Transportation Security Administration

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Transportation Security Administration
Transportation Security Administration Logo.svg
Agency overview
Formed November 19, 2001
Preceding Agency FAA - Office of Civil Aviation Security
Jurisdiction Transportation systems inside, and connecting to the United States of America
Headquarters Pentagon City, Arlington County, Virginia
Employees 55,600+ (2013)
Annual budget $7.91 billion (2013)
Agency executive John S. Pistole, Administrator
Parent Agency Department of Homeland Security
Website
TSA Official site

The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security that exercises authority over the security of the traveling public in the United States.[1]

The TSA was created as part of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, sponsored by Don Young in the United States House of Representatives[2] and Ernest Hollings in the Senate,[3] passed by the 107th U.S. Congress, and signed into law by President George W. Bush on November 19, 2001. Originally part of the United States Department of Transportation, the TSA was moved to the Department of Homeland Security on March 9, 2003.

John S. Pistole is the fifth TSA Administrator, having replaced former head Kip Hawley.[4]

Contents

History and organization [edit]

Seal when under the Department of Transportation

The TSA was created as a response to the September 11, 2001, attacks. Its first administrator, John Magaw, was nominated by President Bush on December 10, 2001, and confirmed by the Senate the following January. The agency's proponents, including Transportation Secretary Norman Mineta, argued that only a single federal agency would better protect air travel than the private companies who operated under contract to single airlines or groups of airlines that used a given terminal facility.

The organization was charged with developing policies to protect U.S. transportation, especially in airport security and the prevention of aircraft hijacking.

With state, local, and regional partners, the TSA oversees security for highways, railroads, buses, mass transit systems, pipelines, ports. However, the bulk of the TSA's efforts are in aviation security. The TSA is solely responsible for screening passengers and checked and carry-on baggage at 450 U.S. airports.[5][not in citation given]

Private screening did not disappear under the TSA, which allows airports to opt out of federal screening and hire firms to do the job instead. Such firms must still get TSA approval under its Screening Partnership Program (SPP) and follow TSA procedures.[6] Among the U.S. airports with privately operated checkpoints are San Francisco International Airport; Kansas City International Airport; Greater Rochester International Airport; Tupelo Regional Airport; Key West International Airport; Charles M. Schulz – Sonoma County Airport; and Jackson Hole Airport.[7][8]

TSA security search

Administration [edit]

TSA has had five administrators. They are John Magaw (2002), Admiral James Loy (2002–2003), Rear Admiral David M. Stone (2003–2005), Kip Hawley (2005–2009) and most recently John Pistole (2010–). Former TSA Deputy Administrator Gale Rossides served as TSA's Acting Administrator from early 2009 until Pistole's confirmation in the summer of 2010.[9][10]

TSA employees [edit]

Among the types of TSA employees are:[11]

  • Transportation Security Officers: The TSA employs around 47,000 Transportation Security Officers (TSOs), often referred to as screeners or agents. They screen people, property and control entry and exit points in airports. They also watch several areas before and beyond checkpoints.[12][13] TSOs carry no weapons, and are not permitted to use force, nor do they have the power to arrest.[14]
The salary for a TSO is currently $25,518 to $38,277[15] per year, not including locality pay (contiguous 48 states) or cost of living allowance in Hawaii and Alaska. A handful of airports also have a retention bonus of up to 35%.[16] This is more than what private screeners were paid.[17]
  • Behavior Detection Officers: In 2003, the TSA implemented the Screening of Passengers by Observation Technique (SPOT), which expanded across the United States in 2007. In this program, Behavior Detection Officers (BDOs), who are TSOs, observe passengers as they go through security checkpoints, looking for behaviors that might indicate a higher risk. Such passengers are subject to additional screening.
This program has led to concerns about, and allegations of racial profiling.[18][19][20] According to the TSA, SPOT screening officers are trained to observe behaviors only and not on a persons appearance, race, ethnicity or religion.[21]
The FAM role, then called "sky marshalls", originated in 1961 following the first US hijacking.[23] It became part of the TSA following the creation of the TSA following the September 11 attacks,[22] was trasferred to the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement in 2003, and back to the TSA in fiscal 2006.[citation needed]
  • Transportation Security Inspectors (TSI's): They inspect, and investigate passenger and cargo transportation systems to see how secure they are. TSA employs roughly 1,000 aviation inspectors, 450 cargo inspectors,[24] and 100 surface inspectors.[11]
VIPR team working cars waiting to board a ferry in Nova Scotia
  • National Explosives Detection Canine Teams Program: These trainers prepares dogs and handlers to serve as mobile teams that can quickly find dangerous materials. As of June 2008, the TSA had trained about 430 canine teams, with 370 deployed to airports and 56 deployed to mass transit systems.[25] TSA erroneously claims to have pioneered the explosive canine detection training here in the USA, FAA bulletin FAA-RD-73-5 details the pioneering program for the FAA that The Metropolitan Police Washington, D.C. began. (Author R. Neil Bell). Parade magazine September 19, 1971 also chronicles the Explosive detection canine beginnings (Author James O.E. Norell).
  • Visible Intermodal Prevention and Response (VIPR) teams: VIPR teams started in 2005 and involved Federal Air Marshals and other TSA crew working outside of the airport environment, at train stations, ports, truck weigh stations, special events, and other places. There has been some controversy and congressional criticism for problems such as the July 3, 2007 holiday screenings. In 2011, Amtrak police chief John O'Connor moved to temporarily ban VIPR teams from Amtrak property. As of 2011, VIPR team operations were being conducted at a rate of 8,000 per year.[26]

The TSA also oversees the Federal Flight Deck Officer program, which gives some pilots permission to carry firearms in the cockpit as a defense against hijackers.

Uniforms [edit]

In 2008, TSA employees began wearing new uniforms that have a blue-gray 65/35 polyester/cotton blend duty shirt, black pants, a wider black belt, and optional short-sleeved shirts and black vests (for seasonal reasons).[27] The first airport to introduce the new uniforms was Baltimore-Washington International Airport. Starting on September 11, 2008, all TSOs began wearing the new uniform. One stripe on each shoulder board denotes a TSO, two stripes a Lead TSO, and three a Supervisory TSO.

TSOs are issued badges similar to those carried by police officers, which has led to complaints from the latter group.[28]

Funding [edit]

For fiscal year 2012, the TSA had a budget of roughly $7.6 billion.

TSA agent screening luggage
2012 Budget[29] $ Millions Share
Aviation Security 5,254 70%
Transportation Security Support & Intelligence 1,032 14%
Federal Air Marshals 966 13%
Transportation Threat Assessment & Credentialing 165 2%
Surface Transportation Security 135 2%
Total 7,552 100%

Screening processes and regulations [edit]

Passenger and carry-on screening [edit]

Identification requirements [edit]

See also: No Fly List

Adult passengers (18 and over) are required to show a U.S. federal or state-issued photo identification.[30]

Passenger names are compared against the No-fly list, a list of about 21,000 names of suspected terrorists who are not allowed to board.[31] Passenger names are also compared against a longer list of "selectees", passengers whose names match names from this list receive a more thorough screening before being potentially allowed to board.[32] The effectiveness of the lists has been widely criticized on the basis of errors in how those lists are maintained,[33] for concerns that the lists are unconstituional, for contributing to racial profiling,[34] and for its ineffectiveness at stopping Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, who attempted to detonate plastic explosives in his underwear, from boarding an aircraft.[35] At the airport security checkpoint, passengers are screened to insure they are not carrying prohibited items. These include most sorts of sharp objects, many sporting goods such as baseball bats and hockey sticks, guns or other weapons, many sorts of tools, flammable liquids (except for conventional lighters), many forms of chemicals and paint.[36] In addition, passengers are limited to 3.4 ounces of almost any liquid or gel, which must be presented at the checkpoint in a clear, one-quart zip-top bag.[37] These restrictions on liquids were a reaction to the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot.

In some cases, government leaders, members of the US military and law-enforcement officials are allowed to bypass security screening.[38][39]

In a program begun in October 2011, the TSA's Precheck Program allows selected members of frequent flyer programs as well as members of Global Entry, NEXUS, and SENTRI to receive expedited screening for domestic itineraries.[40] As of April 2013, this program was available at 40 airports.[41]

Large printer cartridges ban [edit]

After the October 2010 cargo planes bomb plot, in which cargo containing laser printers with toner cartridges filled with explosives were discovered on separate cargo planes, the U.S. prohibited passengers from carrying certain printer cartridges on flights.[42] The TSA said it would ban toner and ink cartridges weighing over 16 ounces (453 grams) from all passenger flights.[43][44] The ban applies to both carry-on bags and checked bags, and does not affect average travelers, whose toner cartridges are generally lighter.[44]

November 2010 enhanced screening procedures [edit]

Beginning in November 2010, TSA added new enhanced screening procedures. Passengers are required to choose between an enhanced patdown, allowing TSOs to more thoroughly check areas on the body such as waistbands, groin, and inner thigh.[38] or instead to be imaged by the use of a full body scanners (that is, either backscatter X-ray or millimeter wave detection machines) in order to fly. There changes were said to be made in reaction to the Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab bombing attempt.[45]

Pat downs [edit]
See also: Frisking

The new pat-down procedures, which were originally not made public,[46] "routinely involve the touching of buttocks and genitals"[47][48][49] as well as breasts.[50] These procedures were controversial, and in a November poll, 50% of those polled felt that the new pat-down procedures were too extreme, with 48% feeling them justified.[51] A number of publicized incidents created a public outcry against the invasiveness of the pat-down techniques,[52][53][54] in which women’s breasts and the genital areas of all passengers are patted.[55] Pat downs are carried out by agents of of the same gender the passenger presents at the screening.[56]

Concerns were raised as to the constitutionality of the new screening methods by organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union.[57] As of April 2011, at least six lawsuits were filed for violation of the Fourth Amendment.[58][59] George Washington University law professor Jeffrey Rosen has supported this view, saying "there's a strong argument that the TSA's measures violate the Fourth Amendment, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.".[60] Concerns were also raised about the effects of these pat downs on survivors of sexual assault.[61]

Full body scanners [edit]
Main article: Full body scanner
Screenshot from an active millimeter wave scanner
X-ray backscatter technology produces an image that resembles a chalk etching.[62]
A backscatter unit.

In November 2010, the TSA began putting backscatter X-ray scanners and millimeter wave scanners machines into airports. The TSA refers to these two technologies as Advanced Imaging Technologies, or AIT.

Passengers are directed to hold their hands above their heads for a few seconds while front and back images are created.[63] If the operator sees an anomaly on the scanner, or if other problems occur, the passenger will also have to receive the pat down.

Full body scanners have also proven controversial due to privacy and health concerns.

The American Civil Liberties Union has called the scanners a "virtual strip search."[64] Female passengers have complained that they are often singled out for scanning, and a review of TSA records by a local CBS affiliate in Dallas found "a pattern of women who believe that there was nothing random about the way they were selected for extra screening."[65]

The TSA, on their website, states that they have "implemented strict measures to protect passenger privacy which is ensured through the anonymity of the image,"[66] and additionally states that these technologies "cannot store, print, transmit or save the image, and the image is automatically deleted from the system after it is cleared by the remotely located security officer".[67]

As early as 2010, the TSA began to test scanners that would produce less intrusive "stick figures".[68] In February 2011, the TSA began testing new software on the millimeter wave machines already used at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport that automatically detects potential threats on a passenger without the need for having an officer review actual images. Instead, one generic figure is used for all passengers and small yellow boxes are placed on areas of the body requiring additional screening.[69] The TSA announced in 2013 that the Rapiscan's backscatter scanners would no longer be used, due to the fact that the manufacturer of the machines could not produce "privacy software" to abstract the near-nude images that agents view and turn them into stick like figures. The TSA will continue to use other full body scanners.[70]

See also: Backscatter_X-ray#Health_effects
See also: Millimeter_wave_scanner#Possible_health_effects

Health concerns have been raised about both scanning technologies.

With regards to exposure to radiation emitted by backscatter X-rays, and there are fears that people will be exposed to a "dangerous level of radiation if they get backscattered too often".[71] Ionizing radiation is considered a non-threshold carcinogen, but it is difficult to quantify the risk of low radiation exposures.[72] Active millimeter wave scanners emit radiation which is non-ionizing, does not have enough energy to directly damage DNA, and is not known to be genotoxic.[73][74][75]

Reactions [edit]

After the November 2010 initiation of enhanced screening procedures of all airline passengers and flight crews, the US Airline Pilots Association issued a press release stating that pilots should not submit to full body scanners because of unknown radiation risks and calling for strict guidelines for pat downs of pilots, including evaluation of their fitness for duty after the pat down, given stressful nature of pat downs.[55][76] Two airline pilots filed suit against the procedures.[77]

In March 2011, two New Hampshire state representatives introduced proposed legislation that would criminalize as sexual assault invasive TSA patdowns made without probable cause.[78][79][80] In May 2011, the Texas House of Representatives passed a bill that would make it illegal for Transportation Security Administration officials to touch a person's genitals when carrying out a patdown. The bill failed in the Senate after the Department of Justice threatened to make Texas a no-fly zone if the legislation passed.[81][82] In Congress, United States House of Representatives by Ron Paul (R-Texas) introduced the American Traveler Dignity Act (H.R.6416).[83]

On July 2, 2010, the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) filed a lawsuit in federal court asking to halt the use of full body scanners by the TSA on Fourth amendment grounds, and arguing that the TSA had failed to allow a public notice and rule making period. In July 2011, the D.C. Circuit court of appeals ruled that the TSA did violate the Administrative Procedure Act by failing to allowing a public notice and comment rule making period. The Court ordered the agency to "promptly" undertake a public notice and comment rule making. In July 2012, EPIC returned to court and asked the court to force enforcement; in August, the court granted the request to compel the TSA to explain its actions by the end of the month.[84] The agency responded on August 30, saying that there was "“no basis whatsoever for (The DC Circuit Court's) assertion that TSA has delayed implementing this court’s mandate,” and said it was awaiting approval from the Department of Homeland Security before the hearings take place. The TSA also said that it was having "staffing issues" regarding the issue, but expects to begin hearings in February 2013. [85] The comment period began on March 25, 2013.[86][87]

Two separate Internet campaigns promoted a “National Opt-Out Day,” the day before Thanksgiving, urging travelers to “opt out” of the scanner and insist on a pat down.[88] The enhanced patdown procedures were also the genesis of the "Don't touch my junk meme".[89]

Checked baggage [edit]

Luggage locks [edit]

TSA lock with symbol and general key access

In order to be able to search passenger baggage for security screening, the TSA will cut or otherwise disable locks they can't open themselves. The agency authorized two companies to create padlocks, lockable straps, and luggage with built-in locks that can be opened and relocked by tools and information supplied by the lock manufacturers to the TSA. These are Travel Sentry and Safe Skies Locks.[90]

Baggage theft [edit]

Notice of Baggage Inspection

The TSA has been criticized[91] for an increase in baggage theft after its inception. Reported thefts include both valuable and dangerous goods, such as laptops, jewelry[92] guns,[93] and knives.[94] Such thefts have raised concerns that the same access might allow bombs to be placed aboard aircraft.[95]

In 2004, over 17,000 claims of baggage theft were reported.[92] As of 2004, 60 screeners had been arrested for baggage theft,[92] a number which had grown to 200 screeners by 2008.[96] 11,700 theft and damage claims were reported to the TSA in 2009, a drop from 26,500 in 2004, which was attributed to the installation of cameras and conveyor belts in airports.[97]

As of 2011, the TSA employs about 60,000 screeners in total (counting both baggage and passenger screening)[98] and approximately 500 TSA agents have been fired or suspended for stealing from passenger luggage since the agency's creation in November 2001. The most affected airports in the United States include three in the New York area: JFK, LaGuardia and Newark.[99]

In 2008 an investigative report by WTAE in Pittsburgh discovered that despite over 400 reports of baggage theft, about half of which the TSA reimbursed passengers for, not a single arrest had been made.[100] The TSA does not, as a matter of policy, share baggage theft reports with local police departments.[100]

In September 2012, ABC News interviewed former TSA agent Pythias Brown, who has admitted to stealing more than $800,000 worth of items during his employment with the agency. Brown stated that it was "very convenient to steal" and poor morale within the agency is what causes agents to steal from passengers.[101]

The TSA has also been criticized for not responding properly to theft and failing to reimburse passengers for stolen goods. For example, between 2011 and 2012, passengers at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport reported $300,000 in property lost or damaged by the TSA. The agency only reimbursed $35,000 of those claims.[102] Similar statistics were found at Jacksonville International Airport - passengers reported $22,000 worth of goods missing or damaged over the course of 15 months. The TSA only reimbursed $800.[103]

Screening effectiveness [edit]

Undercover operations to test the effectiveness of airport screening processes are routinely carried out by the TSA's Office of Investigations[104] and the Department of Homeland Security Inspector General's office.

A report by the Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General found that TSA officials had collaborated with Covenant Aviation Security (CAS) at San Francisco International Airport to alert screeners to undercover tests.[105] From August 2003 until May 2004, precise descriptions of the undercover personnel were provided to the screeners. The handing out of descriptions was then stopped, but until January 2005 screeners were still alerted whenever undercover operations were being undertaken.[106] When no wrongdoing on the part of CAS was found, the contract was extended for four years. While employees of the firm and TSA were disciplined, none lost their jobs.[107][108]

A report on undercover operations conducted in October 2006 at Newark Liberty International Airport was leaked to the press. The screeners had failed 20 of 22 undercover security tests, missing numerous guns and bombs. The Government Accountability Office had previously pointed to repeated covert test failures by TSA personnel.[109][110] Revealing the results of covert tests is against TSA policy, and the agency responded by initiating an internal probe to discover the source of the leak.[111]

In July 2007, the Times Union of Albany, New York reported that TSA screeners at Albany International Airport failed multiple covert security tests conducted by the TSA. Among them was a failure to detect a fake bomb.[112]

In December 2010, ABC News Houston reported in an article about a man who accidentally took a forgotten gun through airport security, that "the failure rate approaches 70 percent at some major airports".[113]

In May 2012, a report from the Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General stated that the TSA "does not have a complete understanding" of breaches at the nation's airports, with some hubs doing very little to fix or report security breaches. These findings will be presented to Congress.[114]

Rep. Darrell Issa, chairman of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, and Rep. John Mica, chairman of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, has had several joint hearings concerning the cost and benefits of the various safety programs including full body scanners, the Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC), and the behavior detection program, among others.[115]

Some measures employed by the TSA have been accused of being ineffective and fostering a false sense of safety.[116][117] This led security expert Bruce Schneier to coin the term security theater to describe those measures.[118]

Unintended consequences of 2002 screening enhancements [edit]

Two studies by a group of Cornell University researchers have found that strict airport security has the unintended consequence of increasing road fatalities, as would-be air travelers decide to drive and are exposed to the far greater risk of dying in a car accident.[119][120] In 2005, the researchers looked at the immediate aftermath of the attacks of September 11, 2001, and found that the change in passenger travel modes led to 242 added driving deaths per month.[119] In all, they estimated that about 1,200 driving deaths could be attributed to the short-term effects of the attacks. The study attributes the change in traveler behavior to two factors: fear of terrorist attacks and the wish to avoid the inconvenience of strict security measures; no attempt is made to estimate separately the influence of each of these two factors.

In 2007, the researchers studied the specific effects of a change to security practices instituted by the TSA in late 2002. They concluded that this change reduced the number of air travelers by 6%, and estimated that consequently, 129 more people died in car accidents in the fourth quarter of 2002.[120] Extrapolating this rate of fatalities, New York Times contributor Nate Silver remarked that this is equivalent to "four fully loaded Boeing 737s crashing each year."[121] The 2007 study also noted that strict airport security hurts the airline industry; it was estimated that the 6% reduction in the number of passengers in the fourth quarter of 2002 cost the industry $1.1 billion in lost business.[122]

Data security incidents [edit]

Employee records lost or stolen [edit]

In 2007, a unencrypted computer hard drive containing Social Security numbers, bank data, and payroll information for about 100,000 employees was lost or stolen from TSA headquarters. Kip Hawley alerted TSA employees to the loss, and apologized for it. The agency asked the FBI to investigate. There were no reports that the data was later misused.[123][124]

Unsecured website [edit]

In 2007, Christopher Soghoian, a blogger and security researcher, said that a TSA website was collecting private passenger information in an unsecured manner, exposing passengers to identity theft.[125] The website allowed passengers to dispute their inclusion on the No Fly List. The TSA fixed the website several days after the press picked up the story.[126] The U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform investigated the matter,[127] and said the website had operated insecurely for more than four months, during which more than 247 people had submitted personal information.[128] The report said the TSA manager who awarded the contract for creating the website was a high-school friend and former employee of the owner of the firm that received the contract.[129] It noted:

neither Desyne nor the technical lead on the traveler redress Web site have been sanctioned by TSA for their roles in the deployment of an insecure Web site. TSA continues to pay Desyne to host and maintain two major Web-based information systems. TSA has taken no steps to discipline the technical lead, who still holds a senior program management position at TSA.[130]

In December 2009, someone within the TSA posted a sensitive manual entitled “Screening Management SOP” on secret airport screening guidelines to an obscure URL on the FedBizOpps website. The manual was taken down quickly, but the breach raised questions about whether security practices had been compromised.[131] Five TSA employees were placed on administrative leave over the manual’s publication, which, while redacted, had its redaction easily removed by computer-knowledgeable people.[132]

Other criticisms [edit]

Unbalanced scales.svg
 This article's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article's neutral point of view of the subject. Please integrate the section's contents into the article as a whole, or rewrite the material. (February 2013)
Insignia


Criticisms have also included assertions that TSA employees slept on the job,[133][134][135][136] bypassed security checks,[137] and failed to use good judgment and common sense.[138][139][140]

TSA agents are also accused of having mistreated passengers, and having sexually harassed passengers,[141][142][143][144] having used invasive screening procedures, including touching the genitals, including those of children,[145] removing nipple rings with pliers,[146] having searched passengers or their belongings for items other than weapons or explosives,[147] and having stolen from passengers.[100][148][149][150][151][152][153][154] The TSA fired 28 agents and suspended 15 others after an investigation determined they failed to scan checked baggage for explosives.[155]

The TSA was also accused of having spent lavishly on events unrelated to airport security,[156] having wasted money in hiring,[157] and having had conflicts of interest.[158]

The TSA was accused of having performed poorly at the 2009 Presidential Inauguration viewing areas, which left thousands of ticket holders excluded from the event in overcrowded conditions, while those who had arrived before the checkpoints were in place avoided screening altogether.[159][160]

Public opinion [edit]

A CBS telephone poll of 1137 people published on November 15, 2010 found that 81% percent of those polled approved TSA's use of full-body scans.[161] An ABC/Washington Post poll conducted by Langer Associates and released November 22, 2010 found that 64% of Americans favored the full-body X-ray scanners, but that 50% think the "enhanced" pat-downs go too far; 37% felt so strongly. In addition the poll states opposition is lowest amongst those who fly less than once a year.[162] A later poll by Zogby International found 61% of likely voters oppose the new measures by TSA.[163] In 2012, a poll conducted by the Frequent Business Traveler organization found that 56% of frequent fliers were "not satisfied" with the job the TSA was doing. 57% rated the TSA as doing a "poor job," and 34% rated it "fair." Only 1% of those surveyed rated the agency's work as excellent.[164]

See also [edit]

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References [edit]

  1. ^ 49 USC § 114(d)
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