Tradescantia fluminensis
| Tradescantia fluminensis | |
|---|---|
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Monocots |
| (unranked): | Commelinids |
| Order: | Commelinales |
| Family: | Commelinaceae |
| Genus: | Tradescantia |
| Species: | T. fluminensis |
| Binomial name | |
| Tradescantia fluminensis Vell. |
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| Synonyms | |
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Tradescantia albiflora |
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Tradescantia fluminensis is a species of spiderwort native to South America. It is one of several plants known by the common name Wandering Jew. It is also known as River Spiderwort, Small-Leaf Spiderwort, Inch Plant, Wandering Trad and Wandering Willie.
T. fluminensis is a perennial ground cover that spreads along the ground with soft, hairless stems and leaves. The fleshy stems root at any node that is on the surface. The plant has oval, dark-green leaves with pointed tips that are shiny, smooth and slightly fleshy about 1.25 - 2.5 inches long. The flowers are white with three petals and approx. 0.5 - 1 inch in diameter. They are produced in small clusters in summer but do not produce seeds.
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[edit] Cultivation
T. fluminensis is grown as a garden plant or houseplant in many places. This is particularly true of the northern United States but even in places where it is a pest it may be grown as a house plant in variegated forms. The plant requires a moist soil to do well but is retarded by cold climates, especially where there is frost or snow. It tolerates heavy shade. Because it requires moisture it grows weakly, if at all, in sunny areas that dry out for long periods. However, because it is a fleshy plant that retains water, it can withstand extended periods of dryness only to resume growth once better conditions return.
[edit] Invasion as a Pest
T. fluminensis is considered an invasive species, noxious weed, or pest plant in many places and is consequently targeted for eradication. Seriously affected areas include Australia,[1] New Zealand,[2] and the southeastern United States.[3]
The seriously invasive qualities of T. fluminensis result from a combination of attributes. Forming a dense mat underneath forest tree cover to 12 inches (30 centimeters) or even more (facilitated by a remarkable shade tolerance) it smothers ground-level plants and prevents the natural regeneration of taller species and if left unchecked, it can lead to the destruction of native forests.[4][5] Even where the climate does not permit T. fluminensis to take root, it still can spread rapidly from being transported by animals and humans and even strong winds. The succulent stems break easily at the nodes and establish themselves wherever they land on moist soil. While T. fluminensis does respond to herbicides and other applied weed controls, each segment has the ability to regenerate, so it is able to make a rapid comeback, especially in soft soils where stems may remain underneath the surface.
[edit] Eradiction Methods
[edit] Chemical Control
The plant is resistant to chemical control as a result of its glossy leaves and smooth stems, along with its ability to regenerate from small surviving pieces. Nevertheless, for large infested areas this is probably the only means of achieving control. Unfortunately, any chemical that is capable of killing the plant is likely to kill most other plants and so a clear area will result for a period of time. However, since there are treatments that rapidly degrade upon soil contact within a day, this effect is limited to the time that it takes for seeds of other species to germinate and establish themselves. Because of the waxy surface of leaves and stems, a penetrant is needed for effective treatment.
Successful treatments include the following:
- triclopyr (marketed under various brand names) plus a penetrant such as the organosilicone called modified polydimethylsiloxane (e.g. Pulse)
Chemical treatment will result in browning off in 3-4 weeks followed by disappearance of living material. However, follow-up is needed several months later (in a frost free climate) to catch any buried plant segments that may have regenerated and possibly a third such spot treament is required before the area is completely eradicated and even after that attention to a resurgence is advised.
[edit] Manual Control
Repeated deployment of weed-control agents may have a negative effect upon the local environment, in which case the only option remaining is manual clearance. In areas where the plant is a pest this is an arduous task since every single scrap of the weed has to be removed or it will regrow. In less prolific areas, manual removal is less difficult as the plant roots come up easily, and an initial clearance can be accomplished by raking the area. Repeated efforts at intervals of a few months along with regular monitoring for invasion from neighbouring areas will be necessary for full control.
[edit] Combined Chemical/Manual Control
In view of the persistance of the plant and the cost of chemical treatment plus the negative effect on other species, especially in regions where it is a pest, a combination of an initial chemical treatment followed by manual removal for the second or possibly third treatment is worth considering. Nevertheless, absolutely scrupulous attention to the removal of every single piece of the stems from both above and below the surface is required before elimination can be assured.
[edit] References
- ^ Wolff, Mark A. (1999). Winning the war of Weeds: The Essential Gardener's Guide to Weed Identification and Control. Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-86417-993-6.
- ^ MAF biosecurity New Zealand (2009). "MAF pest report on Wandering Willy". http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/wandering-jew. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
- ^ Florida Exotic Plant Pest Council (2007). "Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council’s 2007 List of Invasive Plant Species". http://www.fleppc.org/eddmaps/species/. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
- ^ Department of Primary Industries, Victoria (2011). "Impact Assessment - Wandering creeper (Tradescantia fluminensis) in Victoria". http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/impact_wandering_creeper. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
- ^ Kelly, David; Skipworth, J. P. (1984). "Tradescantia fluminensis in a Manawatu (New Zealand) forest: I. Growth and effects on regeneration". New Zealand Journal of Botany (Royal Society of New Zealand) 22: 393–397. ISSN 0028-825X. OCLC 1760278. http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/media/publications-journals-nzjb-1984-040.pdf. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tradescantia fluminensis |
- Standard Data Report: Tradescantia fluminensis - Integrated Taxonomic Information System
- PLANTS Profile: Tradescantia fluminensis - National Resources Conservation Service (US Department of Agriculture)
- Taxonomy Browser: Tradescantia fluminensis - National Center for Biotechnology Information (US National Institutes of Health)
- Desert Tropicals - Informational database on common gardening plants, based out of Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Dave's Garden - Community website for home gardeners providing supplies, techniques, and discussion forums.
