Troponin
Troponin is a complex of three regulatory proteins (troponin C, troponin I and troponin T) that is integral to muscle contraction[2] in skeletal and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle.
Discussions of troponin often pertain to its functional characteristics and/or to its usefulness as a diagnostic marker for various heart disorders.
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Function [edit]
Troponin is attached to the protein tropomyosin and lies within the groove between actin filaments in muscle tissue. In a relaxed muscle, tropomyosin blocks the attachment site for the myosin crossbridge, thus preventing contraction. When the muscle cell is stimulated to contract by an action potential, calcium channels open in the sarcoplasmic membrane and release calcium into the sarcoplasm. Some of this calcium attaches to troponin which causes it to change shape, exposing binding sites for myosin (active sites) on the actin filaments. Myosin binding to actin forms cross bridges and contraction (cross bridge cycling) of the muscle begins.
Troponin is found in both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but the specific versions of troponin differ between types of muscle. The main difference is that the TnC subunit of troponin in skeletal muscle has four calcium ion binding sites, whereas in cardiac muscle there are only three. Views on the actual amount of calcium that binds to troponin vary from expert to expert and source to source.
Physiology [edit]
Both cardiac and skeletal muscles are controlled by changes in the intracellular calcium concentration. When calcium rises, the muscles contract, and when calcium falls, the muscles relax.
Troponin is a component of thin filaments (along with actin and tropomyosin), and is the protein to which calcium binds to accomplish this regulation. Troponin has three subunits, TnC, TnI, and TnT. When calcium is bound to specific sites on TnC, tropomyosin rolls out of the way of the actin filament active sites, so that myosin (a molecular motor organized in muscle thick filaments) can attach to the thin filament and produce force and/or movement. In the absence of calcium, tropomyosin interferes with this action of myosin, and therefore muscles remain relaxed.
Troponin I has also been shown to inhibit angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro.[3]
Individual subunits serve different functions:
- Troponin C binds to calcium ions to produce a conformational change in TnI
- Troponin T binds to tropomyosin, interlocking them to form a troponin-tropomyosin complex
- Troponin I binds to actin in thin myofilaments to hold the troponin-tropomyosin complex in place
Smooth muscle does not have troponin.
Diagnostic use [edit]
The troponin test can be used as a test of several different heart disorders, including myocardial infarction.
Conditions [edit]
Cardiac conditions [edit]
Certain subtypes of troponin (cardiac troponin I and T) are very sensitive and specific indicators of damage to the heart muscle (myocardium). They are measured in the blood to differentiate between unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack) in patients with chest pain or acute coronary syndrome. A patient who had suffered from a myocardial infarction would have an area of damaged heart muscle and so would have elevated cardiac troponin levels in the blood.[4] This can also occur in patients with coronary vasospasm.
It is important to note that cardiac troponins are a marker of all heart muscle damage, not just myocardial infarction. Other conditions that directly or indirectly lead to heart muscle damage can also increase troponin levels.[5][6] Severe tachycardia (for example due to supraventricular tachycardia) in an individual with normal coronary arteries can also lead to increased troponins for example, presumably due to increased oxygen demand and inadequate supply to the heart muscle.
Troponins are also increased in patients with heart failure, where they also predict mortality and ventricular rhythm abnormalities. They can rise in inflammatory conditions such as myocarditis and pericarditis with heart muscle involvement (which is then termed myopericarditis). Troponins can also indicate several forms of cardiomyopathy, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or (left) ventricular hypertrophy, peripartum cardiomyopathy, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or infiltrative disorders such as cardiac amyloidosis.
Heart injury with increased troponins also occurs in cardiac contusion, defibrillation and internal or external cardioversion. Increased troponins are commonly increased in several procedures such as cardiac surgery and heart transplantation, closure of atrial septal defects, percutaneous coronary intervention or radiofrequency ablation.
Non-cardiac conditions [edit]
The distinction between cardiac and non-cardiac conditions is somewhat artificial; the conditions listed below are not primary heart diseases, but they exert indirect effects on the heart muscle.
Troponins are increased in around 40% of patients with critical illnesses such as sepsis. There is an increased risk of mortality and length of stay in the intensive care unit in these patients.[7] In severe gastrointestinal bleeding there can also be a mismatch between oxygen demand and supply of the myocardium.
Chemotherapy agents can exert toxic effects on the heart (examples include anthracycline, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin). Several toxins and venoms can also lead to heart muscle injury (scorpion venom, snake venom, venom from jellyfish or centipedes). Carbon monoxide poisoning or cyanide poisoning can also be accompanied by release of troponins due to hypoxic cardiotoxic effects. Cardiac injury occurs in about one third of severe CO poisoning cases, and troponin screening is appropriate in these patients.[8][9]
Some patients with dissection of the ascending aorta have elevated troponins, and increased hemodynamic stress has been suggested as a mechanism.[10]
In both primary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), right ventricular strain with increased wall tension and ischemia. Of course, patients with COPD exacerbations might also have concurrent myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism, so care has to be taken to attribute increased troponin levels to COPD.
Central nervous system disorders can lead to increased sympathetic tone and/or catecholamine release which lead to cardiac overstimulation. This is seen in subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, intracranial hemorrhage and (generalized) seizures (in patients with epilepsy or eclampsia, for example).
Patients with end-stage renal disease can have chronically elevated troponin T levels, which are linked to a poorer prognosis.[11][12] Troponin I is less likely to be falsely elevated.[11]
Strenuous endurance exercise such as marathons or triathlons can lead to increased troponin levels in up to one third of subjects, but it is not linked to adverse health effects in these competitors.[13][14][15] High troponin T levels have also been reported in patients with inflammatory muscle diseases such as polymyositis or dermatomyositis.[16][17] Troponins are also increased in rhabdomyolysis.
In hypertensive disorders of pregnancy such as preeclampsia, elevated troponin levels indicate some degree of myofibrillary damage.[18][19]
Cardiac troponin T and I can be used to monitor drug and toxin induced cardiomyocyte toxicity. .[20]
Detection of cardiac troponin [edit]
Cardiac troponin T and I are measured by immunoassay methods.[21][22]
- Due to patent regulations a single manufacturer (Roche Diagnostics) distributes cTnT.
- A host of diagnostic companies make cTnI immunoassay methods available on many different immunoassay platforms.[22]
Prognostic use [edit]
Raised troponin levels are prognostically important in many of the conditions in which they are used for diagnosis.
In a community-based cohort study indicating the importance of silent cardiac damage, troponin I has been shown to predict mortality and first coronary heart disease event in men free from cardiovascular disease at baseline.[23]
Relation with contractile function and heart failure [edit]
Mutations in the cardiac troponin subunits can result in cardiomyopathies, including familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.[24]
References [edit]
- ^ PDB 1J1E; Takeda S, Yamashita A, Maeda K, and Maeda Y (2003). "Structure of the core domain of human cardiac troponin in the Ca(2+)-saturated form". Nature 424 (6944): 35–41. doi:10.1038/nature01780. PMID 12840750.; rendered with PyMOL
- ^ "troponin" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ Moses, Marsha A.; Wiederschain D.; Wu I.; Fernandez, C.; Ghazizadeh V.; Lane W.; Flynn E.; Sytkowski A.; Tao T.; Langer R. (1999). "Troponin I is present in human cartilage and inhibits angiogenesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 (6): 2645–2650. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.6.2645. PMC 15822. PMID 10077564. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
- ^ Antman EM, Tanasijevic MJ, Thompson B, et al. (October 1996). "Cardiac-specific troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes". N. Engl. J. Med. 335 (18): 1342–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199610313351802. PMID 8857017.
- ^ Ammann P, Pfisterer M, Fehr T, Rickli H (May 2004). "Raised cardiac troponins". BMJ 328 (7447): 1028–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7447.1028. PMC 403831. PMID 15117768.
- ^ Tsai SH, Chu SJ, Hsu CW, Cheng SM, Yang SP (March 2008). "Use and interpretation of cardiac troponins in the ED". Am J Emerg Med 26 (3): 331–41. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.05.031. PMID 18358946.
- ^ Lim W, Qushmaq I, Devereaux PJ, et al. (2006). "Elevated cardiac troponin measurements in critically ill patients". Arch. Intern. Med. 166 (22): 2446–54. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.22.2446. PMID 17159009.
- ^ Henry CR, Satran D, Lindgren B, Adkinson C, Nicholson CI, Henry TD (January 2006). "Myocardial injury and long-term mortality following moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning". JAMA 295 (4): 398–402. doi:10.1001/jama.295.4.398. PMID 16434630.
- ^ Satran D, Henry CR, Adkinson C, Nicholson CI, Bracha Y, Henry TD (May 2005). "Cardiovascular manifestations of moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45 (9): 1513–6. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.044. PMID 15862427.
- ^ Bonnefoy E, Godon P, Kirkorian G, Chabaud S, Touboul P (April 2005). "Significance of serum troponin I elevation in patients with acute aortic dissection of the ascending aorta". Acta Cardiol 60 (2): 165–70. doi:10.2143/AC.60.2.2005027. PMID 15887472.
- ^ a b Needham DM, Shufelt KA, Tomlinson G, Scholey JW, Newton GE (October 2004). "Troponin I and T levels in renal failure patients without acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review of the literature". Can J Cardiol 20 (12): 1212–8. PMID 15494773.
- ^ Khan NA, Hemmelgarn BR, Tonelli M, Thompson CR, Levin A (November 2005). "Prognostic value of troponin T and I among asymptomatic patients with end-stage renal disease: a meta-analysis". Circulation 112 (20): 3088–96. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.560128. PMID 16286604.
- ^ Rifai N, Douglas PS, O'Toole M, Rimm E, Ginsburg GS (April 1999). "Cardiac troponin T and I, echocardiographic [correction of electrocardiographic] wall motion analyses, and ejection fractions in athletes participating in the Hawaii Ironman Triathlon". Am. J. Cardiol. 83 (7): 1085–9. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00020-X. PMID 10190525.
- ^ Neumayr G, Gaenzer H, Pfister R, et al. (February 2001). "Plasma levels of cardiac troponin I after prolonged strenuous endurance exercise". Am. J. Cardiol. 87 (3): 369–71, A10. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(00)01382-5. PMID 11165984.
- ^ Urhausen A, Scharhag J, Herrmann M, Kindermann W (September 2004). "Clinical significance of increased cardiac troponins T and I in participants of ultra-endurance events". Am. J. Cardiol. 94 (5): 696–8. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.05.050. PMID 15342317.
- ^ Kobayashi S, Tanaka M, Tamura N, Hashimoto H, Hirose S (September 1992). "Serum cardiac troponin T in polymyositis/dermatomyositis". Lancet 340 (8821): 726. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92262-E. PMID 1355820.
- ^ Erlacher P, Lercher A, Falkensammer J, et al. (April 2001). "Cardiac troponin and beta-type myosin heavy chain concentrations in patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis". Clin. Chim. Acta 306 (1-2): 27–33. doi:10.1016/S0009-8981(01)00392-8. PMID 11282091.
- ^ Fleming SM, O'Gorman T, Finn J, Grimes H, Daly K, Morrison JJ (November 2000). "Cardiac troponin I in pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension". BJOG 107 (11): 1417–20. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11658.x. PMID 11117772.
- ^ Morton A (July 2004). "Raised cardiac troponins: troponin is raised in pre-eclampsia". BMJ 329 (7457): 111. doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7457.111-a. PMC 449874. PMID 15242925.
- ^ Gaze DC,Collinson PO; Collinson, PO (December 2005). "Cardiac troponins as biomarkers of drug- and toxin-induced cardiac toxicity and cardioprotection.". Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 1 (4): 715–25. doi:10.1517/17425255.1.4.715. PMID 16863435.
- ^ Melanson SE, Tanasijevic MJ, Jarolim P (October 2007). Cardiac troponin assays: a view from the clinical chemistry laboratory 116 (18). pp. e501–4. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.722975. PMID 17967982. Unknown parameter
|yes yes yes yes journal=ignored (help) - ^ a b Collinson PO, Boa FG, Gaze DC (September 2001). "Measurement of cardiac troponins". Ann. Clin. Biochem. 38 (Pt 5): 423–49. PMID 11587122.
- ^ Zethelius B, Johnston N, Venge P (February 2006). "Troponin I as a predictor of coronary heart disease and mortality in 70-year-old men: a community-based cohort study". Circulation 113 (8): 1071–8. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.570762. PMID 16490824.
- ^ Willott RH, Gomes AV, Chang AN, Parvatiyar MS, Pinto JR, Potter JD (May 2010). "Mutations in Troponin that cause HCM, DCM AND RCM: what can we learn about thin filament function?". J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 48 (5): 882–92. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.10.031. PMID 19914256.
External links [edit]
- Troponin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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