Thrombomodulin

Thrombomodulin
PDB rendering based on 1adx.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1ADX, 1DQB, 1DX5, 1EGT, 1FGD, 1FGE, 1HLT, 1TMR, 1ZAQ, 2ADX, 3GIS
Identifiers
Symbols	THBD; AHUS6; BDCA3; CD141; THRM; TM
External IDs	OMIM: 188040 MGI: 98736 HomoloGene: 308 GeneCards: THBD Gene
Gene Ontology Molecular function • receptor activity • transmembrane signaling receptor activity • calcium ion binding • protein binding Cellular component • extracellular space • plasma membrane • integral to plasma membrane • cell surface Biological process • female pregnancy • blood coagulation • embryo development • response to X-ray • negative regulation of platelet activation • negative regulation of blood coagulation • response to lipopolysaccharide • leukocyte migration • response to cAMP • negative regulation of fibrinolysis Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	7056	21824
Ensembl	ENSG00000178726	ENSMUSG00000074743
UniProt	P07204	P15306
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000361.2	NM_009378.3
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000352.1	NP_033404.1
Location (UCSC)	Chr 20: 23.03 – 23.03 Mb	Chr 2: 148.23 – 148.23 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Thrombomodulin, CD141 or BDCA-3 is an integral membrane protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells which serves as a receptor for thrombin. It reduces blood coagulation by converting thrombin to an anticoagulant enzyme from a procoagulant enzyme.

Characterization

In humans, thrombomodulin is encoded by the THBD gene. The protein has a molecular mass of 74kDa, and consists of a single chain with 5 distinct domains.

Function

Thrombomodulin functions as a cofactor in the thrombin-induced activation of protein C in the anticoagulant pathway by forming a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with thrombin. This raises the speed of protein C activation thousandfold. Thrombomodulin-bound thrombin has no procoagulant effect. The TT-complex also inhibits fibrinolysis by cleaving thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) into its active form.

The antigen described as BDCA-3 has turned out to be identical to thrombomodulin. Thus, it was revealed that this molecule also occurs on a very rare (0.02%) subset of human dendritic cells called MDC2. Its function on these cells is unknown at present, but apparently, thrombomodulin has at least one other ligand apart from thrombin, because anticoaglulation is a commonplace function, in contrast to the rarity of MDC2 cells.

Interactions

Thrombomodulin has been shown to interact with thrombin.

Further reading

• Esmon CT (1995). "Thrombomodulin as a model of molecular mechanisms that modulate protease specificity and function at the vessel surface.". FASEB J. 9 (10): 946–55. PMID 7615164. 
• Ohlin AK, Norlund L, Marlar RA (1997). "Thrombomodulin gene variations and thromboembolic disease.". Thromb. Haemost. 78 (1): 396–400. PMID 9198186. 
• Van de Wouwer M, Collen D, Conway EM (2005). "Thrombomodulin-protein C-EPCR system: integrated to regulate coagulation and inflammation.". Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24 (8): 1374–83. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000134298.25489.92. PMID 15178554. 
• Boffa MC, Jackman RW, Peyri N, et al. (1992). "Thrombomodulin in the central nervous system.". Nouvelle revue française d'hématologie 33 (6): 423–9. PMID 1667949. 
• Jakubowski HV, Owen WG (1989). "Macromolecular specificity determinants on thrombin for fibrinogen and thrombomodulin.". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (19): 11117–21. PMID 2544585. 
• Jackman RW, Beeler DL, Fritze L, et al. (1987). "Human thrombomodulin gene is intron depleted: nucleic acid sequences of the cDNA and gene predict protein structure and suggest sites of regulatory control.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (18): 6425–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.18.6425. PMC 299089. PMID 2819876. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=299089. 
• Suzuki K, Kusumoto H, Deyashiki Y, et al. (1987). "Structure and expression of human thrombomodulin, a thrombin receptor on endothelium acting as a cofactor for protein C activation.". EMBO J. 6 (7): 1891–7. PMC 553573. PMID 2820710. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=553573. 
• Wen DZ, Dittman WA, Ye RD, et al. (1987). "Human thrombomodulin: complete cDNA sequence and chromosome localization of the gene.". Biochemistry 26 (14): 4350–7. doi:10.1021/bi00388a025. PMID 2822087. 
• Shirai T, Shiojiri S, Ito H, et al. (1988). "Gene structure of human thrombomodulin, a cofactor for thrombin-catalyzed activation of protein C.". J. Biochem. 103 (2): 281–5. PMID 2836377. 
• Yonezawa S, Maruyama I, Tanaka S, et al. (1988). "Immunohistochemical localization of thrombomodulin in chorionic diseases of the uterus and choriocarcinoma of the stomach. A comparative study with the distribution of human chorionic gonadotropin.". Cancer 62 (3): 569–76. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19880801)62:3<569::AID-CNCR2820620322>3.0.CO;2-T. PMID 2839283. 
• Ishii H, Majerus PW (1986). "Thrombomodulin is present in human plasma and urine.". J. Clin. Invest. 76 (6): 2178–81. doi:10.1172/JCI112225. PMC 424339. PMID 3001144. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=424339. 
• Adler M, Seto MH, Nitecki DE, et al. (1995). "The structure of a 19-residue fragment from the C-loop of the fourth epidermal growth factor-like domain of thrombomodulin.". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (40): 23366–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.40.23366. PMID 7559494. 
• Ohlin AK, Marlar RA (1995). "The first mutation identified in the thrombomodulin gene in a 45-year-old man presenting with thromboembolic disease.". Blood 85 (2): 330–6. PMID 7811989. 
• Srinivasan J, Hu S, Hrabal R, et al. (1994). "Thrombin-bound structure of an EGF subdomain from human thrombomodulin determined by transferred nuclear Overhauser effects.". Biochemistry 33 (46): 13553–60. doi:10.1021/bi00250a007. PMID 7947766. 
• Gerlitz B, Hassell T, Vlahos CJ, et al. (1993). "Identification of the predominant glycosaminoglycan-attachment site in soluble recombinant human thrombomodulin: potential regulation of functionality by glycosyltransferase competition for serine474.". Biochem. J.. 295 ( Pt 1): 131–40. PMC 1134829. PMID 8216207. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1134829. 
• Yasuda K, Espinosa R, Davis EM, et al. (1993). "Human somatostatin receptor genes: localization of SSTR5 to human chromosome 20p11.2.". Genomics 17 (3): 785–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1410. PMID 8244401. 
• Yamamoto S, Mizoguchi T, Tamaki T, et al. (1993). "Urinary thrombomodulin, its isolation and characterization.". J. Biochem. 113 (4): 433–40. PMID 8390446. 
• Meininger DP, Hunter MJ, Komives EA (1996). "Synthesis, activity, and preliminary structure of the fourth EGF-like domain of thrombomodulin.". Protein Sci. 4 (9): 1683–95. doi:10.1002/pro.5560040904. PMC 2143218. PMID 8528067. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2143218. 
• Maglott DR, Feldblyum TV, Durkin AS, Nierman WC (1996). "Radiation hybrid mapping of SNAP, PCSK2, and THBD (human chromosome 20p).". Mamm. Genome 7 (5): 400–1. doi:10.1007/s003359900120. PMID 8661740. 

External links

• GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
• OMIM entries on Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome