Timeline of agriculture and food technology
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Timeline of agriculture and food technology
Contents |
[edit] Neolithic Revolution
- 12,000 BC – Neolithic Revolution, the first agricultural revolution, begins in the ancient Near East
- 12,000 BC – Natufians in the Levant begin harvesting wild grasses.
- 9800 BC – Earliest evidence for domesticated wheat at PPNA sites in the Levant.
- 8500 BC – PPNB sites across the Fertile Crescent growing domestic wheat, barley, chickpeas, peas, beans, flax and bitter vetch. Sheep and goat domesticated.
- 7000 BC – agriculture had reached southern Europe with evidence of emmer and einkorn wheat, barley, sheep, goats, and pigs suggest that a food producing economy is adopted in Greece and the Aegean. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/eus/ht02eus.htm
- 7000 BC – Cultivation of wheat, sesame, barley, and eggplant in Mehrgarh (India/Pakistan).
- 7000 BC – Domestication of cattle and chicken in Mehrgarh, Indian subcontinent.
- 6800 BC – Rice domesticated in southeast Asia.
- 6500 BC – Evidence of cattle domestication in Turkey. Some sources say this happened earlier in other parts of the worldkjgdirjgfhjmhm
- 6000 BC Archaeological evidence from various sites on the Iberian peninsula suggest the domestication of plants and animals. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/eus/ht02eus.htm
- 6000 BC – Granary built in Mehrgarh for storage of excess food.
- 5500 BC Céide Fields in Ireland are the oldest known field systems in the world, this landscape consists of extensive tracts of land enclosed by stone walls. http://www.museumsofmayo.com/ceide.htm
- 5000 BC – Domestication of the horse in Ukraine
- 4000 BC – In Mehrgarh, the domestication of numerous crops, inmkjkjocluding peas, sesame seeds, dates, and cotton, as well as a wide range of domestic animals, including the Domestic Asian Water Buffalo, an animal that remains essential to intensive agricultural production throughout Asia today.
- 4000 BC – Egyptians discover how to make bread using yeast
- 4000 BC – Evidence for rice domestication in the Korat plateau area of northwestern Thailand
- 4000 BC – First use of light wooden ploughs in Mesopotamia
- 3500 BC – Irrigation was being used in Mesopotamia
- 3500 BC – First agriculture in the Americas, around Central Amazonia or Ecuador
- 3000 BC – Turmeric, cardamom, pepper and mustard are harvested in the Indus Valley Civilization (India/Pakistan).
- 3000 BC – Fermentation of dough, grain, and fruit juices is in practice.
- 3000 BC – Sugar produced in India
[edit] Antiquity
- 2600 BC – Large scale commercial timbering of cedars in Phoenicia (Lebanon) for export to Egypt and Sumeria. Similar commercial timbering in South India.
- 1700 BC – Wind powered machine developed by Babylonians
- 1300 BC – Creation of canal linking the Nile delta to the Red Sea
- 691 BC – First aqueduct (approx. 50 miles long) constructed to bring water to Nineveh.
- 530 BC – Tunnel of Eupalinos first underground aqueduct
- 500 BC – The moldboard iron plough is invented in China
- 500 BC – Row cultivation of crops using intensive hoeing to weed and conserve moisture practised in China
- 300 BC – Efficient trace harness for plowing invented in China
- 200 BC – Efficient collar harness for plowing invented in China
- 100 BC – Rotary winnowing fan invented in China
- 100 BC – The multi-tube seed drill is invented in China
- AD 200 – The fishing reel invented in China
- 600 – The distillation of alcohol in China
- 607 – The Chinese begin constructing a massive canal system to connect the Yellow and Yangtze rivers
[edit] Arab Agricultural Revolution
- 640 – Arab Agricultural Revolution begins in the rapidly-expanding Arab Empire
- 644 – Muslim inventors develop a windmill, used to pump water for irrigation;[1][2] this is a more advanced wind powered machine than that developed by the Babylonians
- 794 – Paper mill invented in Baghdad, Iraq
- 800 – Arabic chemists produce distilled water and purified water[3]
- 800 – Pure alcohol (ethanol) as a pure compound is distilled by Arabic chemists such as Geber and Alkindus[4]
- 850 – Use of coffee is known in Arabia
- 900 – Water turbine invented in the Arab Empire[2]
- 900 – First wind powered gristmills built in present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran[5]
- 900 – Geared gristmills with trip hammers developed in the Arab Empire[6]
- 900 – First sugar refineries, driven by both water mills and windmills, invented in present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran[5]
- 1000 – Sherbet, the first juiced and carbonated soft drink, is developed by Arabic chemists.[7][8]
- 1000 – Cash cropping[9] and the modern crop rotation system where land was cropped four or more times in a two-year period is introduced in the Arab Empire[10]
- 1000 – The Arab Empire introduced agricultural innovations such as new forms of land tenure, improvements in irrigation, a variety of sophisticated irrigation methods,[11] the introduction of fertilizers and widespread artificial irrigation systems, the development of gravity-flow irrigation systems from rivers and springs,[12] the use of noria and chain pumps for irrigation purposes,[13] the establishment of the sugar cane industry in the Mediterranean, and experimentation in sugar cultivation[14]
- 1000 – Earliest factory milling installations built in Baghdad, Iraq[15]
- 1000 – Milling dam (Pul-i-Bulaiti), used to provide additional power for milling, built at Karun, Iran[16]
- 1050 – Flywheel-driven saqiya chain pump and noria developed by Ibn Bassal (fl. 1038-1075) of Al-Andalus[17]
- 1100 – Bridge mill (water mill built as part of the superstructure of a bridge) developed in Cordoba, Al-Andalus[18]
- 1100 – Spiral scoop-wheel, a device which raises large quantities of water to ground level with a high degree of efficiency, invented in Baghdad, Iraq[19]
- 1100 – Finery forge invented in Al-Andalus[5]
- 1100 – First European factory milling installations built in Al-Andalus[5]
- 1206 – Al-Jazari employs the crankshaft and connecting rod in a piston pump which, for the first time, demonstrates the use of a suction pipe.[20]
- 1250 – Crank-driven screw and screwpump developed in the Arab world using Al-Jazari's crankshaft[21]
- 1559 – Taqi al-Din invents a six-cylinder 'Monobloc' pump, a hydropowered water-raising machine incorporating valves, suction and delivery pipes, piston rods with lead weights, trip levers with pin joints, and cams on the axle of a water-driven scoop-wheel[22]
[edit] British Agricultural Revolution
- 1700 – British Agricultural Revolution begins in the United Kingdom
- 1809 – French confectioner Nicolas Appert invents canning
- 1837 – John Deere invents steel plough
- 1863 – International "Corn Show" in Paris with corn varieties from different countries
- 1866 – Gregor Mendel publishes his paper describing Mendelian inheritance
- 1871 – Louis Pasteur invents pasteurization
- 1895 – Refrigeration for domestic and commercial food preservation introduced in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively.
- 1930 – First use of aerial photos in Earth sciences and agriculture.
[edit] Green Revolution
- 1944 – Green Revolution begins in Mexico
- 2000 – Genetically modified plants cultivated around the world.
- 2005 – Lasers used to replace stickers by writing on food to "track and trace" and identify individual pieces of fresh fruit. [1]
[edit] References
- ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Donald Routledge Hill (1986). Islamic Technology: An illustrated history, p. 54. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42239-6.
- ^ a b Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American, May 1991, p. 64-69. (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical Engineering)
- ^ George Rafael, A is for Arabs, Salon.com, January 8, 2002.
- ^ Hassan, Ahmad Y. "Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources". History of Science and Technology in Islam. http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%207.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
- ^ a b c d Adam Lucas (2006), Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology, p. 65. BRILL, ISBN 9004146490.
- ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 781, in (Rashed & Morelon 1996, pp. 751-95)
- ^ Juliette Rossant (2005), The World's First Soft Drink, Saudi Aramco World, September/October 2005, pp. 36-9
- ^ The World's First Soft Drink. 1001 Inventions, 2006.
- ^ Jairus Banaji (2007), "Islam, the Mediterranean and the rise of capitalism", Journal Historical Materialism 15 (1), pp. 47–74, Brill Publishers.
- ^ Andrew M. Watson (1974), "The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100", The Journal of Economic History 34 (1), pp. 8–35.
- ^ Elias H. Tuma (1987), "Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700–1100 by Andrew M. Watson", The Journal of Economic History 47 (2), pp. 543–4.
- ^ Thomas F. Glick (1977), "Noria Pots in Spain", Technology and Culture 18 (4), pp. 644–50.
- ^ Zohor Idrisi (2005), The Muslim Agricultural Revolution and its influence on Europe, FSTC
- ^ J. H. Galloway (1977), "The Mediterranean Sugar Industry", Geographical Review 67 (2), pp. 177–94.
- ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 783, in (Rashed & Morelon 1996, pp. 751-95)
- ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 759, in (Rashed & Morelon 1996, pp. 751-95)
- ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Flywheel Effect for a Saqiya, History of Science and Technology in Islam
- ^ Adam Lucas (2006), Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology, p. 62. BRILL, ISBN 9004146490.
- ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 774, in (Rashed & Morelon 1996, pp. 751-95)
- ^ Ahmad Y Hassan. The Origin of the Suction Pump – Al-Jazari 1206 A.D. History of Science and Technology in Islam.
- ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 771, in (Rashed & Morelon 1996, pp. 751-95)
- ^ Donald Routledge Hill, "Engineering", p. 779, in (Rashed & Morelon 1996, pp. 751-95)
[edit] External links
[edit] See also
- Broad spectrum revolution
- New World Crops
- Agriculture
- Neolithic founder crops
- Agricultural revolution
- Fertile Crescent
- Timeline of historic inventions
