Type 209 submarine

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ROKS Lee Sunsin (SS 068) arrives at Naval Station Pearl Harbor.jpg
The Korean submarine Lee Sunsin (SSK 068) arrives at Naval Station Pearl Harbor, becoming the first foreign vessel to arrive to take part in the Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) Exercise.
Class overview
Builders: Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft
Thyssen Nordseewerke[1]
Arsenal de Marinha, Rio de Janeiro[2]
Mazagon Dock Limited, Mumbai[3]
Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering[4]
Gölcük Naval Shipyard[5]
Operators: See Below
Preceded by: Type 206 submarine
Succeeded by: Type 214 submarine
In commission: 1971-present
Planned: 64
Completed: 61
Cancelled: 3
Active: 59
Laid up: 2
General characteristics
Type: Type 209/1500 submarine
Displacement: 1,810 t, submerged
Length: 64.4 m
Beam: 6.5 m
Draft: 6.2 m
Propulsion: Diesel-electric, 4 diesels, 1 shaft, 6100 shp
Speed: 11.5 knots (21 km/h), surfaced;
22.5 knots (42 km/h), submerged
Range: 11,000 nmi. at 10 knots, surfaced,
(20,000 km at 20 km/h);
8,000 nmi. at 10 knots, snorkeling,
(15,000 km at 20 km/h);
400 nmi. at 4 knots, submerged
(740 km at 7 km/h)
Test depth: 500 m
Complement: 36
Armament: 8 x 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes,
14 torpedoes; optional UGM-84 Harpoon integration

The Type 209 is a class of diesel-electric attack submarine developed exclusively for export by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft of Germany. The original variant (Type 209/1100) was designed in the late 1960s. Despite not being operated by the German Navy, five variants of the class (209/1100, 209/1200, 209/1300, 209/1400 and 209/1500) have been successfully exported to 13 countries, with 61 submarines being built and commissioned between 1971 and 2008.

Contents

[edit] Development

In the early 1970s, many navies began to need replacements for pre-WWII submarines, aging United States GUPPY conversions, and British units transferred postwar.[6] During this time, few western submarine designs were available for export as most were large, expensive, and designed for the Cold War. Several designs originally built for specific nations were available including the French Daphne Class, British Oberon Class, and the Soviet Foxtrot Class submarines.[7] The design, designated by the German Ministry of Defense as the “Type 209” provided a solution with an adequate armament and reasonable price.[8]

[edit] Design

The submarine was designed by Ingenieur Kontor Lübeck (IKL) and is largely based on previous German submarine designs (in particular the Type 206) with increased equipment. The design is single hulled and allows the commanding officer to see the entire submarine from the bow to stern while standing at the periscope.[7] Four 120-cell batteries are located forward and aft of the command center in the lower deck and make up about 25% of the ships displacement.[6] Two main ballast tanks with forward and aft trim tanks allow the ship to dive. They are powered by four MTU diesels and four AEG generators.[8] The AEG electric motor is attached directly to a five- or seven-bladed propeller.

[edit] Armaments

Type 209 submarines are armed with 8 bow 533 mm torpedo tubes and 14 torpedoes. The Type 209/1200s used by Greece and South Korea, and the Type 209/1400s used by Turkey are also armed with Sub-Harpoon missiles.[9] Ships used by South Korea can be armed with 28 mines in place of torpedoes and Harpoon missiles; while the Indian ships can carry 24 mines externally.[4]

The class can be armed with a variety of torpedo models depending upon the country. The majority of ships carry SUT - Surface and Underwater Target (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Greece, India, Indonesia, South Korea) or the SST - Special Surface Target (Argentina, Peru, Turkey's 209/1200s, Venezuela) torpedoes. Ships can also carry the Mark 24 Tigerfish (Brazil, Turkey's Preveze class 209/1400-T1),[4] DM2A4 (Turkey's Gür class 209/1400-T2), and Mark 37 (Argentina).

Brazil’s ships will receive new integrated combat systems from Lockheed Martin to enable the use of the Mark 48 torpedo.[2]

[edit] Variants

Five variants of this submarine have been produced: Type 209/1100, Type 209/1200, Type 209/1300, Type 209/1400 and Type 209/1500. The U-209PN ordered by the Portuguese Navy is actually a Type 214.[10] The Dolphin class submarines built for the Israeli navy are a based on the Type 209 although heavily modified and enlarged.

Several modifications have occurred in the class resulting in these variants including the fitting of newer diesel engines. New air conditioning and electronics features have been added to accommodate orders from South America. The displacement in some variants has increased by nearly 50% in order to install new equipment, modernize accommodations, and extend range.[11]

The Thomson class built for the Chilean Navy has escape hatches fitted in the torpedo and engine room. An additional aft hatch is fitted in the sail with access to the machinery.[12] The boats are fitted with higher masts to compensate for regional ocean wave conditions.

The Tikuna class built by the Brazilian navy is a modified Type 209/1400. The boat is 0.85 m longer and fitted with higher power diesels, different electric motors, batteries, electronics and sensors.

The Shishumar class built for and by India is unique for having an IKL-designed integrated escape sphere. The sphere has accommodations for the entire crew with an eight hour air supply.[13]

The Sabalo class built for Venezuela was slightly lengthened during an modernization at HDW in the early 1990s. The increased length is due to the addition of a new sonar dome that is similar to the model found on the German Type 206.[1]

Between 2004 and 2006, the Indonesian Type 209/1300 submarine Cakra underwent a refurbishment by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering in South Korea. The refurbished submarine featured new batteries, overhauled engines, and modernized combat system.[14] Both submarines' existing STN Atlas-Elektronik CSU 3-2 sonar suite were replaced with L-3 ELAC Nautik's LOPAS 8300 passive sonar system and Kongsberg MSI-90U MK2 CMS.[15] In 2009, Daewoo won another order to refurbish Nanggala, which was completed in early 2012.[16]

It is also possible to upgrade these submarines with the latest air independent propulsion (AIP) systems. The first ships to receive this upgrade were to be three ships of the Greek Poseidon class Type 209/1200 under the Neptune II upgrade program.[17] They were to be upgraded by cutting the boat in half aft of the control room and adding a 6 m plug with an 120 kW Siemens AIP system to the ship.[12][18] The program was canceled in 2009 due to cancellation of the Archimedes Project (Type 214), but not before Okeanos (S118) completed the upgrade.[19] After the Archimedes Project settlement was reached, it was decided that instead of upgrading the remaining two Type 209s, two additional Type 214 ships were to be ordered, but that deal was cancelled by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft.[20][21]

[edit] Chang Bogo upgrades/variant

The South Korean Chang Bogo-class submarines, originally based on Type 209/1200, had reportedly been heavily upgraded from a time early in the 21st century,[22] which if properly undertaken was supposed to include domestic hull stretch augmentation from 1,200 tons to 1,400 tons, and installment of domestically developed Torpedo Acoustic Counter Measures (TACM).[23][24][25] These upgrades could have been affected due to Korean economic problems of the late 1990s, which affected other plans to acquire nine 1,500-ton AIP-equipped boats or upgrade six 1200 boats to 1,500-tons AIP-equipped boats,[23][26][27] although the more ambitious plan to acquire nine 1800-ton Type 214 AIP submarines was preserved and put under progress. Outfitting the submarines with Sub-Harpoon launching capability was a part of the upgrade,[23] and this seems to have been properly carried out by 2002 on at least one submarine. By 2007, Na Daeyong and Lee Eokgi were demonstrated to have the capability.[4][28] In the 2008 RIMPAC the submarine Lee Sunshin also demonstrated its sub-harpoon capability.[29] By 2009 it was reported that nine South Korean-modified 1,400-ton Type 209 submarines were in service with the ROKN.[30][31] As of 2011 they were reported to be 1,200-ton Type 209 submarines.[32][33] They can equip the White Shark heavy torpedo,[25][34][35] and can possibly equip submarine-launched Hae Sung anti-ship missiles later on.[36][37] LIG Nex1 began producing TACM for unspecified submarine types of the ROKN as well, which finished development in 2000.[38][39] AIP and flank-array sonars are planned for future modernizations.[33]

A science documentary by EBS has revealed that Chang Bogo-class submarines undergo major generational overhaul and refit every eight to twelve years.[40] The overhaul and refit involves periodic cutting, complete disassembly, and rewelding of the hull for the upgrade or total replacement of the submarine's old engines, navigational equipment, batteries, and other essential equipment with their modern counterparts.[40] Hull stretch may also have taken place in some of the Chang Bogo-class vessels since the early 2000s, but it has neither been completely confirmed nor denied. Some Chang Bogo-class vessels are demonstrated to have sub-Harpoon launching capability when previously the class was lacking it.

Lithium-ion battery power stacks are being developed to increase the underwater endurance of Chang Bogo-class submarines by two to three times, offering four to five times the power density of Type 209's current lead-acid batteries and as much as twice the power density of Type 214's BZM 120 fuel cells.[41][42]

In December 2011, Daewoo won a contract to build Indonesia three 1,400-ton Chang Bogo-class submarines for $1.07 billion.[43] Construction of the submarines will start in January 2012 for delivery by 2015 and 2016, for commissioning in the first half of 2018. They'll be equipped with torpedoes and guided missiles.[44] The submarines are described to be Korea's original model, bigger and more advanced than Indonesia's refurbished Type 209/1300.[45] Initially the offered submarines were going to be in-service ROKN submarines.[46] The sale will be done without the involvement of German companies.[47] South Korea is currently the only country outside of Germany independently offering the Type 209 for sale. Indonesia was also offered two license built Type 209 submarines manufactured by a group of Turkish (SSM - Undersecretariat for Defense Industries) and German companies (HDW/ThyssenKrupp), a deal reported to be valued at $1 billion.[48] SSM was also offering the leases of Type 209 submarines until new submarines could be completed.[47] The offer has since been superseded by the DSME submarine contract. In early 2012, the Korean defense firm LIG Nex1 exhibited its latest suite of indigenously developed submarine sensors, submarine combat systems, and heavy-weight torpedoes and wire-guided torpedoes in Indonesia for potential use by the Indonesian navy's submarine forces.[49]

[edit] Service

Countries operating the Type 209 include Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Greece, India, Indonesia, Peru, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey and Venezuela. All Type 209s remain in service except for ARA San Luis (S-32) which was stricken in 1997 after an incomplete overhaul and Glavkos S-110 decommissioned in 2011. Iran had an order for six Type-209 submarines that was cancelled by Khomeini in 1979.[50]

The first user was the Hellenic Navy which purchased four Type 209/1100 and four Type 209/1200 submarines.

The largest operator of the Type 209 is the Turkish Navy which operates six Type 209/1200 submarines (commissioned between 1976 and 1989) and eight Type 209/1400 submarines (commissioned between 1994 and 2007). At present, the Turkish Navy is also the largest operator of German designed submarines in the world.

Three new Type 209/1400 submarines were delivered to South Africa in 2006, costing $285 million each.

Type 209s are often supplemented with other submarine designs or are scheduled to be replaced by them. Argentina received two TR-1700 class submarines (Santa Cruz class) during the 1980s. Ten Kilo class submarines were purchased by India in the 1980s and 90s (Sindhughosh class submarine), along with Akula class submarine INS Chakra in 2011. Two Scorpène class submarines have been commissioned by Chile, while Brazil has four and India has six ships ordered or under construction. Nine Type 214 submarines (Son Won-il class) are commissioned, building, or planned by South Korea to supplement its force, while Greece is replacing its aging Glaukos class with four Type 214 submarines (Papanikolis class), and Turkey will be replacing early Atılay class ships with six Type 214 submarines.[51]

During the Falklands War the Argentinian Type 209/1200 submarine "San Luis" fired some wire guided torpedos at the British fleet (some sources claim one target was carrier Invincible and its escorts, but this is not confirmed). The inexperienced operators accidentally reversed the polarity in the electric gyroscopes during maintenance so the torpedos could not be steered.[52]

[edit] Technical specifications

1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Displacement (submerged) 1,207 t 1,285 t 1,390 t 1,586 t 1,810 t
Dimensions 54.1 × 6.2 × 5.9 m 55.9 × 6.3 × 5.5 m 59.5 × 6.2 × 5.5 m 61.2 × 6.25 × 5.5 m 64.4 × 6.5 × 6.2 m
Pressure Hull Diameter 6.8 m
Propulsion Diesel-electric, 4 diesels, 1 shaft
5,000 shp 6,100 shp (4,500 kW)
4 x 120-cell batteries 4 x 132-cell batteries
Speed (surface) 11 knots (20 km/h) 11.5 knots
Speed (submerged) 21.5 knots 22 knots 22.5 knots
Range (surface) 11,000 nmi (20,000 km) at 10 knots (20 km/h)
Range (snorkel) 8,000 nmi (15,000 km) at 10 knots (20 km/h)
Range (submerged) 400 nmi (700 km) at 4 knots (7 km/h)
Endurance 50 days
Maximum depth 500 m
Armament

8 x 533 mm torpedo tubes
Crew 31 33 30 36

[edit] Operators

Operator Class Name Type Notes
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
 Argentine Navy Salta class 1(1*) ARA Salta (S-31) underwent midlife upgrades from 1988 to 1995 and 2004 to 2005.
(*) ARA San Luis (S-32) stricken in 1997 after incomplete overhaul.
 Brazilian Navy Tupi class
Tikuna class		 4(1*) (*) The Tikuna (S-34) is a modified Type 209/1400.
Additional modified Type 209/1400 Tapuia (S-35) cancelled.
All Type 209's will be fitted with new combat systems capable of using the Mk.48 torpedo.[2]
 Chilean Navy Thomson class 2 SS Simpson (SS-21) is scheduled for refit and upgrade in ASMAR, Chile this year.
SS Thompson (SS-20) refit and upgrade was completed in early 2009, this works include integration of SUBTICS combat management system and BlackShark torpedoes.
 Colombian Navy Pijao class 2 Both scheduled to be upgraded between 2009 and 2011 in the state-owned shipyard COTECMAR, with the assistance of HDW.[53]
 Ecuadorian Navy Shyri class 2 SS Shyri (S101) is under modernization in ASMAR, Chile since 2009; was slightly damaged after the tsunami in Talcahuano.
SS Huancavilca (S102) is under modernization in ASMAR, Chile since November 15, 2011 with completion scheduled for 2014.[54]
 Hellenic Navy Glavkos class
Poseidon class		 3(1*) 4 Glavkos class overhauled under the Neptune I program from 1993 to 2000.
Poseidon class Neptune II upgrade program cancelled, but not before Okeanos (S118) completed the upgrade.[19]
(*) Glavkos (S-110) was decommissioned on June 9, 2011.
 Indian Navy Shishumar class 4 Option for two additional Indian built boats not taken up after several reviews.[3]
Equipped with integrated escape sphere for full crew.
Underwent midlife refits from 1999 to 2005, talks underway with HDW for additional upgrades.[55]
 Indonesian Navy Cakra class
Chang Bogo class		 2 (3*) KRI Cakra was refitted by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering, South Korea between 2004 and 2006.
KRI Nanggala refit contract was awarded to Daewoo in 2009 and completed in 2012.[16]
(*) Indonesia has awarded DSME a contract for three 1,400 ton Chang Bogo class submarines in December 2011. All three vessels will be commissioned by the first half of 2018.
 Republic of Korea Navy Chang Bogo class 9 Please refer to the Chang Bogo upgrades/variant section for further information.
 Peruvian Navy Islay class
Angamos class		 2 4 Both 209/1100 (Islay class) were locally upgraded in 2008.
Upgrade of the 209/1200 (Angamos class) is on evaluation.
 South African Navy Heroine class 3 Commissioned between 2006 and 2008 replacing Daphné-class boats.
 Turkish Navy Atilay class
Preveze class
Gur class		 6 8 Atilay class mid-life refit with AIP propulsion cancelled. Early Atılay class ships will be replaced by Type 214 submarines starting in 2015.[51]
Modernization for S-351 Doganay and S-352 Dolunay will include new periscopes, ESM, and Inertial Navigation Systems.[56]
 Bolivarian Armada of Venezuela Sabalo class 2 Sabalo modernized in in the state-owned shipyard DIANCA from 2004–2011, included new computer, engineering, mast, and snorkel systems.

[edit] Individual Ships

Country Class name Type Pennant Name Commissioned Decommissioned
 Argentina Salta class 1100 S-31 Salta 1974
 Argentina Salta class 1100 S-32 San Luis 1974 1997
 Brazil Tupi class 1400 S-30 Tupi 1989
 Brazil Tupi class 1400 S-31 Tamoio 1994
 Brazil Tupi class 1400 S-32 Timbira 1996
 Brazil Tupi class 1400 S-33 Tapajó 1999
 Brazil Tupi class 1400mod S-34 Tikuna 2005
 Chile Thomson class 1400L SS-20 Thomson 1984
 Chile Thomson class 1400L SS-21 Simpson 1984
 Colombia Pijao class 1200 S-28 Pijao 1975
 Colombia Pijao class 1200 S-29 Tayrona 1975
 Ecuador Shyri class 1300 S101 Shyri 1977
 Ecuador Shyri class 1300 S102 Huancavilca 1978
 Greece Glavkos class 1100 S-110 Glavkos 1971 June 9, 2011
 Greece Glavkos class 1100 S-111 Nireus 1972
 Greece Glavkos class 1100 S-112 Triton 1972
 Greece Glavkos class 1100 S-113 Proteus 1972
 Greece Poseidon class 1200 S-116 Poseidon 1979
 Greece Poseidon class 1200 S-117 Amfitriti 1979
 Greece Poseidon class 1200AIP S-118 Okeanos 1979
 Greece Poseidon class 1200 S-119 Pontos 1979
 India Shishumar class 1500 S44 Shishumar 1986
 India Shishumar class 1500 S45 Shankush 1986
 India Shishumar class 1500 S46 Shalki 1992
 India Shishumar class 1500 S47 Shankul 1994
 Indonesia Cakra class 1300 401 Cakra 1981
 Indonesia Cakra class 1300 402 Nanggala 1981
 Republic of Korea Chang Bogo class 1200 SS-061 Chang Bogo 1993
 Republic of Korea Chang Bogo class 1200 SS-062 Lee Chun 1994
 Republic of Korea Chang Bogo class 1200 SS-063 Choi Museon 1996
 Republic of Korea Chang Bogo class 1200 SS-065 Park Wi 1996
 Republic of Korea Chang Bogo class 1200 SS-066 Lee Jongmu 1996
 Republic of Korea Chang Bogo class 1200 SS-067 Jeong Un 1998
 Republic of Korea Chang Bogo class 1200 SS-068 Lee Sunsin 2000
 Republic of Korea Chang Bogo class 1200 SS-069 Na Daeyong 2000
 Republic of Korea Chang Bogo class 1200 SS-071 Lee Eokgi 2001
 Peru Angamos class 1200 SS-31 Angamos ex-Casma 1980
 Peru Angamos class 1200 SS-32 Antofagasta 1980
 Peru Angamos class 1200 SS-33 Pisagua ex-Blume 1982
 Peru Angamos class 1200 SS-34 Chipana ex-Pisagua 1983
 Peru Islay class 1100 SS-35 Islay 1975
 Peru Islay class 1100 SS-36 Arica 1975
 South Africa Heroine class 1400mod S101 'Manthatisi 2005
 South Africa Heroine class 1400mod S102 Charlotte Maxeke 2007
 South Africa Heroine class 1400mod S103 Queen Modjadji I 2008
 Turkey Atilay class 1200 S-347 Atilay 1976
 Turkey Atilay class 1200 S-348 Saldiray 1977
 Turkey Atilay class 1200 S-349 Batiray 1978
 Turkey Atilay class 1200 S-350 Yildiray 1981
 Turkey Atilay class 1200 S-351 Doganay 1984
 Turkey Atilay class 1200 S-352 Dolunay 1989
 Turkey Preveze class T1.1400 S-353 Preveze 1994
 Turkey Preveze class T1.1400 S-354 Sakarya 1995
 Turkey Preveze class T1.1400 S-355 18 Mart 1998
 Turkey Preveze class T1.1400 S-356 Anafartalar 1999
 Turkey Gür class T2.1400 S-357 Gür 2003
 Turkey Gür class T2.1400 S-358 Canakkale 2005
 Turkey Gür class T2.1400 S-359 Burakreis 2006
 Turkey Gür class T2.1400 S-360 Birinci Inönü 2007
 Venezuela Sabalo class 1300 S-31 Sabalo 1976
 Venezuela Sabalo class 1300 S-32 Caribe 1977

[edit] Pictures

[edit] See also

Media related to Type 209 submarine at Wikimedia Commons

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Saunders, Stephen (2004). Jane's Fighting Ships 2004-2005. Jane's Information Group. p. 900. ISBN 0-7106-2623-1. 
  2. ^ a b c SSK Tupi Class Attack Submarine
  3. ^ a b Shishumar {HDW 209} Class
  4. ^ a b c d Wertheim, Eric (2007). Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems (Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World). US Naval Institute Press. p. 1067. ISBN 1-59114-955-X. 
  5. ^ Epicos: Gölcük Naval Shipyard (Turkey)
  6. ^ a b Type 209
  7. ^ a b The World of Type 209 Submarines
  8. ^ a b Miller, David (2002). The Illustrated Directory of Submarines. Zenith Press. p. 480. ISBN 0-7603-1345-8. 
  9. ^ Watts, Anthony (2006). Jane's Warship Recognition Guide. Harpercollins. p. 384. ISBN 0-0071-8327-5. 
  10. ^ U-209PN: Submarino de ataque (SSK)/tipo U-214
  11. ^ ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems - Class 209 / 1400mod
  12. ^ a b Watts, Anthony (March 2002). Jane's Underwater Warfare Systems, 2002-2003. Jane's Information Group. p. 629. ISBN 0-7106-2451-4. 
  13. ^ Shishumar class Patrol submarine
  14. ^ Submarine forces (Indonesia), Submarines - Submarine forces
  15. ^ L3 ELAC Nautik Newsletter 2009/2010
  16. ^ a b Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering, Performance Improvement Project in Indonesia completed submarine
  17. ^ Naval Highlights at Defendory 2006
  18. ^ Submarino de ataque (SSK) classe Poseidon / 209-1200 (tipo U-209)
  19. ^ a b Greece in Default on U-214 Submarine Order
  20. ^ Contracts securing the future of Hellenic Shipyards come into effect
  21. ^ Termination of subcontract with HSY by HDW
  22. ^ Chang Bogo class
  23. ^ a b c South Korean Submarine Arrives at Pearl Harbor, Signals
  24. ^ Upgrades and refits, Introduction (Korea, South), Upgrades and refits
  25. ^ a b Underwater Weapon System
  26. ^ Kim, Duk-Ki (2000). Naval Strategy in Northeast Asia: Geo-strategic Goals, Policies and Prospects. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 0-7146-4966-X. 
  27. ^ Meconis, Charles; Wallace (2000). East Asian Naval Weapons Acquisitions in the 1990s: Causes, Consequences, and Responses. Praeger. p. 229. ISBN 0-2759-6251-2. 
  28. ^ Navy deems RIMPAC a success
  29. ^ RIMPAC Exercise and Republic of Korea Navy
  30. ^ South Korea Awards Contracts for Two Trouble-Plauged Ship Programs
  31. ^ Indonesian Redtape Torpedoes Sub Sale Bid
  32. ^ Sagem to modernize navigation system on South Korea’s KSS-1 submarines
  33. ^ a b Changbogo class (209 class) submarine
  34. ^ White Shark
  35. ^ South Korea's weapons story Domestic torpedo Great White
  36. ^ ASM/SSM-700K Sea Star (Haesung / Haeseong / Haesong)
  37. ^ Hae Seong (ASM/SSM-700K) (Korea, South), Offensive weapons
  38. ^ Underwater Weapon System - LIG Nex1
  39. ^ [http://www.lignex1.com:8001/eng/business/business02_04_10.jsp LIG Nex1 TACM)
  40. ^ a b Class submarine's secret weapon
  41. ^ Effectiveness of Lithium-Ion Battery Technology to ROK Submarine Force
  42. ^ Comparison of Lead-Acid Battery and Lithium-Ion Batteries for Type 209
  43. ^ RI orders 3 submarines worth $1b in regional ‘catch-up’
  44. ^ South Korea Exports Submarines to Indonesia
  45. ^ Korea wins $1 bil. Indonesian deal
  46. ^ Indonesia, South Korea consider submarine and aircraft exchange, ASIA PACIFIC
  47. ^ a b Turkey, Germany seek submarine sale of $1 bln
  48. ^ Turkey denies losing deal for Indonesian Navy submarines
  49. ^ LIG Nex1 Indonesia Presentation
  50. ^ Iran Navy Modernization
  51. ^ a b Turkey Specifies a Range of New Ships
  52. ^ The target photo that made a U.S. admiral furious
  53. ^ Contract for the modernisation of Colombian Class 209 submarines
  54. ^ Ecuadorian submarine docked in Asmar Talcahuano
  55. ^ India in talks with Germany to upgrade HDW vessel capabilities
  56. ^ Ay-Class Submarine To be Modernized By STM

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