Tokyo International Airport

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Tokyo International Airport
東京国際空港
Tōkyō Kokusai Kūkō

IATA: HND – ICAO: RJTT
Summary
Airport type Public
Operator Tokyo Aviation Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (airfield); Japan Airport Terminal Co., Ltd. (terminals)
Location Ōta, Tokyo, Japan
Elevation AMSL 35 ft / 11 m
Coordinates 35°33′8″N 139°46′47″E / 35.55222°N 139.77972°E / 35.55222; 139.77972
Runways
Direction Length Surface
ft m
16R/34L 9,843 3,000 Paved
16L/34R 9,843 3,000 Paved
4/22 8,202 2,500 Paved
Statistics (2008)
Number of passengers 66,735,587
Total Cargo (metric tonnes) 849,378
Source: ACI [1] [2]

Tokyo International Airport (東京国際空港 Tōkyō Kokusai Kūkō?) (IATA: HND, ICAO: RJTT), located in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan, is one of the two primary airports serving the Greater Tokyo Area. It is commonly known as Haneda Airport (羽田空港 Haneda Kūkō?).

Although Haneda was originally the primary airport for the Tokyo region, it now shares that role with Narita International Airport. Haneda handles almost all domestic flights to and from Tokyo while Narita handles almost all international flights. In recent years, however, international service from Haneda has expanded significantly with the addition of "scheduled charter" flights to Seoul (S. Korea), Shanghai (PRC) and Hong Kong. The Japanese government plans to expand Haneda's international role in the future with more regional flights and off-peak charter services.

Haneda handled 66,735,587 passengers in 2008.[1] By passenger throughput, it was the busiest airport in Asia and the fourth busiest in the world, after Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson Airport, Chicago's O'Hare Airport and London-Heathrow.[1] It is the primary base of Japan's two major domestic airlines, Japan Airlines (Terminal 1) and All Nippon Airways (Terminal 2), as well as low-cost carriers Hokkaido International Airlines, Skymark Airlines, Skynet Asia Airways, and StarFlyer. Haneda is expected to be able to handle 90 million passengers after its expansion in 2010.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] World War II

Haneda Airfield in 1937

Haneda Airfield (羽田飛行場 Haneda Hikōjō?) first opened in 1931 on a small piece of bayfront land at the south end of today's airport complex. It was Japan's largest civil airport at the time it was constructed, and took over from the army air base at Tachikawa as the main operating base of Japan Air Transport, then the country's flag carrier. During the 1930s, Haneda handled flights to destinations in Japan, Korea and Manchuria. In 1939, the airport's first runway was extended to 800m and a second 800m runway was completed.[3]

[edit] US occupation

In 1945, U.S. occupation forces took over the airport and renamed it Haneda Army Air Base. The Army evicted many nearby residents to make room for various construction projects, including extending one runway to 1,650m and the other to 2,100m. US military personnel based at Haneda were generally housed at the Washington Heights residential complex in central Tokyo (now Yoyogi Park).

During the Korean War, Haneda was the main regional base for United States Navy flight nurses, who evacuated patients from Korea to Haneda for treatment at military hospitals in Tokyo and Yokosuka.[4]

The U.S. military gave part of the base back to Japan in 1952; this portion became known as Tokyo International Airport. The US military maintained a base at Haneda until 1958 when the remainder of the property was returned to the Japanese government.

[edit] International era

Haneda Air Force Base received its first international passenger flights in 1947 when Northwest Orient Airlines (now Northwest Airlines) began scheduled service to the United States, China, South Korea, and the Philippines. Japan Airlines began its first domestic operations from Haneda in 1951.

During its first years of postwar civil operations, Tokyo International Airport did not have a passenger terminal building. The Japan Airport Terminal Co., Ltd. TYO: 9706 was founded in 1953 in order to develop the airport's first passenger terminal, which opened in 1955. An extension for internatioanl flights opened in 1963.[5]

European carriers began service to Haneda in the 1950s, with BOAC operating de Havilland Comet flights to London via the southern route in 1952, and SAS operating DC-7 flights to Copenhagen via Anchorage beginning in 1957. JAL and Aeroflot began cooperative service from Haneda to Moscow in 1967. Both Pan Am and Northwest Orient used Haneda as an Asian regional hub.

Foreign carriers which used Haneda during the postwar period include:

Airlines Destinations
Aeroflot As of 1975: Moscow[6]
Air France As of 1967: Copenhagen, Hamburg and London (via Anchorage); Hong Kong, Manila[7]
As of 1978: Hong Kong, Paris (via Moscow)[8]
Air India As of 1966: Delhi and Calcutta (via Hong Kong and Bangkok)[9]
Air Micronesia (Continental Micronesia) As of 1978: Saipan (continuing service to Truk, Ponape, Koror, Kwajalein, Majuro and Johnston Island)[10]
Air Siam
Alitalia As of 1967: Rome via Hong Kong, Bangkok, Bombay, and either Karachi or Tehran[11]
BOAC (British Airways) As of 1950: Hong Kong[12]
As of 1971: Hong Kong, London (via Anchorage or Moscow), Osaka Itami[13]
Canadian Pacific Airlines Vancouver, Toronto Pearson, Montreal
Cathay Pacific Airways As of 1961: Hong Kong (via Taipei), Osaka Itami[14]
China Airlines As of 1977: Honolulu, Taipei[15]
Iran Air As of 1977: Tehran via Beijing[16]
KLM As of 1966: Amsterdam (via Anchorage), Sydney (via Manila)[17]
Lufthansa As of 1974: Frankfurt (via Moscow), Hong Kong[18]
Northwest Orient Airlines As of 1950: Chicago (via Shemya, Anchorage and Edmonton), Manila (via Okinawa), Seattle (via Shemya), Seoul, Shanghai[19]
As of 1974: Chicago (via Anchorage), Hong Kong, Manila, Minneapolis (via Honolulu and Los Angeles), Okinawa, Osaka Itami, San Francisco (via Honolulu), New York JFK (via Seattle/Tacoma), Seoul Gimpo, Taipei[20]
Pan American World Airways As of 1948: Honolulu (via Midway Island or Wake Island), Shanghai[21]
As of 1973: Guam, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York JFK (via Fairbanks), Osaka Itami, London Heathrow (via Bangkok, Delhi, Karachi or Tehran, Beirut, Istanbul and Frankfurt)[22]
Qantas As of 1962: Sydney (via Hong Kong, Manila and Darwin)[23]
Sabena
Scandinavian Airlines System As of 1964: Copenhagen (via Anchorage), Manila[24]
Singapore Airlines As of 1974: Taipei[25]
Swissair As of 1977: Hong Kong[26]
Thai Airways International As of 1974: Bangkok via Osaka, Taipei and Hong Kong[27]
UTA As of 1977: Noumea[28]
Varig As of 1977: Rio de Janeiro via Lima/Manaus, Los Angeles and Anchorage[29]

Haneda's instrument landing system became operational in 1961.

The Tokyo Monorail began service between Haneda and central Tokyo in 1964, in time for the Tokyo Olympics. During 1964, Japan also lifted travel restrictions on its citizens, causing passenger traffic at the airport to swell. A new runway and international terminal were completed in 1970, but demand continued to outpace expansion.[5]

The government anticipated this growth in the early 1960s. The government believed that further expansion of Haneda would be impractical due to the cost and technical issues inherent in a large-scale landfill project in Tokyo Bay. Instead, a plan was put forward to build a new airport to handle Tokyo's international flights. In 1978, New Tokyo International Airport (now Narita Int'l Airport) opened, taking over almost all international service in the Greater Tokyo Area, and Haneda became a domestic airport.

[edit] Domestic era

ANA aircraft at Terminal 2
Terminal 2, completed in 2004, now houses ANA, StarFlyer, and Air Do.

While most international flights moved from Haneda to Narita in 1978, airlines based on Taiwan continued to use Haneda Airport for many years due to the ongoing political conflict between the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China. China Airlines served Taipei and Honolulu from Haneda; Taiwan's second major airline, EVA Air, joined CAL at Haneda in 1989.

All Taiwan flights were moved to Narita in 2002, and Haneda-Honolulu services ceased. In 2003, JAL, ANA, KAL and Asiana began service to Gimpo Airport near Seoul, providing a "scheduled charter" city-to-city service.

Despite the Transport Ministry's initial reservations about expanding Haneda Airport onto new landfill in Tokyo Bay, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government began using the adjacent bay area as a waste dumping site, thus creating a large amount of landfill upon which the airport could expand. In July 1988, a new runway opened on the landfill area. In September 1993, the old airport terminal was replaced by a new West Passenger Terminal, nicknamed "Big Bird," which was built farther out on the landfill. Two new runways were completed in March 1997 and March 2000. In 2004, Terminal 2 opened at Haneda for ANA and Air Do; the 1993 terminal, now known as Terminal 1, became the base for JAL, Skymark and Skynet Asia Airways.[30]

In October 2006, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao reached an informal agreement to launch bilateral talks regarding an additional city-to-city service between Haneda and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport.[31] On 25 June 2007, the two governments concluded an agreement allowing for the Haneda-Hongqiao service to commence from October 2007.[32]

In June 2007 Haneda gained the right to host international flights that depart between 8:30 PM and 11:00 PM and arrive between 6 AM and 8:30 AM. The airport allows departures and arrivals between 11 PM and 6 AM (as Narita Airport is closed during these hours[33]).[34]

Macquarie Bank and Macquarie Airports owned a 19.9% stake in Japan Airport Terminal until 2009, when they sold their stake back to the company.[35]

[edit] Future development

Plan showing location of fourth runway

A third terminal for international flights is planned for completion in December 2009. The cost to construct the five-story terminal building and attached 2,300-car parking deck will be covered by a Private Finance Initiative process, revenues from duty-free concessions and a facility use charge of ¥2,000 per passenger. Both the Tokyo Monorail and the Keikyū Airport Line will be routed to stop at the new terminal, and an international air cargo facility will also be constructed nearby.[36]

A fourth runway is presently under construction to the south of the existing airfield, and is planned to be completed by 2010. This runway is expected to increase Haneda's operational capacity from 285,000 movements to 407,000 movements per year, permitting increased frequencies on existing routes, as well as routes to new destinations[36].

In particular, Haneda will offer additional slots to handle 60,000 overseas flights a year (30,000 during the day and 30,000 during late night and early morning hours).[37][38] The Ministry of Transport originally planned to allocate a number of the newly available landing slots to international flights of 1,947 km (1,210 mi) or less (the distance to Ishigaki, the longest domestic flight operating from Haneda).[36] The destinations within this range include all of Korea, parts of eastern and northern China (including Shanghai, Qingdao, Dalian, Harbin,and Beijing) and parts of the Russian Far East (including Vladivostok and Sakhalin).[39]

In May 2008, a further liberalization was announced, allowing flights to any destination to operate between 11 PM and 6 AM.[37] As of March 2009, bilateral negotiations have been completed to allow flights between Haneda and Amsterdam[40], Paris[41], London[42], Bangkok[43], Vancouver, Toronto[44] and Singapore[45]. V Australia has also announced interest in operating nonstop service to Sydney in 2010.[46]

All Nippon Airways has expressed interest in using some of the new slots to start a low-cost carrier operation, but delayed this program in March 2009 amid the ongoing global recession.[47]

[edit] Incidents and accidents

 This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009)

[edit] Terminals, airlines and destinations

Haneda Airport has three terminals. The main terminals, 1 and 2, are connected by an underground walkway; a free shuttle bus runs between the main terminals and the smaller International Terminal every five minutes.

Haneda Airport is open 24 hours. The two main passenger terminals are only open from 5 AM to 11:30 PM. The terminals may be extended to 24-hour operation due to StarFlyer's late-night and early-morning service between Haneda and Kitakyushu, which began in March 2006.

All three terminals are managed by Japan Airport Terminal Co., Ltd. (日本空港ビルディング株式会社 Nippon Kūkō Birudingu Kabushikigaisha?), a private company. The rest of the airport is managed by the government. It has 46 jetways altogether.

[edit] Terminal 1

Terminal 1 ticketing concourse

Terminal 1, called "Big Bird," opened in 1993, replacing the smaller 1970 terminal complex. The linear building features a six-story restaurant and shopping area in its center section and a large rooftop observation deck.

Airlines Destinations
Japan Airlines Akita, Amami-Oshima, Aomori, Asahikawa, Fukuoka, Hakodate, Hiroshima, Izumo, Kagoshima, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Kochi, Komatsu, Kumamoto, Kushiro, Matsuyama, Memanbetsu, Misawa, Miyazaki, Nagasaki, Naha, Nanki-Shirahama, Oita, Okayama, Osaka-Itami, Osaka-Kansai, Sapporo-Chitose, Takamatsu, Tokachi-Obihiro, Tokushima, Yamagata, Yamaguchi-Ube
Japan Transocean Air Ishigaki, Kumejima, Miyako, Naha
Skymark Airlines Asahikawa, Fukuoka, Kobe, Naha, Sapporo-Chitose
StarFlyer Kitakyushu

[edit] Terminal 2

Terminal 2 ticketing concourse

Terminal 2 opened on December 1, 2004. It features an open-air rooftop restaurant, a six-story "marketplace" area with restaurants and shops, and the 387-room Haneda Excel Hotel Tokyu.

The construction of Terminal 2 was financed by levying a ¥100 passenger service facility charge on tickets, the first domestic Passenger Service Facilities Charge (PSFC) in Japan.

Airlines Destinations
All Nippon Airways Akita, Fukuoka, Hachijojima, Hakodate, Hiroshima, Iwami, Kagoshima, Kobe, Kochi, Komatsu, Kumamoto, Kushiro, Matsuyama, Miyakejima, Miyazaki, Monbetsu, Nagasaki, Naha, Nemuro-Nakashibetsu, Noto, Odate-Noshiro, Okayama, Oita, Osaka-Itami, Osaka-Kansai, Oshima, Saga, Sapporo-Chitose, Shonai, Takamatsu, Tottori, Toyama, Wakkanai, Yamaguchi-Ube, Yonago
Hokkaido International Airlines Asahikawa, Hakodate, Memanbetsu, Sapporo-Chitose
Skynet Asia Airways Kagoshima, Kumamoto, Miyazaki, Nagasaki
StarFlyer Osaka-Kansai

[edit] International Terminal

Haneda's international terminal currently handles charter flights, as scheduled international flights are generally required to use Narita Airport. There are daily "scheduled charter" flights between Haneda and central airports in three other Asian cities—Seoul (Gimpo), Shanghai (Hongqiao) and Hong Kong (International)—as well as other charter flights at late night and early morning hours when Narita Airport is closed.

In December 2007, Japan and the People's Republic of China reached a basic agreement on opening charter services between Haneda and Beijing Nanyuan Airport. However, because of difficulties in negotiating with the Chinese military operators of Nanyuan, the first charter flights in August 2008 (coinciding with the 2008 Summer Olympics) used Beijing Capital International Airport instead.[49]

Airlines Destinations
All Nippon Airways Guam [seasonal charter][50], Hong Kong, Seoul-Gimpo, Shanghai-Hongqiao
Asiana Airlines Seoul-Gimpo
China Eastern Airlines Shanghai-Hongqiao
Japan Airlines Fairbanks [seasonal charter], Hong Kong, Seoul-Gimpo, Shanghai-Hongqiao
Korean Air Seoul-Gimpo
Shanghai Airlines Shanghai-Hongqiao

[edit] Cargo facilities

Haneda is the third-largest air cargo hub in Japan after Narita and Kansai. The airport property is adjacent to the Tokyo Freight Terminal, the main rail freight yard serving central Tokyo.

Scheduled cargo routes from Haneda include:

[edit] Other facilities

Haneda Airport has a special VIP terminal and two parking spots for private aircraft. This area is often used by foreign heads of state visiting Japan, as well as by the Japanese Air Force One and other aircraft carrying government officials. (Narita is also regularly used for such flights despite its much greater distance from central Tokyo.) The Tokyo Metropolitan Police have historically conducted heightened security measures, including ID checks of visibly foreign passengers, during times when the airport is being used for state visits.[51] Japan Airlines operates the Safety Promotion Center at the periphery of the airport.

The Japan Coast Guard has a base at Haneda which is used by emergency-response units.

[edit] Ground transportation

[edit] Rail

Tokyo Monorail station at Terminal 1.

Haneda Airport is served by the Keihin Kyuko Railway (Keikyū) and Tokyo Monorail. The monorail has two stations (Haneda Airport Terminal 1 Station and Haneda Airport Terminal 2 Station); Keikyū operates a single station between the terminals (Haneda Airport Station).

Keikyū offers trains to Shinagawa Station (19 min., ¥400) and Yokohama Station (27 min., ¥470), and through service to the Toei Asakusa Line, which makes several stops in eastern Tokyo. Some Keikyū trains also run through to the Keisei Oshiage Line and Keisei Main Line, making it possible to reach Narita International Airport by train. Although a few direct trains run in the morning, a transfer along the Keisei Line is generally necessary to reach Narita. The train ride to Narita takes about 2 hours and costs ¥1,560.

Tokyo Monorail trains run between the airport and Hamamatsuchō Station (¥470), where passengers can connect to the Yamanote Line to reach other points in Tokyo, or Keihin Tohoku Line to Saitama, and have a second access option to Narita Airport via Narita Express, Airport Narita, or Sōbu Line (Rapid) Trains at Tokyo Station. Express trains make the nonstop run from Haneda Airport to Hamamatsuchō in 16 minutes. Hamamatsuchō Station is also located adjacent to the Toei Oedo Line Daimon station.

An International Terminal Station is under construction to serve the future international terminal.

[edit] Road

The airport is bisected by the Bayshore Route of the Shuto Expressway and is also accessible from Route 1. Scheduled bus service to various points in the Kanto region is provided by Airport Transport Service (Friendly Airport Limousine) and Keihin Express Bus.

[edit] See also

Tokyo portal

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c ACI passenger statistics for 2008
  2. ^ ACI cargo statistics for 2008
  3. ^ 羽田空港の歴史 (国土交通省関東地方整備局東京空港整備事務所)
  4. ^ Susan H. Godson, Serving Proudly (Naval Institute Press).
  5. ^ a b 羽田空港の歴史 (日本空港ビルデング株式会社)
  6. ^ Aeroflot 1975 timetable
  7. ^ Air France 1967 route map
  8. ^ Air France 1978 route map
  9. ^ Air India November 1966 route map
  10. ^ Continental Airlines April 1978 timetable
  11. ^ Alitalia 1967 route map
  12. ^ BOAC 1950 route map
  13. ^ BOAC 1971 route map
  14. ^ Cathay Pacific 1961 route map
  15. ^ China Airlines 1977 route map
  16. ^ Iran Air 1977 route map
  17. ^ KLM 1966 route map
  18. ^ Lufthansa 1974 route map
  19. ^ Northwest Orient 1950 route map
  20. ^ Northwest Orient December 1974 timetable
  21. ^ Pan Am 1948 route map
  22. ^ Pan Am April 1973 timetable
  23. ^ Qantas 1962 route map
  24. ^ SAS 1964 route map
  25. ^ Singapore Airlines 1974 route map
  26. ^ Swissair 1977 route map
  27. ^ Thai 1974 route map
  28. ^ UTA 1977 route map
  29. ^ Varig 1977 route map
  30. ^ 東京国際空港（羽田）沖合展開事業について (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport)
  31. ^ Japan, China to consider Tokyo-Shanghai shuttle flights, Kyodo, October 10, 2006.
  32. ^ Shuttle flights to connect Tokyo, Shanghai in October, Channel NewsAsia, 25 June 2007.
  33. ^ Boeing: Narita Airport Noise Regulations
  34. ^ "ANA to start Haneda-Hong Kong route in April," Daily Yomiuri Online
  35. ^ Japan Airport Rises on Plan to Buy Macquarie Shares, Bloomberg News, May 20, 2009.
  36. ^ a b c 羽田空港再拡張及び首都圏第３空港について (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport)
  37. ^ a b Japan to Double Haneda Airport Overseas Flight Slots, Bloomberg.net, May 20, 2008
  38. ^ International Haneda flights to double by '10, The Japan Times, May 21, 2008.
  39. ^ Great Circle Mapper
  40. ^ http://www.japantoday.com/category/features/view/japan-netherlands-agree-on-regular-haneda-amsterdam-night-flights
  41. ^ [1]
  42. ^ [2]
  43. ^ [3]
  44. ^ [4]
  45. ^ [5]
  46. ^ Virgin Blue May Start Tokyo-Sydney Flights Within 18 Months, Bloomberg, 2 June 2009.
  47. ^ [6]
  48. ^ "28 NOV 1972 McDonnell Douglas DC-8-62 Japan Air Lines - JAL." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 23 March 2009.
  49. ^ 国交省：羽田－北京間にチャーター便　北京五輪の８月に, Mainichi Shimbun, June 11, 2008.
  50. ^ ANA charters give travelers options, Pacific Daily News, May 15, 2009.
  51. ^ Debito Arudou, "Instant Checkpoints in Japan: Extranationality As Sufficient Grounds For Criminal Suspicion." [7]

[edit] External links

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