Torvosaurus
| Torvosaurus Temporal range: Late Jurassic, 153–148 Ma |
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| Mounted skeletal reconstruction, Museum of Ancient Life | |
Scientific classification  |
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Superorder: | Dinosauria |
| Order: | Saurischia |
| Suborder: | Theropoda |
| Family: | †Megalosauridae |
| Subfamily: | †Megalosaurinae |
| Genus: | †Torvosaurus Galton & Jensen, 1979 |
| Species: | †T. tanneri |
| Binomial name | |
| Torvosaurus tanneri Galton & Jensen, 1979 |
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Torvosaurus (
/ˌtɔrvɵˈsɔrəs/) is a genus of large theropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Jurassic period (mid-late Kimmeridgian stage in North America, early Tithonian stage in Europe). The name Torvosaurus means "savage lizard" and is derived from the Latin torvus ("savage") and the Greek σαυρος/sauros ("lizard").
Fossilized remains of Torvosaurus have been found in North America and Portugal. Torvosaurus reached 9 to 11 meters (30 to 36 ft) in length and an estimated weight of about 2 metric tons (2.2 tons), which made it the largest carnivore of its time, except for Epanterias (which may have been just a big Allosaurus) and Saurophaganax.
It was first discovered by James A. Jensen and Kenneth Stadtman in the rocks of the Morrison Formation at the Dry Mesa Quarry, Colorado in 1972. The genus and the type species T. tanneri were named and described in 1979 by Peter M. Galton and Jensen. The type specimen from Colorado was further described by Brooks Britt, and the Portuguese specimen by O. Mateus and M.T. Antunes.
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[edit] Material
The holotype is represented by an upper arm bone (humerus) and lower arm bones (radius and ulna). Additional material includes some skull bones, back bones, hip bones and 'hand' bones.
[edit] Systematics
Torvosaurus is related to the earlier Megalosaurus but is seemingly more advanced. Its classification is still uncertain but its family Megalosauridae is most commonly held as a basal branch of Tetanurae, less derived than carnosaurs or coelurosaurs, and likely related to the spinosaurids.
[edit] Size
The size of Torvosaurus is not definitely known because only incomplete material has been found, but it was a large theropod. North American Torvosaurus material is estimated as belonging to an individual about 9.0 meters long (29 ft), with a weight of about 1.95 metric tons (2.15 tons).[1] Material from Portugal indicates even larger animals. In 2006 a nearly complete maxilla found in Portugal was assigned to Torvosaurus tanneri. It measured 63 cm in length (2.13 ft), significantly larger than the 47 cm (1.54 ft) long maxilla of the American specimen (total skull length 118 cm [3.87 ft]). Based on this, a skull length of 158 cm (5.18 ft) was estimated for the Portuguese specimen. This is comparable to the largest T. rex skulls, and makes Torvosaurus the largest known Jurassic theropod (surpassing Saurophaganax/Allosaurus maximus and Edmarka), and among the largest of all theropods. A partial femur from another individual belongs to an animal estimated as 11 m (36 ft) long.[2]
[edit] References
- ^ Paul, Gregory S. (1988). Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon & Schuster. p. 282. ISBN 0-671-61946-2.
- ^ Mateus, O., Walen, A., and Antunes, M.T. (2006). "The large theropod fauna of the Lourinha Formation (Portugal) and its similarity to that of the Morrison Formation, with a description of a new species of Allosaurus." New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 36.
