeman, ISBN 1-57259-153-6.
- ^ Carter, Herbert E.; West, Harold D. (1940), "dl-Threonine", Org. Synth. 20: 101, http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/orgsyn/prepContent.asp?prep=cv3p0813; Coll. Vol. 3: 813.
[edit] External links
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