Timeline of nursing history

NURSING TIMELINE

• 1-500 AD (approximately)- Nursing care mostly included hygiene and comfort needs of persons and families. Religious organisations were the provided carers. Craven, R.F., & Hirnle, C.,J.(2003). Fundamentals of Nursing, Human Health and Function,(4th,ed).

• 55 AD - Phoebe is nursing histories most noted deaconess.

• 380 AD - The first general hospital is established in Rome by Fabiola.

NOW: Nursing care today consisits of having an extreme degree of professional skill and ivolves obligations exceeding hygiene and comfort procedures though these aspects of care are still important. Today's nurses need to be extremely skilled with up to date technological developments; they need knowledge of science & humanities. Tasks are complicated and critical thinking skills are essential. Nurses are trained in Universities and Polytechnic, not in religious organisations. Craven, R.F., & Hirnle, C., J. (2003). Fundamentals of Nursing, Human Health and Function, (4th,ed).

• 1847 - Wellington Hospital was established,the first New Zealand Hospital. (Barber, L., & Towers, R. (1976). Wellington Hospital 1847-1976. Wellington: Wellington Hospital Board.)

16th century

• The Reformation - The 16th century was the time of the Reformation when the breakdown of religious orders meant that hospitals and nursing care seriously deteriorated. Women were expected to remain in the home caring for families thus depleting the numbers of practicing nurses.

17th century

St. Louise de Marillac

Sisters of Charity

• 1633 – The founding of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, Servants of the Sick Poor by Sts. Vincent de Paul and Louise de Marillac. The community would not remain in a convent, but would nurse the poor in their homes, "having no monastery but the homes of the sick, their cell a hired room, their chapel the parish church, their enclosure the streets of the city or wards of the hospital."
• 1645 – Jeanne Mance establishes North America's first hospital, l'Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal.
• 1654 and 1656 – Sisters of Charity care for the wounded on the battlefields at Sedan and Arras in France.
• 1660 – Over 40 houses of the Sisters of Charity exist in France and several in other countries; the sick poor are helped in their own dwellings in 26 parishes in Paris.

18th century

• 1755 – Rabia Choraya, head nurse or matron in the Moroccan Army. She traveled with Braddock’s army during the French & Indian War. She was the highest-paid and most respected woman in the army.

• 1783 – James Derham, a slave from New Orleans, buys his freedom with money earned working as a nurse. [1]

19th century

• 1836 Nursing Society of Philadelphia
• 1850 instructional school for nurses opened by NSP
• 1853 Crimean war
• 1854 Nightingale appointed as the Superintendent of Nursing Staff
• 1855 Nightingale Fund established
• 1861–1865 The Civil war, American Army nurses corps
• 1872, 73 formal nursing training programs were established, establishment of formal education

1800s

1840- Settlement of New Zealand as a colony and the establishment of state hospitals.

1810s

• 1811 - The opening of Sydney Hospital. Convict men and women undertook the nursing. (Crisp & Taylor, 2009)

1820s

• c. 1820 – Jensey Snow, a former slave, opens a hospital in Petersburg, Virginia. [2]
• 1820 - Florence Nightingale, is born at Villa La Columbaia in Florence (12 May). [3]

1830s

• 1838 - The first trained nurses arrived in Sydney, they were five Irish Sisters of Charity (Crisp and Taylor, 2009).

1840s

• 1844 – Dorothea Dix testifies to the New Jersey legislature regarding the state's poor treatment of patients with mental illness.
• 1844 - Florence Nightingale travels to Kaiserworth, Germany to start to learn nursing from the Institution of Deaconesses. She stayed for three months.
• 1847 - Wellington Hospital is established, The first New Zealand Hospital. Giselle's Journal, http://mylittleculturediary.blogspot.co.nz/2012/02/first-new-zealand-hospital-labyrinth.html
• 1848 -The Yarra Bend Asylum was opened so that those mentally ill could be moved out of gaol. This Asylum was later known as Melbourne. (Crisp, J., &Taylor, C.(2009).''Fundamentals of nursing(3rd ed.,p.4).Chatswood, Australia: Elsevier Australia)

1850s

Florence Nightingale

• 1850 – Florence Nightingale, a pioneer of modern nursing, begins her training as a nurse at the Institute of St. Vincent de Paul at Alexandria, Egypt [4]
• 1851 - Florence Nightingale completed her nursing training at Kaiserwerth, Germany, a Protestant religious community with a hospital facility. She was there for approximately 3 months, and at the end, her teachers declared her trained as a nurse. Wojnar, D. (2010). Florence Nightingale. In Martha Raile Alligood & Anne Marriner Tomey (Eds.), Nursing theorists and their work (7th ed., pp.71-90).
• 1853 – Florence Nightingale went to Paris to study with the Sisters of Charity and was later appointed superintendent of the English General Hospitals in Turkey. (Crisp and Taylor 2009)
• 1854 - The first lunatic asylum built. Opened in Wellington, New Zealand.(Crisp & Taylor,2009)
• 1854 – Florence Nightingale and 38 volunteer nurses are sent to Turkey on October 21 to assist with caring for the injured of the Crimean War.
• 1855 – Mary Seacole leaves London on January 31 to establish a "British Hotel" at Balaklava in the Crimea.
• 1856 – Biddy Mason is granted her freedom and moves to Los Angeles. She works as a nurse and midwife and becomes a successful businesswoman.
• 1857 – Ellen Ranyard creates the first group of paid social workers in England and pioneers the first district nursing programme in London. [5]

1860s

• 1860 - In may,1860 advertisements appeared seeking young lady nurses for training but responses where not over whelming, however in July,1860 15 hand picked probationers entered the Nightengale Training School and the pattern for modern nursing came into being. Masson.M. (1985). A Pictorial History Of Nursing. Bridge House, London Road, Twickenham, Middlesex: Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited

• 1860 - Florence Nightingale publishes "Note on Nursing: What it is and what it is not" (Nightingale, F. (1860) Notes on Nursing: What it is and what it is not. New York, USA: D Appleton & Company).
• 1860 -Crisp & Taylor (2010) state that the Nightingale training school for nurses in England at the St Thomas' hospital, London was established at this time.
• 1860 – Florence Nightingale's Notes on Nursing: What it is and What it is Not is published.
• 1860-1883 - Approximately 16 378 single women emigrated to New Zealand 582 identified their occupation as a nurse, monthly nurse, sick nurse, trained nurse, nurse girl, midwife, hospital nurse or professional nurse. Orchard, S. (1997). More ‘ woman of good character’: Nurses who came to new Zealand as immigrant settlers during the period 1860 to 1883. In N.Chick & J.Rodgers (Eds.) Looking back, moving forward: Essays in the history of New Zealand nursing and midwifery (pp. 5–16). Palmerston North: Department of Nursing and Midwifery Massey University.
• 1861 – Sally Louisa Tompkins opens a hospital for Confederate soldiers in July. She is later made an officer in the army, the only woman to receive that honor.
• 1867 – Jane Currie Blaikie Hoge publishes her memoirs of nursing in the Union Army, The Boys in Blue.
• 1868 - Lucy Osburn and her four Nightingale nurses arrived at Sydney Infirmary(to become Sydney Hospital).(Crisp, J., & Taylor, C.(2009)Milestones in nursing history. Potter & Perry's Fundamentals of Nursing(3rd ed., p. 4).Chatswood, Australia: Elsevier Australia.
• 1868 - Sir Henery Parkes requested that Nightingale is to provide trained nurses for New South Wales. (Crisp, J., & Taylor, C. (2009) Milestones in nursing history. Potter & Perry's Fundamentals of Nursing(3rd ed., p. 4).Chatswood, Australia: Elsevier Australia.

1870s

• 1870 - New Zealand had 37 hospitals as a result of the population increase of the gold rush.(Potter and Perry's fundamentals of nursing,Crisp and Taylor.2009.p. 4)
• 1873 – Linda Richards is graduated from the New England Hospital for Women and Children Training School for Nurses and officially becomes America's First Trained Nurse.
• 1873 – The nation's first nursing school, based on Florence Nightingale's principles of nursing, opens at Bellevue Hospital, New York City
• 1876 – The Japanese term ("Kangofu" or nurse) is used for the first time. [6]
• 1879 – Mary Eliza Mahoney is graduated from the New England Hospital for Women and Children Training School for Nurses and becomes the first black professional nurse in the U.S. [7]

1880s

Clara Barton

• 1881 – Clara Barton becomes the first President of the American Red Cross, which she founded, on May. 21
• 1881 - Created the first Portuguese Nursing School at Coimbra, Portugal
• 1884 – Mary Agnes Snively, the first Ontario nurse trained according to the principles of Florence Nightingale, assumes the position of Lady Superintendent of the Toronto General Hospital’s School of Nursing.
• 1885 following the Hospital and Charitable Aids Act conditions improved .(MacDonald,1990)
• 1885 – The first nurse training institute is established in Japan, thanks to the pioneering work of Linda Richards. [8]
• 1886 – The Nightingale, the first American nursing journal, is published. [9]
• 1886 – Spelman Seminary establishes the first nursing program in the U.S. specifically for African-Americans. [10]
• 1888 The monthly journal The Trained Nurse begins publication in Buffalo, New York. [11]

1890s

Lillian Wald

• 1890 – Kate Marsden, founder of the St. Francis Leprosy Guild, travels to Yakutia, Siberia in search of a herb reputed to cure leprosy. [12]
• 1891 - The Hampton University School of Nursing began as the Hampton Training School for Nurses in conjunction with The Kings Chapel Hospital for Colored and Indian Boys and the Abbey Mae Infirmary. This school was started on the campus of Hampton Institute at Strawberry Banks in what is now the City of Hampton, Virginia. On this campus sits the Emancipation Oak, the site of the first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation in the South. Alice Bacon was instrumental in starting the Hampton Training School for Nurses. The school was commonly called Dixie Hospital, now known as the Sentara Hampton CarePlex, and its first graduate was Anna DeCosta Banks. Elnora D. Daniel, the first Black nurse to serve as the president of a university [Chicago State University] was Dean of Hampton University School of Nursing in the 1980s. [13]
• 1893 – Lillian Wald, the founder of Visiting Nurse Service of New York in the U.S., begins teaching a home class on nursing for Lower East Side (New York) women after a trying time at an orphanage where children were maltreated.
• 1893 – The Nightingale Pledge, composed by Lystra Gretter, is first used by the graduating class at the old Harper Hospital in Detroit, Michigan in the spring.
• 1893 - Ellen Dougherty (New Zealand's first State Registered Nurse) begun working as Matron of Palmerston North Hospital. Kellaway, J., & Maryan, M. (1993). A century of care: Palmerston North Hospital 1893- 1993. Double Bay: Focus Books.
• 1897 – The American Nurses Association holds its first meeting in February, as the "Associated Alumnae of Trained Nurses of the United States and Canada".
• 1897 – Jane Delano becomes Superintendent of Bellevue Hospital. [14]
• 1899 – Japan establishes a licensing system for modern nursing professionals with the introduction of the "Midwives Ordinance". [15]
• 1899 – Anna E. Turner goes to Cuba on a cattle boat with nine other nurses to serve two years at a yellow fever hospital in Havana. [16]
• 1899 – The International Council of Nurses is formed.
• 1899 - Australasian Trained Nurses Association was founded in New South Wales (Crisp & Taylor, 2009)
• 1899-1902 - The years of the Boer War. During the 1899-1902 South African (Boer) War, nurses from each state in Australia joined volunteer troops, serving as private citizens or with the British nursing forces. Daly, J. Jackson, D. Speedy, S. (2010). Contexts of nursing (3rd ed.). Chatswood, NSW 2067. Australia. Cecotti,L. Prejudice times meant that although hundreds of female nurses applied there was conflict with those already in the military. Few however did serve in South Africa. ("Milestones in Nursing History", Crisp & Taylor, 2001)

20th century

1900s

• 1900 – Dame Agnes Gwendoline Hunt, the founder of orthopaedic nursing, opens a convalescent home for crippled children at Florence House in Baschurch which espouses the yet-unproven theory of open-air treatment.
• 1901 – New Zealand is the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of the Nurses Registration Act on September 12.
• 1902 – Ellen Dougherty of New Zealand becomes the first registered nurse in the world on February 10.
• 1902 – New York City Board of Education hires Lina Rogers Struthers as North America’s first school nurse.
• 1902 – The Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service replaces, by royal warrant, the Army Nursing Service. [17]
• 1906 The first nursing school Union Mission Hospital Training School for Nurses/Iloilo Mission Hospital training school for Nurses, now Central Philippine University-College of Nursing, is established in the Philippines.
• 1908 The United States Navy Nurse Corps is established.
• 1908 – Representatives of 16 organized nursing bodies meet in Ottawa to form the Canadian National Association of Trained Nurses, which will become the Canadian Nurses Association in 1911. [18]
• 1909 – The American Red Cross Nursing Service is formed. [19]
• 1909 – The University of Minnesota bestows the first bachelors degree in nursing, setting a new standard in the training of nurses..

Wineberg describes historical understandings as essential "humanizing" forces in societies, and yet, in the health disciplines, scientific discourses discredit historical thinking as legitimate knowledge. wineburg.(2010) historical thinking:unnatural and essential.nursing outlook(58)113-114

1910s

• 1910 – Florence Nightingale dies.

Edith Cavell Chief Nurse Higbee, USN

• 1915 – Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad on October 12 for helping hundreds of Allied soldiers escape to the Netherlands.
• 1915 – The New Zealand Army Nursing Service set up in 1915, largely at the urging of Hester Maclean (1863–1932).
• 1916 – The Royal College of Nursing is founded.
• 1917 - Sandra Lewensen examined the position of nursing history within

the standardized curriculum established by the National League for Nursing Education in 1917, as well as teaching strategies used over the 20th century, pointing out that history was always part of the curriculum but declined in emphasis and time dedicated to it (Lewenson, S.. (2004)Inegrating nursing history into the cirriculum. Journal of Professional Nursing 20(6) 376–77.)

• 1918 – Lenah Higbee is awarded the Navy Cross for distinguished service in the line of her profession and unusual and conspicuous devotion to duty as superintendent of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps. She is the first living woman to receive this honor.
• 1918 – Frances Reed Elliot is enrolled as the first African-American in the American Red Cross Nursing Service on July 2. [20]
• 1918 — Viola Pettus, a legendary African-American nurse in Texas, won fame for her courageous care of victims of the Spanish Influenza, including members of the Ku Klux Klan.
• 1919 – The UK passes the Nursing Act of 1919, which provides for registration of nurses, but it will not become effective until 1923. The first name entered in the register as SRN 001 was Ethel Gordon Fenwick.^{[citation needed]}

1920s

• 1921 – Sophie Mannerheim, a pioneer of modern nursing in Finland, accepts the chairmanship of the Finnish Red Cross.
• 1923 – The Nursing Act of 1919 becomes effective and Ethel Gordon Fenwick is the first nurse registered in the UK.
• 1923 – Yale School of Nursing becomes the first autonomous school of nursing in the U.S. with its own dean, faculty, budget, and degree meeting the standards of the University. The curriculum was based on an educational plan rather than on hospital service needs. [21]
• 1923 – Mary Breckinridge, the founder of the Frontier Nursing Service, travels 700 miles on horseback surveying the health needs of rural Kentuckians. [22]
• 1923 – The first Brazilian higher education institution of nursing, named after nursing pioneer Ana Néri, is launched in Rio de Janeiro by Carlos Chagas, aiming at implementing the "Nightingale model" nationwide. [23]
• 1929 – The Japanese Nursing Association is established. [24]

1930s

• 1931 – The Forgotten Frontier, a documentary about the Frontier Nursing Service, is filmed.
• 1937 – Sister Elizabeth Kenny publishes her first book, Infantile Paralysis and Cerebral Diplegia: Method of Restoration of Function.
• 1938 – The Nurses Memorial in Arlington National Cemetery is erected in Section 21 (the "Nurses Section") to honor nurses who served in the armed forces during World War I. Over 600 nurses are buried at Arlington. [25]
• 1938 - The New Zealand Social Security Act of 1938 marked the introduction of a comprehensive health system that mandated the provision of free care for all

1940s

• 1942 – Banka Island massacre: Twenty one Australian nurses, survivors of a bombed and sunken ship, are executed by bayonet or machine gun by Imperial Japanese Army soldiers on February 16.
• 1943 – Erna Flegel becomes "Hitler's nurse" in January and serves in that capacity until his suicide at the end of World War II. [26]
• 1943 - Mary Elizabeth Lancaster (Carnegie) is appointed the acting director of the Division of Nursing Education at Hampton Institute in Hampton, Virginia. Through her direction the first baccalaureate nursing program in the Commonwealth of Virginia is created.
• 1944 - Ludwig Guttmanns Spinal Unit at Stoke, Mandeville was formally opened on 1 February with one patient and twenty-six beds (Allan, 2004)
• 1944 - The first baccalaureate nursing program in the Commonwealth of Virginia is created at the Hampton University School of Nursing.
• 1948 – The National Health Service is launched on July 5.
• 1949 – Mary Elizabeth Carnegie is the first black person elected to the board of the Florida Nurses Association with the right to speak and vote. [27]
• 1949 - Formation of College of Nursing Australia.(Crisp & Taylor, 2009)

1950s

• 1951 – The National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses merges with the American Nurses Association. [28]
• 1951 – Males join the United Kingdom same register of nurses as females for the first time.^{[citation needed]}
• 1951 – [National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service]NAPNES along with professional nursing organizations and the U.S. Department of Education created Vocational Nursing standards for education and the LPN / LVN level of nursing was created in the United States.
• 1952 – The introduction of sedatives transforms mental health nursing.^{[citation needed]}
• 1954 – One of the first PhD programs in nursing is offered at the University of Pittsburgh.[29]
• 1955 – Elizabeth Lipford Kent becomes the first African American to earn a PhD in nursing. [30]
• 1956 – The Columbia University School of Nursing is the first in the U.S. to grant a master's degree in a clinical nursing specialty. [31]

1960s

Dame Cicely Saunders

• 1960 – The University of Edinburgh initiates the first degree in nursing.^{[citation needed]}
• 1963 – Ruby Bradley retires from the U.S. Army Nurse Corps with 34 medals and citations for bravery.^{[citation needed]}
• 1965 – The establishment of the first nurse practitioner (NP) role, developed jointly by a nurse educator and a physician at the University of Colorado [32]
• 1965 – A Japanese court rules on the regulation regarding night shifts of nurses, limiting them to 8 days a month and banning single-person night shifts altogether. [33]
• 1966 – The Filipino Nurses Association was renamed as The Philippine Nurses Association
• 1967 – The Salmon Report recommends the reorganisation of the NHS management, ultimately leading to the abolishment of matrons [34].
• 1967 – Termination of pregnancy becomes legal in the United Kingdom under the Abortion Act 1967.
• 1967 – Dame Cicely Saunders sets up the first hospice in a suburb of London. [35]
• 1967 - New Zealand nursing undergo changes from being hospital-based apprentiships to tertiary education institutions *
• 1969 – Dame Cicely Saunders is a guest speaker at Yale University at the invitation of Florence Wald, Dean of Yale School of Nursing.

1970s

• 1971 – Florence Wald and her associates found Hospice, Inc., thus establishing the hospice movement in the United States of America
• 1973 - Christchurch and Wellington Polytechnics offer diploma-level nursing education; Massey and Victoria Universities (Wellington) start their post-registration bachelor degrees.
• 1976 - The first master's degree program in nursing for a historically Black College or University (HBCU) founded at Hampton University School of Nursing.
• 1976 - The Nurses' Health Study began
• 1977 - The M. Elizabeth Carnegie Nursing Archives is created by Dr. Patricia E. Sloan at the Hampton University School of Nursing. This is the only repository for memorabilia on minority nurses in the United States. The focus of the archives is African American nurses.
• 1978 – Estelle Massey Osborne becomes the first black nurse to be inducted as honorary fellow in the American Academy of Nursing. [36]
• 1978 – Barbara Nichols is the first black nurse to be elected president of the American Nurses Association. [37]
• 1978 – Elizabeth Carnegie is the first black to be elected president of the American Academy of Nursing. [38]
• 1979 – The first iteration of a clinical doctorate, a nursing doctorate (ND), was established at Case Western Reserve University.
• 1979 - Dr Watson's first book published, based on her theory of caring.

1980s

• 1980s – In America, the MSN degree became the required degree for advanced practice nurse certification. Nurse Practitioners with certificates were grandfathered in.
• 1980 – The Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing, based upon the activities of daily living, is published.
• 1982 - Florence Nightingale Trust was created where they had Florence Nightingales letters, artifacts and publications made viewable to the public and protected at the Florence Nightingale Museum [Florence nightingale museum. (2012). Nursing History Review, 20209-211. ] doi:10.1891/1062-8061.20.209
• 1983 – The importance of human rights in nursing is made explicit in a statement adopted by the International Council of Nurses.
• 1983 – UKCC becomes the profession's new regulatory body in the UK.
• 1985 – Miss Virginia Henderson is presented with the first Christianne Reimann Prize by the International Council of Nurses in June. [39]
• 1988 – Anne Casey develops her child-centered nursing model while working as a paediatric oncology nurse in London.
• 1989 - Nurses' Health Study 2 begins [40]

1990s

Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson

• 1990 – Florence Nightingale's birthday (May 12) is declared the official Nursing Day in Japan. [41]
• 1990 - Last student graduated from New Zealand hospital program. (Crisp & Taylor, 2009,p. 4)
• 1992 – Eddie Bernice Johnson is the first nurse elected to the U.S. Congress.
• 1992- "Cultural Safety" was made a requirement for nursing and midwifery education programs by the Nursing Council of New Zealand. Cultural safety allows effective nursing of patients and/or family members of those of another culture by a nurse who has reflected on ones own cultural identity and understands the impact of differing cultures in nursing practice and patient care. (Papps & Ramsden, 1996)
• 1992 - The Australian and New Zealand national governments signed a Mutual Recognition Agreement. (Daly, Speedy & Jackson, 2010)
• 1996 - The Flight Nurse Association was created by the New Zealand Nursing Organisaion (NZNO) to recognise the need of training and education of the same standards throughout New Zealand.
• 1999 – Elnora D. Daniel is the first black nurse elected president of a major university, Chicago State University. [42]
• 1999 - The first doctor of philosophy degree program in nursing for a Historically Black College or University (HBCU) is founded at Hampton University School of Nursing. This doctoral program is unique in that it is the only doctoral program in the country that focuses on family and family related nursing research.

21st century

2000s

• 2000 - Reiveiw of undedrgraduate nursing education by New Zealand Nursing Council(Crisp and Taylor,2009)
• 2002 – The Nursing and Midwifery Council takes over from the UKCC as the UK's regulatory body.
• 2004 – The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)[43] recommends that all advanced practice nurses earn a Doctor of Nursing Practice degree.
• 2004 - The Health Practitioners Competence Assurance (2003) Act comes into full power on the 18 September, in New Zealand, these cover the requirements for nurses to have current competences relating to their scope of practice. http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/regulation-health-and-disability-system/health-practitioners-competence-assurance-act.
• 2007 – ICN Conference is held in Yokohama, Japan.
• 2008 - National Council for State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) issues final report: "NCSBN Consensus Model for APRN Regulation: Licensure, Accreditation, Certification & Education." [44]
• 2009 - Carnegie Foundation releases the results of its study of nursing education, "Educating Nurses: A Call for Radical Transformation". [45]
• 2010 - Institute for the Future of Nursing (IFN) releases evidence-based recommendations to lead change for improved health care. [46]
• 2010 - Nurses' Health Study 3 begins enrolling: Female RNs, LPNs, and nursing students 20-46 are encouraged to join this long-term women's health study. Study remains open until 100,000 nurses are enrolled. Join and learn more at www.nhs3.org [47]

References

Allan, V. (2004). A new way of living: the history of the Spinal Injuries Unit in Christchurch. The Guttmann Story (pp. 7). Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury District Health Board.

Craven, Ruth F., & Hirnle, Constance J. (2007). Fundamentals of nursing: Human health and function (5th ed). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Craven, R F., & Hirnle, C J. (2009) Fundamentals of nursing: Human health and function (6th ed). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Crisp, J., & Taylor, C. (2009). Potter & perrys fundamentals of nursing(3rd ed.). Chatswood, Australia:Elsevier.

Crisp, J., & Taylor, C. (2009). Potter & Perry's fundamental of nursing (3rd ed.). Chatswood, Australia : Elsevier Australia.

Crisp, J., & Taylor, C. (2009). Potter & Perry's fundamental of nursing (3rd ed.). Chatswood:Elsevier

Papps, E., & Ramsden, I. (1996). International Journal for Quality Healthcare. Vol 8, No 5, pp. 491–497

Alexander Turnbull Library. (n.d.). New Zealand nurses and medical officers. Retrieved February 21, 2012, from New Zealand History online: http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/new-zealand-nurses-and-medical-officers

Wojnar, D. (2010). Florence Nightingale. In Martha Raile Alligood & Anne Marriner Tomey (Eds.), Nursing theorists and their work (7th ed., pp. 71–90).

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