Transistor count

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Plot of transistor counts against dates of introduction. The curve shows counts doubling every two years.

The transistor count of a device is the number of transistors in the device. Transistor count is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity. According to Moore's Law, the transistor count of the integrated circuits doubles every two years. On most modern microprocessors, the majority of transistors are contained in caches.

As of 2012, the highest transistor count in a commercially available CPU is over 2.5 billion transistors, in Intel's 10-core Xeon Westmere-EX. Xilinx currently holds the "world-record" for an FPGA containing 6.8 billion transistors.

Contents

Transistor count [edit]

Microprocessors [edit]

See also: microprocessor chronology

A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit on a single integrated circuit. It is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output.

Processor Transistor count Date of introduction Manufacturer Process Area
Intel 4004 2,300 1971 Intel 10 µm 12 mm²
Intel 8008 3,500 1972 Intel 10 µm 14 mm²
MOS Technology 6502 3,510[citation needed] 1975 MOS Technology 8 μm 21 mm²
Motorola 6800 4,100 1974 Motorola 6 μm 16 mm²
Intel 8080 4,500 1974 Intel 6 μm 20 mm²
RCA 1802 5,000 1974 RCA 5 μm 27 mm²
Intel 8085 6,500 1976 Intel 3 μm 20 mm²
Zilog Z80 8,500 1976 Zilog 4 μm 18 mm²
Motorola 6809 9,000 1978 Motorola 5 μm 21 mm²
Intel 8086 29,000 1978 Intel 3 μm 33 mm²
Intel 8088 29,000 1979 Intel 3 μm 33 mm²
Intel 80186 55,000 1982 Intel 3 μm
Motorola 68000 68,000 1979 Motorola 4 μm 44 mm²
Intel 80286 134,000 1982 Intel 1.5 µm 49 mm²
Intel 80386 275,000 1985 Intel 1.5 µm 104 mm²
Intel 80486 1,180,235 1989 Intel 1 µm 173 mm²
Pentium 3,100,000 1993 Intel 0.8 µm 294 mm²
Pentium Pro 5,500,000[1] 1995 Intel 0.5 µm 307 mm²
AMD K5 4,300,000 1996 AMD 0.5 µm 251 mm²
Pentium II 7,500,000 1997 Intel 0.35 µm 195 mm²
AMD K6 8,800,000 1997 AMD 0.35 µm 162 mm²
Pentium III 9,500,000 1999 Intel 0.25 µm 128 mm²
AMD K6-III 21,300,000 1999 AMD 0.25 µm 118 mm²
AMD K7 22,000,000 1999 AMD 0.25 µm 184 mm²
Pentium 4 42,000,000 2000 Intel 180 nm 217 mm²
Atom 47,000,000 2008 Intel 45 nm 24 mm²
Barton 54,300,000 2003 AMD 130 nm 101 mm²
AMD K8 105,900,000 2003 AMD 130 nm 193 mm²
Itanium 2 McKinley 220,000,000 2002 Intel 180 nm 421 mm²
Cell 241,000,000 2006 Sony/IBM/Toshiba 90 nm 221 mm²
Core 2 Duo 291,000,000 2006 Intel 65 nm 143 mm²
Itanium 2 Madison 6M 410,000,000 2003 Intel 130 nm 374 mm²
AMD K10 quad-core 2M L3 463,000,000[2] 2007 AMD 65 nm 283 mm²
AMD K10 quad-core 6M L3 758,000,000[2] 2008 AMD 45 nm 258 mm²
Itanium 2 with 9MB cache 592,000,000 2004 Intel 130 nm 432 mm²
Core i7 (Quad) 731,000,000 2008 Intel 45 nm 263 mm²
POWER6 789,000,000 2007 IBM 65 nm 341 mm²
Six-Core Opteron 2400 904,000,000 2009 AMD 45 nm 346 mm²
16-Core SPARC T3 1,000,000,000[3] 2010 Sun/Oracle 40 nm 377 mm²
Quad-Core + GPU Core i7 1,160,000,000 2011 Intel 32 nm 216 mm²
Six-Core Core i7 (Gulftown) 1,170,000,000 2010 Intel 32 nm 240 mm²
8-core POWER7 32M L3 1,200,000,000 2010 IBM 45 nm 567 mm²
8-Core AMD Bulldozer 1,200,000,000[4] 2012 AMD 32nm 315 mm²
Quad-Core + GPU AMD Trinity 1,303,000,000 2012 AMD 32 nm 246 mm²
Quad-core z196[5] 1,400,000,000 2010 IBM 45 nm 512 mm²
Quad-Core + GPU Core i7 1,400,000,000 2012 Intel 22 nm 160 mm²
Dual-Core Itanium 2 1,700,000,000[6] 2006 Intel 90 nm 596 mm²
Six-Core Xeon 7400 1,900,000,000 2008 Intel 45 nm 503 mm²
Quad-Core Itanium Tukwila 2,000,000,000[7] 2010 Intel 65 nm 699 mm²
8-core POWER7+ 80M L3 2,100,000,000 2012 IBM 32 nm 567 mm²
Six-Core Core i7/8-Core Xeon E5
(Sandy Bridge-E/EP)		 2,270,000,000 [8] 2011 Intel 32 nm 434 mm²
8-Core Xeon Nehalem-EX 2,300,000,000[9] 2010 Intel 45 nm 684 mm²
10-Core Xeon Westmere-EX 2,600,000,000 2011 Intel 32 nm 512 mm²
Six-core zEC12 2,750,000,000 2012 IBM 32 nm 597 mm²
8-Core Itanium Poulson 3,100,000,000 2012 Intel 32 nm 544 mm²
62-Core Xeon Phi 5,000,000,000 2012 Intel 22 nm

GPUs [edit]

A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the building of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display.

Processor Transistor count Date of introduction Manufacturer Process Area
NV3 3,500,000 1997 NVIDIA 350 nm 90 mm²
Rage 128 8,000,000 1999 AMD 250 nm 70 mm²
NV5 15,000,000 1999 NVIDIA 250 nm
NV10 17,500,000 1999 NVIDIA 220 nm 111 mm²
NV11 20,000,000 2000 NVIDIA 180 nm 65 mm²
NV15 25,000,000 2000 NVIDIA 180 nm 81 mm²
R100 30,000,000 2000 AMD 180 nm 97 mm²
NV20 57,000,000 2001 NVIDIA 150 nm 128 mm²
R200 60,000,000 2001 AMD 150 nm 68 mm²
NV25 63,000,000 2002 NVIDIA 150 nm 142 mm²
R300 107,000,000 2002 AMD 150 nm 218 mm²
R360 117,000,000 2003 AMD 150 nm 218 mm²
NV38 135,000,000 2003 NVIDIA 130 nm 207 mm²
R480 160,000,000 2004 AMD 130 nm 297 mm²
NV40 222,000,000 2004 NVIDIA 130 nm 305 mm²
G70 303,000,000 2005 NVIDIA 110 nm 333 mm²
R520 321,000,000 2005 AMD 90 nm 288 mm²
R580 384,000,000 2006 AMD 90 nm 352 mm²
G80 681,000,000 2006 NVIDIA 90 nm 480 mm²
R600 Pele 700,000,000 2007 AMD 80 nm 420 mm²
G92 754,000,000 2007 NVIDIA 65 nm 324 mm²
RV790XT Spartan 959,000,000[10] 2008 AMD 55 nm 282 mm²
GT200 Tesla 1,400,000,000[11] 2008 NVIDIA 55 nm 576 mm²
Cypress RV870 2,154,000,000[12] 2009 AMD 40 nm 334 mm²
Cayman RV970 2,640,000,000 2010 AMD 40 nm 389 mm²
GF100 Fermi 3,200,000,000[13] Mar 2010 NVIDIA 40 nm 526 mm²
GF110 Fermi 3,000,000,000[13] Nov 2010 NVIDIA 40 nm 520 mm²
GK104 Kepler 3,540,000,000[14] 2012 NVIDIA 28 nm 294 mm²
Tahiti RV1070 4,312,711,873[15] 2011 AMD 28 nm 365 mm²
GK110 Kepler 7,080,000,000[16] 2012 NVIDIA 28 nm 561 mm²

FPGA [edit]

A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing.

FPGA Transistor count Date of introduction Manufacturer Process Area
Virtex ~70,000,000 1997 Xilinx
Virtex-E ~200,000,000 1998 Xilinx
Virtex-II ~350,000,000 2000 Xilinx 130 nm
Virtex-II PRO ~430,000,000 2002 Xilinx
Virtex-4 1,000,000,000 2004 Xilinx 90 nm
Virtex-5 1,100,000,000[17] 2006 Xilinx 65 nm
Stratix IV 2,500,000,000[18] 2008 Altera 40 nm
Stratix V 3,800,000,000[19] 2011 Altera 28 nm
Virtex-7 6,800,000,000[20] 2011 Xilinx 28 nm

Logic functions [edit]

Transistor count for generic logic functions is based on static CMOS implementation.[21]

Function Transistor count
NOT 2
BUF 4
NAND 2-input 4
NOR 2-input 4
AND 2-input 6
OR 2-input 6
NAND 3-input 6
NOR 3-input 6
XOR 2-input 6
XNOR 2-input 8
MUX 2-input with TG 6
MUX 4-input with TG 18
NOT MUX 2-input 8
MUX 4-input 24
Adder full 28
Latch, D gated 8
Flip-flop, edge triggered dynamic D with reset 12

Memory [edit]

Semiconductor memory is an electronic data storage device, often used as computer memory, implemented on integrated circuit.

[icon] This section requires expansion. (January 2013)

Parallel systems [edit]

Historically, each processing element in earlier parallel systems—like all CPUs of that time—was a serial computer built out of multiple chips. As transistor counts per chip increases, each processing element could be built out of fewer chips, and then later each multi-core processor chip could contain more processing elements.[22]

Goodyear MPP: (1983?) 8 pixel processors per chip, 3,000 to 8,000 transistors per chip.[22]

Brunel University Scape (single-chip array-processing element): (1983) 256 pixel processors per chip, 120,000 to 140,000 transistors per chip.[22]

Cell Broadband Engine: (2006) 9 cores per chip, 234 million transistors per chip.[23]

References [edit]

  1. ^ PC Guide Intel Pentium Pro ("P6")
  2. ^ a b [1]
  3. ^ Sun's 1 billion-transistor, 16-core Niagara 3 processor
  4. ^ "Intel's Atom Architecture: The Journey Begins". AnandTech. Retrieved 4 April 2010. 
  5. ^ IBM to Ship World's Fastest Microprocessor
  6. ^ PRESS KIT - Dual-Core Intel Itanium Processor
  7. ^ "Itanium Tukwila." AFP. February 5, 2008. Retrieved on February 5, 2008.
  8. ^ Intel Core i7-3960X Review: Sandy Bridge-E And X79 Express
  9. ^ "Intel Previews Intel Xeon 'Nehalem-EX' Processor." May 26, 2009. Retrieved on May 28, 2009.
  10. ^ The Radeon HD 4850 & 4870: AMD Wins at $199 and $299
  11. ^ NVIDIA's 1.4 Billion Transistor GPU: GT200 Arrives as the GeForce GTX 280 & 260
  12. ^ Radeon 5870 specifications
  13. ^ a b [2]
  14. ^ [3]
  15. ^ AMD Radeon HD 7970
  16. ^ [4]
  17. ^ "Taiwan Company UMC Delivers 65nm FPGAs to Xilinx." SDA-ASIA Thursday, 9 November 2006.
  18. ^ "Altera's new 40nm FPGAs - 2.5 billion transistors!"
  19. ^ [5]" Altera unveils 28-nm Stratix V FPGA family. April 20, 2010. Retrieved on April 20, 2010.
  20. ^ "Xilinx Announces world’s highest capacity FPGA." October 25, 2011. Retrieved on October 25, 2011.
  21. ^ Jan M. Rabaey, Digital Integrated Circuits, Fall 2001: Course Notes, Chapter 6: Designing Combinatorial Logic Gates in CMOS, retrieved 27 October 2012.
  22. ^ a b c "Image processor handles 256 pixels simultaneously" by Kevin Smith "Electronics" magazine 1983 Aug 11
  23. ^ "Cell chip: Hit or hype?" by Michael Kanellos 2005

External links [edit]

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