Turritopsis nutricula
| Immortal jellyfish | |
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| Conservation status | |
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Not evaluated
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Hydrozoa |
| Order: | Anthomedusae |
| Family: | Oceanidae |
| Genus: | Turritopsis |
| Species: | T. nutricula |
| Binomial name | |
| Turritopsis nutricula McCrady, 1857[1] |
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Turritopsis nutricula, the immortal jellyfish, is a hydrozoan whose medusa, or jellyfish, form can revert to the polyp stage after becoming sexually mature. It is the only known case of an animal capable of reverting completely to a sexually immature, colonial stage after having reached sexual maturity as a solitary stage.[2][3] It does this through the cell development process of transdifferentiation.
Cell transdifferentiation is when the jellyfish "alters the differentiated state of the cell and transforms it into a new cell". In this process the medusa of the immortal jellyfish is transformed into the polyps of a new polyp colony. First, the umbrella reverts itself and then the tentacles and mesoglea get resorbed. The reverted medusa then attaches itself to the substrate by the end that had been at the opposite end of the umbrella and starts giving rise to new polyps to form the new colony.
Theoretically, this process can go on indefinitely, effectively rendering the jellyfish biologically immortal,[3][4] although, in nature, most Turritopsis, like other medusae, are likely to succumb to predation or disease in the plankton stage, without reverting to the polyp form.[5] No single specimen has been observed for any extended period, so it is not currently possible to estimate the age of an individual, and so even if this species has the potential for immortality, there is no laboratory evidence of many generations surviving from any individual.
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Description
The medusa of Turritopsis nutricula is bell-shaped, with a maximum diameter of about 4.5 millimetres (0.18 in) and is about as tall as it is wide.[6][7] The jelly in the walls of the bell is uniformly thin, except for some thickening at the apex. The relatively large stomach is bright red and has a cruciform shape in cross section. Young specimens 1 mm in diameter have only eight tentacles evenly spaced out along the edge, while adult specimens have 80-90 tentacles. The medusa (jellyfish) is free-living in the plankton.
Turritopsis nutricula also has a bottom-living polyp form, or hydroid, which consists of stolons that run along the substrate, and upright branches with feeding polyps that can produce medusa buds.[8] These polyps develop over a few days into tiny 1 mm medusae, which are liberated and swim free from the parent hydroid colony.
Images of both the medusa and polyp of the closely related species Turritopsis rubra from New Zealand can be found online.[9] Until a recent genetic study, it was thought that Turritopsis rubra and Turritopsis nutricula were the same. It is not known whether or not T. rubra medusae can also transform back into polyps.
Distribution and range
Turritopsis is believed to have originated in the Caribbean but has spread all over the world, and has speciated into several populations that are easy to distinguish morphologically, but whose species distinctions have recently been verified by a study and comparison of mitochondrial ribosomal gene sequences.[10][11] Turritopsis are found in temperate to tropical regions in all of the world's oceans.[7] Turritopsis is believed to be spreading across the world as ships are discharging ballast water in ports.[7] Since the species is immortal, the number of individuals could be rising fast. "We are looking at a worldwide silent invasion", said Smithsonian Tropical Marine Institute scientist Dr Maria Pia Miglietta.[10]
Life cycle
The eggs develop in gonads of female medusae, which are located in the walls of the manubrium (stomach). Mature eggs are presumably spawned and fertilized in the sea by sperm produced and released by male medusae, as is the case for most hydromedusae, although the related species Turritopsis rubra seems to retain fertilized eggs until the planula stage.[9] Fertilized eggs develop into planula larvae, which settle onto the sea floor (or even the rich marine communities that live on floating docks), and develop into polyp colonies (hydroids). The hydroids bud new jellyfishes, which are released at about 1 mm in size and then grow and feed in the plankton, becoming sexually mature after a few weeks (the exact duration depends on the ocean temperature; at 20 °C (68 °F) it is 25 to 30 days and at 22 °C (72 °F) it is 18 to 22 days).[3]
Biological immortality
Most jellyfish species have a relatively fixed life span, which varies by species from hours to many months (long-lived mature jellyfish spawn every day or night; the time is also fairly fixed and species-specific).[12] The medusa of Turritopsis nutricula is the only form known to have developed the ability to return to a polyp state, by a specific transformation process that requires the presence of certain cell types (tissue from both the jellyfish bell surface and the circulatory canal system). Careful laboratory experiments have revealed that all stages of the medusae, from newly released to fully mature individuals, can transform back into polyps.[3] The transforming medusa is characterized first by deterioration of the bell and tentacles, with subsequent growth of a perisarc sheet and stolons, and finally feeding polyps. Polyps further multiply by growing additional stolons, branches and then polyps, to form colonial hydroids. This ability to reverse the life cycle (in response to adverse conditions) is probably unique in the animal kingdom, and allows the jellyfish to bypass death, rendering Turritopsis nutricula potentially biologically immortal. Studies in the laboratory showed that 100% of specimens could revert to the polyp stage, but so far the process has not been observed in nature, in part because the process is quite rapid and field observations at the right moment in time are unlikely.[3] In spite of this remarkable ability, most Turritopsis medusae are likely to fall victim to the general hazards of life as plankton, including being eaten by other animals, or succumbing to disease.
Inspiration for humans
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This section is incomplete. (January 2012) |
The Turritopsis nutricula's cell development method of transdifferentiation has inspired scientists to find a way to make stem cells use this process for renewing damaged or dead tissue in humans.[13]
In culture
Turritopsis nutricula plays an important role in the novella Jellyfish Dreams by M. Thomas Gammarino.
See also
- Biological immortality
- Hydra – another kind of cnidarian that is claimed to be immortal
- List of long-living organisms
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Turritopsis |
References
- ^ Turritopsis nutricula McCrady 1857 - Encyclopedia of Life
- ^ Bavestrello, Giorgio; Christian Sommer and Michele Sarà (1992). "Bi-directional conversion in Turritopsis nutricula (Hydrozoa)". Scientia Marina 56 (2–3): 137–140.
- ^ a b c d e Piraino, Stefano; F. Boero, B. Aeschbach, V. Schmid (1996). "Reversing the life cycle: medusae transforming into polyps and cell transdifferentiation in Turritopsis nutricula (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)". Biological Bulletin (Biological Bulletin, vol. 190, no. 3) 190 (3): 302–312. doi:10.2307/1543022. JSTOR 1543022.
- ^ Gilbert, Scott F. (2006). "Cheating Death: The Immortal Life Cycle of Turritopsis". Retrieved 2009-03-22.
- ^ Ker Than (January 29, 2009). ""Immortal" Jellyfish Swarm World's Oceans". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
- ^ Kramp, P. L. "Synopsis of the medusae of the world". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 40: 1–469.
- ^ a b c Mintowt-Czyz, Lech (26 January 2009). "Turritopsis nutricula: the world's only 'immortal' creature". Times Online. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
- ^ Fraser, C. McLean (1937). Hydroids of the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States. University of Toronto Press. pp. 201 plus 44 plates.
- ^ a b Schuchert, Peter. "Turritopsis rubra". Retrieved 23 January 2010.
- ^ a b "'Immortal' jellyfish swarming across the world". Telegraph Media Group. January 27, 2009. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
- ^ Miglietta, M. P.; S. Piraino, S. Kubota, P. Schuchert (2006). "Species in the genus Turritopsis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): a molecular evaluation". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45 (1): 11–19. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00379.x.
- ^ Mills, C. E. (1983). "Vertical migration and diel activity patterns of hydromedusae: studies in a large tank". Journal of Plankton Research 5 (5): 619–635. doi:10.1093/plankt/5.5.619.
- ^ Dimberu, Peniel M. "Immortal Jellyfish Provides Clues for Regenerative Medicine". Singularity Hub. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
Further reading
- Piraino, S.; Boero, F.; Aeschbach, B.; Schmid, V. (1996). "Reversing the Life Cycle: Medusae Transforming into Polyps and Cell Transdifferentiation in Turritopsis nutricula (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)". The Biological Bulletin (Biological Bulletin, vol. 190, no. 3) 190 (3): 302–312. doi:10.2307/1543022. JSTOR 1543022.
- Brooks, WK & S Rittenhouse (1907). "On Turritopsis nutricula (McCrady).". Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 33 (8): 429–460.
External links
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Wikispecies has information related to: Clavidae |
- Cheating Death: The Immortal Life Cycle of Turritopsis
- Telomerase activity is not related to life history stage in the jellyfish Cassiopea sp.
- Turritopsis nutricula at the Encyclopedia of Life
- Scientists are Close to Finding a Way to be Immortal
- Turritopsis nutricula at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
- "Turritopsis nutricula". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- New York Times article
