Transarmament
Transarmament (closely related to civilian-based defense) is the partial or total replacement of armed forces with the physical and social infrastructure to support nonviolent resistance. According to an encyclopedia definition, transarmament is
the process of changeover from a military-based defense policy to a civilian-based defense policy. Transarmament always involves the replacement of one means to provide defense with another. It therefore differs from "disarmament," which is the simple reduction or abandonment of military capacity. (p 534[1])
The term "transarmament" appears to have been introduced in 1937 in a pamphlet by Kenneth Boulding.[1] It appears not to have been used again until the 1960s.[1][2] Since that time it has also been used as a technical term in professional journals - for example, by Johan Galtung.[3]
According to Adam Roberts,
- At least four possible stages [of transarmament] can be envisaged:
- 1. Research and investigation into civilian defence, in order to judge its workability, relate it to a specific country's defence problems, and develop strategic and tactical concepts so that the proposal can be presented in concrete and practical terms.
- 2. General public education in non-violent action and civilian defence; concentrated training of key groups and individuals; organizational preparations.
- 3. Application of civilian defence in specific areas without complete abandonment of military defence policy.
- 4. Public commitment to use civilian defence in resisting all threats formerly dealt with by military methods. Completion of process of transarment. (p. 338[4])
[edit] References
- ^ a b c Gene Sharp (1997). "Transarmament" (p. 534) in: Roger S. Powers, William B. Vogele, Christopher Kruegler, Ronald M. McCarthy (1997), Protest, power, and change: an encyclopedia of nonviolent action from ACT-UP to women's suffrage. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780815309130
- ^ Adam Roberts (ed.) (1968), Civilian resistance as a national defense: non-violent action against aggression. Stackpole Books. (320 pages)
- ^ Johan Galtung (1984). "Transarmament: From offensive to defensive defense". Journal of Peace Research 21 (2): 127–139. doi:10.1177/002234338402100204.
- ^ Adam Roberts (1969) "Transarmament to Civilian Defence" (pp. 336-348) in Adam Roberts (ed.), "Civilian Resistance as a National Defence," Baltimore, MD: Penguin/Pelican, 1969. (367 pages)
[edit] See also
- (1985 book by Gene Sharp)
[edit] External links
- http://www.fragmentsweb.org/stuff/nvwar.html
- Civilian-Based Defense: A Post-Military Weapons System by Gene Sharp
- National Security through Civilian-Based Defense by Gene Sharp
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