Transfer (association football)

In professional football, a transfer is the action taken whenever a player under contract moves between professional clubs. It refers to the transferring of a player's registration from one professional association football club to another. In general, the players can only be transferred during a transfer window and according to the rules set by a governing body. Usually some sort of compensation is paid for the player's rights. When a player moves from one club to another, his old contract is terminated and he negotiates a new one with the club he is moving to, unlike in American, Canadian and Australian sports, where teams essentially trade existing player contracts. However, in some cases, transfers can function in a similar manner to player trades, as teams can offer another player on their squad as part of the compensation.

History

The concept of a football transfer first came into existence in England after the Football Association (FA) introduced player registration sometime after 1885.

Before that, a player could agree to play one or more games for any football club. After the FA recognized professionalism in 1885, it sought to control professional players by introducing a player registration system. Players had to register with a club each season, even if he remained with the same club from the season before. A player was not allowed to play until he was registered for that season. Once a player was registered with a club, he was not allowed to be registered with or play for another club during the same season without the permission of the FA and the club that held his registration. The players however, were free to join another club before the start of each season, even if their former club wished to retain them.

Sometime after the Football League was formed in 1888, the Football League decided that restrictions had to be placed on the ability of richer clubs to lure players from other clubs to prevent the league being dominated by a handful of clubs. From the start of the 1893–94 season onwards, once a player was registered with a Football League club, he could not be registered with any other club, even in subsequent seasons, without the permission of the club he was registered with. It applied even if the player's annual contract with the club holding his registration was not renewed after it expired. The club was not obliged to play him and, without a contract, the player was not entitled to receive a salary. Nevertheless, if the club refused to release his registration, the player could not play for any other Football League club.

Football League clubs soon came to realize that they could demand and earn a transfer fee from any other Football League club as consideration for agreeing to release or transfer the player's registration.

In 1912, Charles Sutcliffe helped establish the legality of this "retain-and-transfer system" when he successfully represented the club Aston Villa during the Kingaby case. Former player, Herbert Kingaby had brought legal proceedings against Villa for preventing him from playing. Erroneous strategy by Kingaby's counsel resulted in the suit being dismissed.

In England, the "retain" aspect of the system was removed after a decision by the High Court in 1963 in Eastham vs. Newcastle United that it was unreasonable. The transfer system remained unchanged until the Bosman ruling.

Medical examination

Players will commonly undergo a medical examination and/or physical fitness test before a transfer completes. Occasionally, previously unknown medical problems will be detected, potentially jeopardizing the transfer or the size of the fee.

Transfer bans

One method of club punishment used by the football governing body FIFA is a ban on transfers.

In 2005, Roma were given a one year transfer ban by FIFA, beginning on 1 July, when in September 2004, French centre back Philippe Mexès joined the club while still under contract with Auxerre. On appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in December 2005, the ban was reduced to end after the January transfer window, but CAS upheld the view that Roma had "not only encouraged Mexès to break his contract with Auxerre, but actively provoked the break."

In April 2009, Sion were told by FIFA that they could not sign any players until the 2010 off-season, as punishment for signing Egyptian goalkeeper Essam El-Hadary from Al-Ahly in 2008 before his contract expired. The club appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, who froze the sanction pending a ruling, expected by the end of 2009. The ban was eventually lifted by FIFA.

On 3 September 2009, Chelsea were banned from registering any new players in the January and Summer 2010 transfer windows, after FIFA's dispute resolution chamber (DRC) ruled that French winger Gaël Kakuta had breached his contract with French club Lens when he joined Chelsea in 2007, and that Chelsea had induced him to do so. However the ban was quickly lifted by FIFA.

Highest fees

For more details on historical highest fees, see World football transfer record.

The following table shows the top 25 highest transfer fees ever paid in GBP. Lists in other currencies differ due to exchange rate fluctuations.

European football experienced a "transfer bubble" fueled by rapidly rising television rights sales between 1999 and 2002, and fees then fell away significantly, before rising again towards the end of the 2000s. The three most expensive transfers since that time were all made by Spanish clubs in 2009, two by Real Madrid and one by Barcelona. In June 2009, Real Madrid purchased Kaká from Milan for a fee of £56 million, followed shortly thereafter by their £80 million purchase of Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United.

Transfer fees are not always officially confirmed by the transacting clubs, and figures published by unofficial sources may or may not take into account various fees (e.g. to agents), performance related elements of the fee, and the notional value of any players included in part exchange. This leads to different figures being given by different sources. Performance related clauses have become more common in recent years, meaning that it is harder to produce definitive lists of the largest transfer fees than was the case in the past.

Players

The following players are ranked in order of the inflation adjusted fees:

Rank	Player	From	To	Transfer Fee (M£ )	Transfer Fee (M€)	Year	Inflation adjusted fee (M£)
1	Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo	Manchester United	Real Madrid	£80	€90	2009	£82
2	Ibrahimović, ZlatanZlatan Ibrahimović	Inter Milan	Barcelona	£59	€66	2009	£60
3	Kaká	Milan	Real Madrid	£56	€65	2009	£57
4	Zidane, ZinedineZinedine Zidane	Juventus	Real Madrid	£45	€63.5	2001	£65
5	Figo, LuísLuís Figo	Barcelona	Real Madrid	£44	€61.5	2000	£55
6	Torres, FernandoFernando Torres	Liverpool	Chelsea	£50	€58	2011	£50
7	Falcao, RadamelRadamel Falcao	Porto	Atlético Madrid	£40	€47	2011	£48
8	Crespo, HernánHernán Crespo	Parma	Lazio	£38	€48	2000	£48
9	Buffon, GianluigiGianluigi Buffon	Parma	Juventus	£38	€57	2001	£47
10	Ronaldo	Inter Milan	Real Madrid	£37.4	€45	2002	£45
11	Vieri, ChristianChristian Vieri	Lazio	Inter Milan	£31	€47.3	1999	£40
12	Nedvěd, PavelPavel Nedvěd	Lazio	Juventus	£30.7	€46.3	2001	£38
13	Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero	Atlético Madrid	Manchester City	£38	€45	2011	£38
14	Rui Costa	Fiorentina	Milan	£30	€45	2001	£37
15	Pastore, JavierJavier Pastore	Palermo	Paris St.-Germain	£36.6	€43	2011	£37
16	VillaDavid Villa	Valencia	Barcelona	£35	€40	2010	£35
17	Verón, Juan SebastiánJuan Sebastián Verón	Lazio	Manchester United	£28.1	€46.3	2001	£35
18	Ferdinand, RioRio Ferdinand	Leeds United	Manchester United	£29.1	€45.3	2002	£35
19	Carroll, AndyAndy Carroll	Newcastle United	Liverpool	£35	€40	2011	£35
20	FabregasCesc Fàbregas	Arsenal	Barcelona	£35	€40	2011	£35
21	Lucas Moura	São Paulo	Paris St.-Germain	£35	€44.3	2012	£35
22	Shevchenko, AndriyAndriy Shevchenko	Milan	Chelsea	£30.8	€43.875	2006	£33
23	Modrić, LukaLuka Modrić	Tottenham Hotspur	Real Madrid	£33	€42	2012	£33
24	Thiago Silva	Milan	Paris St.-Germain	£33	€42	2012	£33
25		£32.5	€40	2000	£33
26	Robinho	Real Madrid	Manchester City	£32.5	€40	2008	£32
27	Hazard, EdenEden Hazard	Lille	Chelsea	£32	€40	2012	£32
28	Martínez, JaviJavi Martínez	Athletic Bilbao	Bayern Munich	£32	€40	2012	£32
29	Witsel, AxelAxel Witsel	Benfica	Zenit Saint Petersburg	£32	€40	2012	£32
30	Hulk	Porto	Zenit Saint Petersburg	£32	€40	2012	£32
31	Götze, MarioMario Götze	Borussia Dortmund	Bayern Munich	£31.5	€37	2013	£32
32	Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov	Tottenham Hotspur	Manchester United	£30.75	€37.9	2008	£31

Managers

For football managers, the list is as follows:

Rank	Coach	From	To	Transfer Fee (M£ )	Transfer Fee (M€)	Year	Inflation adjusted fee (M£)
1	Villas-Boas, AndréAndré Villas-Boas	FC Porto	Chelsea	£13.3	€15	2011	£13
2	Guardiola, PepPep Guardiola	Barcelona	FC Bayern Munich	£8	€9	2013	£8
3	Mourinho, JoséJosé Mourinho	Inter Milan	Real Madrid	£6.8	€8	2010	£7
4	Capello, FabioFabio Capello	Juventus	Real Madrid	£6.7	€7.5	2006	£7
5	Mancini, RobertoRoberto Mancini	Inter Milan	Manchester City F.C.	£6.5	€7	2011	£7
6	Hiddink, GuusGuus Hiddink	Turkey	FC Anzhi Makhachkala	£6.3	€6.8	2012	£6
7	Ancelotti, CarloCarlo Ancelotti	Chelsea	PSG	£6	€6.5	2012	£6
8	Rodgers, BrendanBrendan Rodgers	Swansea City	Liverpool	£5	€6.2	2012	£5
9	Redknapp, HarryHarry Redknapp	Portsmouth	Tottenham	£2	€2,5	2008	£2
10	McLeish, AlexAlex McLeish	Birmingham City	Aston Villa	£2	€2.2	2011	£2

Pre-contracts

A club may sign a pre-contract with a player while he is still with another club, by which the player agrees to move to the club at a future date, for example, after his contract with his current club expires.

Another situation may be where the current club is also a party to the pre-contract, and the transfer is conditional, for example, on a fee being agreed between the clubs or terms being agreed between the player and the new club, or the transfer is intended to take effect only after the player reaches a certain age.

The pre-contract is intended to prevent a third club from signing the player while details are still being negotiated or when the future date arrives.

As the player's registration remains with the current club, however, the existence of a pre-contract may be unknown to other clubs who wish to sign the player.

Solidarity contribution

If a professional football player transfers to another club during the course of a contract, 5% of any transfer fee, not including training compensation paid to his former club, shall be deducted from the total amount of this compensation and distributed by the new club as a solidarity contribution to the club(s) involved in his training and education over the years.

This solidarity contribution reflects the number of years he was registered with the relevant club(s) between the seasons of his 12th and 23rd birthdays, as follows:

Season of birthday	% of compensation	% of total fee
12th	5%	0.25%
13th	5%	0.25%
14th	5%	0.25%
15th	5%	0.25%
16th	10%	0.50%
17th	10%	0.50%
18th	10%	0.50%
19th	10%	0.50%
20th	10%	0.50%
21st	10%	0.50%
22nd	10%	0.50%
23rd	10%	0.50%
Total	100%	5%

Examples

• Stephen Appiah: solidarity contribution was excluded from the agreed €8M price. Fenerbahçe had an obligation to pay former clubs for additional €0.4M.
• Vitorino Antunes: €1,500,000 x 5% x (5% x 4seasons + 10% x4 seasons) = €45,000 to Freamunde from Roma
• Arjen Robben: €500,000 to Groningen from Bayern Munich
• Robinho: €1.805 million to Santos from Manchester City
• Edin Džeko: About €1,120,000 to Željezničar from Manchester City^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Co-ownership (football)
• Cup-tied
• Loan (sports)
• Retain and transfer system
• Third-party ownership in association football
• Trade (sports)
• World football transfer record Progression of football transfer fee record

External links

• Transfer regulations of FIFA (PDF)
• The anatomy of a transfer deal by BBC Sport
• The workings of a transfer deal by Transfers