# Tukey's range test

Tukey's test, also known as the Tukey range test, Tukey method, Tukey's honest significance test, Tukey's HSD (honest significant difference) test,[1] or the Tukey–Kramer method, is a single-step multiple comparison procedure and statistical test. It is used in conjunction with an ANOVA to find means that are significantly different from each other. Named after John Tukey, it compares all possible pairs of means, and is based on a studentized range distribution (q) (this distribution is similar to the distribution of t from the t-test).[2] The Tukey HSD tests should not be confused with the Tukey Mean Difference tests (also known as the Bland-Altman Test).

Tukey's test compares the means of every treatment to the means of every other treatment; that is, it applies simultaneously to the set of all pairwise comparisons

$\mu_i-\mu_j \,$

and identifies any difference between two means that is greater than the expected standard error. The confidence coefficient for the set, when all sample sizes are equal, is exactly 1 − α. For unequal sample sizes, the confidence coefficient is greater than 1 − α. In other words, the Tukey method is conservative when there are unequal sample sizes.

## Assumptions of Tukey's test

1. The observations being tested are independent
2. There is equal within-group variance across the groups associated with each mean in the test (homogeneity of variance).

## The test statistic

Tukey's test is based on a formula very similar to that of the t-test. In fact, Tukey's test is essentially a t-test, except that it corrects for experiment-wise error rate (when there are multiple comparisons being made, the probability of making a type I error increases — Tukey's test corrects for that, and is thus more suitable for multiple comparisons than doing a number of t-tests would be).[2]

The formula for Tukey's test is:

$q_s = \frac{Y_A - Y_B}{SE},$

where YA is the larger of the two means being compared, YB is the smaller of the two means being compared, and SE is the standard error of the data in question.

This qs value can then be compared to a q value from the studentized range distribution. If the qs value is larger than the qcritical value obtained from the distribution, the two means are said to be significantly different.[2]

Since the null hypothesis for Tukey's test states that all means being compared are from the same population (i.e. μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = ... = μn), the means should be normally distributed (according to the central limit theorem). This gives rise to the normality assumption of Tukey's test.

## Confidence limits

The Tukey confidence limits for all pairwise comparisons with confidence coefficient of at least 1 − α are

$\bar{y}_{i\bullet}-\bar{y}_{j\bullet} \pm \frac{q_{\alpha;r;N-r}}{\sqrt{2}}\widehat{\sigma}_\varepsilon \sqrt{\frac{2}{n}} \qquad i,j=1,\ldots,r\quad i\neq j.$

Notice that the point estimator and the estimated variance are the same as those for a single pairwise comparison. The only difference between the confidence limits for simultaneous comparisons and those for a single comparison is the multiple of the estimated standard deviation.

Also note that the sample sizes must be equal when using the studentized range approach. $\widehat{\sigma}_\varepsilon$ is the standard deviation of the entire design, not just that of the two groups being compared. The Tukey–Kramer method for unequal sample sizes is as follows:

$\bar{y}_{i\bullet}-\bar{y}_{j\bullet} \pm \frac{q_{\alpha;r;N-r}}{\sqrt{2}}\widehat{\sigma}_\varepsilon \sqrt{\frac{1}{n}_{i} + \frac{1}{n}_{j}} \qquad$

where n i and n j are the sizes of groups i and j respectively. The degrees of freedom for the whole design is also applied.

## The studentized range (q) distribution

The Tukey method uses the studentized range distribution. Suppose we have r independent observations y1, ..., yr from a normal distribution with mean μ and variance σ2. Let w be the range for this set; i.e., the maximum minus the minimum. Now suppose that we have an estimate s2 of the variance σ2 which is based on ν degrees of freedom and is independent of the yi (i = 1,...,r). The studentized range is defined as

$q_{r,\nu} = w/s.\,$

Tukey's test is based on the comparison of two samples from the same population. From the first sample, the range (calculated by subtracting the smallest observation from the largest, or $\scriptstyle \text{range}\, =\, \max_i(Y_i)\, -\, \min_i(Y_i)$, where Yi represents all of the observations) is calculated, and from the second sample, the standard deviation is calculated. The studentized range ratio is then calculated:

$q = \frac{\text{range}}{s},$

where q = studentized range, and s = standard deviation of the second sample.

This value of q is the basis of the critical value of q, based on three factors:

1. α (the Type I error rate, or the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis)
2. n (the number of degrees of freedom in the first sample (the one from which range was calculated))
3. v (the number of degrees of freedom in the second sample (the one from which s was calculated))

The distribution of q has been tabulated and appears in many textbooks on statistics. In addition, R offers a cumulative distribution function (ptukey) and a quantile function (qtukey) for q.