Tula, Russia
| Tula (English) Тула (Russian) |
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| - City[citation needed] - | |
 Tula Kremlin |
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.svg) Location of Tula Oblast in Russia |
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 Tula
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| Coordinates: 54°12′N 37°37′E / 54.2°N 37.617°ECoordinates: 54°12′N 37°37′E / 54.2°N 37.617°E | |
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| Administrative status | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Tula Oblast |
| Administrative center of | Tula Oblast[citation needed] |
| Municipal status | |
| Urban okrug | Tula Urban Okrug[citation needed] |
| Mayor[citation needed] | Alisa Tolkachyova[citation needed] |
| Representative body | City Duma[1] |
| Statistics | |
| Area | 145 km2 (56 sq mi)[citation needed] |
| Population (2010 Census, preliminary) |
501,129 inhabitants[2] |
| - Rank in 2010 | 37th |
| Population (2002 Census) | 481,216 inhabitants[3] |
| - Rank in 2002 | 36th |
| Density | 3,456 /km2 (8,950 /sq mi)[4] |
| Time zone | MSD (UTC+04:00)[5] |
| Founded | 1146[6] |
| Postal code(s) | 300000–300999[7] |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 4872[8] |
| Official website | |
Tula (Russian: Ту́ла) is an industrial city and the administrative center of Tula Oblast, Russia. It is located 193 kilometers (120 mi) south of Moscow, on the Upa River. Population: 501,129 (2010 Census preliminary results);[2] 481,216 (2002 Census);[3] 539,980 (1989 Census).[9]
Contents |
[edit] History
The city has existed since at least the 14th century; the name is of pre-Russian, probably Baltic, origin.[10] In the Middle Ages, Tula was a minor fortress at the border of the Principality of Ryazan. As soon as it passed to Muscovy, a brick citadel, or kremlin, was constructed in 1530. It was a key fortress of the Great Abatis Belt and successfully resisted a siege by the Tatars in 1552. In 1607, Ivan Bolotnikov and his supporters seized the citadel and withstood a 4-months siege by the tsar's army. In the 18th century some parts of the kremlin walls were demolished. Despite its archaic appearance, the 5-domed Assumption Cathedral in the kremlin was built as late as 1764.
In 1712, Tula was visited by Peter the Great, who commissioned the Demidov blacksmiths to build the first armament factory in Russia. Several decades later, Tula was turned by the Demidovs into the greatest ironworking centre of Eastern Europe. The oldest museum in the city, showcasing the history of weapons, was inaugurated by the Demidovs in 1724, and Nicholas-Zaretsky Church in the city houses their family vault. The first factory to produce samovars industrially was also established there in the course of the 18th century. After the Demidovs moved the centre of their manufacture to the Urals, the city continued as a center of heavy industry, particularly in the manufacture of matériel.
The city grew rapidly in the early 20th century as a result of arms production during the 1905 Russo-Japanese war and First World wars. Tula's factories also manufactured weapons for the Red Army during the Russian Civil War [1918-1921].
During the Great Patriotic War (World War II) of 1941 to 1945, the city was important in the production of armaments (Rifle wise: Tula produced more SVT-40 rifles than Mosin-Nagant M91/30, M38, and M44 rifles - This is potentially true for the period of 1941 to 1944 when the plant was evacuated, although not at all true for the overall operation of the factory). Tula became the target of a German offensive to break Soviet resistance in the Moscow area between October 24 and December 5, 1941. The heavily fortified city held out, however, and Guderian's Second Panzer Army was stopped near Tula. The city secured the southern flank during the battle of Moscow and the subsequent counter-offensive. Tula was awarded the title Hero City in 1976. It is home to Klokovo air base.
[edit] Culture
A musical instrument, the Tula accordion, is named for the city, which is a center of manufacture for such instruments sold throughout Russia and the world. Tula is also renowned for traditional Russian pryaniki (gingerbread), cookies made with honey and spices (see Tula gingerbread). In the West, Tula is perhaps best known as the center of samovar production: the Russian equivalent of "coals to Newcastle" is "You don't take a samovar to Tula".
The most popular tourist attraction in Tula Oblast is Yasnaya Polyana, the home and burial place of the writer Leo Tolstoy. It is situated fourteen kilometers south-west of the city. It was here that Tolstoy wrote his celebrated novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina.
[edit] Education
Tula is home to:
- Tula State University
- Tula State Pedagogical University [1]
- The Tula artillery and Engineering Institute
- A branch of the All Russia Economic and Finance Institute
- A branch of The Moscow Economics and Management Institute
[edit] Transport
Tula is a major railway junction with trains to Moscow, Orel, Kursk and Kaluga. The Moscow to Simpheropol M2 motorway runs past the city. City transport is presented by trams, trolleybuses, buses and marshrutkas. Tula trams, trolleybuses and 14 of 26 bus routes are operated by "Tulgorelectrotrans" (Tula city electrotransport company), other 12 bus routes are operated by "Tulaavtotrans" (Tula automobile transport company).
[edit] Sport
In Russian fist fighting Tula was considered to have some of the most famous fighters.[11][12]
The city football club, FC Arsenal Tula, plays in the Russian Amateur League.
[edit] Climate
| Climate data for Tula | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
25.9 (78.6) |
33.2 (91.8) |
35.0 (95.0) |
39.0 (102.2) |
39.2 (102.6) |
29.7 (85.5) |
23.6 (74.5) |
15.2 (59.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
39.2 (102.6) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −4 (24.8) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
2.3 (36.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
23.2 (73.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
9.4 (48.9) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.8 (19.8) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
6.9 (44.4) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.9 (62.4) |
19.5 (67.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
11.7 (53.1) |
5.6 (42.1) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
5.8 (42.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −9.7 (14.5) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
1.8 (35.2) |
7.4 (45.3) |
11.4 (52.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
1.5 (34.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −34.3 (−29.7) |
−36.1 (−33.0) |
−32.2 (−26.0) |
−15 (5.0) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
1.9 (35.4) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−13 (8.6) |
−26.3 (−15.3) |
−33.2 (−27.8) |
−36.1 (−33.0) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 42 (1.65) |
35 (1.38) |
30 (1.18) |
40 (1.57) |
43 (1.69) |
76 (2.99) |
79 (3.11) |
66 (2.6) |
59 (2.32) |
58 (2.28) |
42 (1.65) |
44 (1.73) |
614 (24.17) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[13] | |||||||||||||
[edit] International relations
[edit] Twin towns/sister cities
[edit] Gallery
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Nikitskaya tower
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Spasskаyа Tower
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Tower of Odoyevsky gate
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Tower of Ivanovskys gate
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Uspenskiy Cathedral
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Church of Flor and Laurus
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Blagovestchenskaya Church
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Church of Prince Vladimir
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Preobrazhenskaya Church
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Monument of Levsha
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Palace of Pioneers
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Tula samovar Museum
[edit] References
- ^ Official cite of Tula City Duma
- ^ a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2011). "Предварительные итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года (Preliminary results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population.
- ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication.).
- ^ История Тулы на сайте Древо
- ^ Почтовые индексы России
- ^ Деловой город: Телефонный код Тулы
- ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров. (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)" (in Russian). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ E.M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow: Russkie slovari, 1998), p. 423: "The earliest etymologies derived the place name from Russian dialectal tulá 'hidden, unreachable place'... The pre-Russian origin of the name of the river and town is no longer doubted [Maiorova 1985].... Since the name of the river Upa is certainly Baltic..., its tributary *Tula [the presumed earlier form of Tulitsa] may also be of Baltic origin, which is supported by a series of parallels in Lithuanian toponymy: the river Tule, the Tulis swamp, the Tulyte field, the meadow Tulejos, the valley Tulija, etc. [Vanagas, 1981]; the meaning of these toponyms is not entirely clear...."
- ^ Русский кулачный бой: "Tula's fighters were always glorious, but every place had its heroes."
- ^ Сказания о русских народных играх "Tula's fighters were considered the best one on one."
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/27719.htm. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
- ^ "Црпй "Рскю" / Бяецн Рпх Онапюрхлю Рскш Нярюкняэ Б Лхпе". Tula.rfn.ru. 2005-04-29. http://tula.rfn.ru/rnews.html?id=2673&cid=9. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
[edit] External links
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