United States presidential election, 1792

United States presidential election, 1792

1788-1789 ← November 2 – December 5, 1792 → 1796

Nominee George Washington Party Nonpartisan Home state Virginia Running mate John Adams Electoral vote 132 States carried 15 Popular vote 13,332 Percentage 100%

Presidential election results map. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.

President before election George Washington Nonpartisan Elected President George Washington Nonpartisan

The United States presidential election of 1792 was the 2nd quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, November 2 to Wednesday, December 5, 1792. George Washington, this time the incumbent president, was re-elected. As in the first presidential election, Washington is considered to have run unopposed and been elected unanimously. The recipient of 77 electoral votes, incumbent Vice President John Adams finished second in voting and was therefore re-elected. Under the system in place through the election of 1800, each voting elector cast two votes — the recipient of the greatest number of votes was elected president, the second greatest number, vice president.

This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors (in addition to newly-added states of Kentucky and Vermont). It was also the only presidential election that was not held exactly four years after the previous election, although part of the previous election was technically held four years prior. The first inauguration was on April 30, 1789 at Balcony of Federal Hall in New York City and the second inauguration was on March 4, 1793 at the Senate Chamber Congress Hall in Philadelphia. All subsequent inaugurations were held on March 4 up until 1933 when the ratification of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution changed the inaugural date to January 20.

Presidential candidates

• George Washington, President of the United States from Virginia

• 

  George Washington

Vice Presidential candidates

Under the system in place at the time, each elector cast two votes; the candidate with the most votes became president, and the runner-up vice-president. Thus, there were technically no candidates for vice-president in the 1792 election. However, as none of the other candidates had the intention or ability to win the office over Washington, they were effectively vice-presidential candidates.

Federalist candidates

• John Adams, Vice President of the United States from Massachusetts

Candidates gallery

• 

  John Adams

Democratic-Republican candidates

• George Clinton, Governor of New York

Candidates gallery

• 

  George Clinton

Campaign

By 1792, a party division had emerged between Federalists led by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, who desired a stronger federal government with a leading role in the economy, and the Democratic-Republicans led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Representative James Madison of Virginia, who favored states' rights and opposed Hamilton's economic program. Madison was at first a Federalist until he opposed the establishment of Hamilton's First Bank of the United States in 1791. He formed the Democratic-Republican Party along with Anti-Federalist Thomas Jefferson in 1792.

The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis. In most states, the congressional elections were recognized in some sense as a "struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest," to use the words of Jefferson strategist John Beckley. In New York, the race for governor was fought along these lines. The candidates were Chief Justice John Jay, a Hamiltonian, and incumbent George Clinton, who was allied with Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans.

Although Washington had been considering retiring, both sides encouraged him to remain in office to bridge factional differences. Washington was supported by practically all sides throughout his Presidency and gained more popularity with the passage of the Bill of Rights. However, the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists contested the vice-presidency, with incumbent John Adams as the Federalist nominee and George Clinton as the Democratic-Republican nominee. With some Democratic-Republican electors voting against their nominee George Clinton – voting instead for Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr – Adams easily secured re-election.

Results

Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county. Shades of yellow are for the Federalists and shades of blue are for Anti-Federalists.

The Electoral College chose Washington unanimously. John Adams was again elected vice-president as the runner-up, this time getting the vote of a majority of electors. George Clinton won the votes of only Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, his native New York, and a single elector in Pennsylvania. Thomas Jefferson won the votes of Kentucky, newly separated from Jefferson's home state of Virginia. A single South Carolina elector voted for Aaron Burr.

Only 13,332 popular votes were cast for presidential electors, a record low turnout for a United States presidential election.

Popular vote

Slate	Popular Vote(a), (b), (c)
	Count	Percentage
Federalist electors	9,478	71.1%
Democratic-Republican electors	3,854	28.9%
Total	13,332	100.0%

Source: U.S. President National Vote. Our Campaigns. (February 11, 2006).

^(a) Only 6 of the 15 states chose electors by any form of popular vote.
^(b) Less than 0.5% of the population voted: the 1790 Census counted a total United States population of 3.9 million with 3.2 million free population and 700 thousand slaves
^(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.

Electoral vote

Presidential Candidate	Party	Home State	Popular Vote(a)		Electoral Vote(b)
			Count	Percentage
George Washington	None	Virginia	13,332	100.0%	132
John Adams	Federalist	Massachusetts	—	—	77
George Clinton	Democratic-Republican	New York	—	—	50
Thomas Jefferson	Democratic-Republican	Virginia	—	—	4
Aaron Burr	Democratic-Republican	New York	—	—	1
Total			13,332	100.0%	264
Needed to win					67

Source: Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (July 30, 2005).

^(a) Popular vote figures are suspect because (1) only 6 of the 15 states chose electors by any form of popular vote, (2) pre-Twelfth Amendment electoral vote rules obscure the intentions of the voters, and (3) those states that did choose electors by popular vote often restricted the vote via property requirements.
^(b) Two electors from Maryland and one elector from Vermont did not cast votes.

Electoral college selection

Method of choosing Electors	State(s)
state is divided into electoral districts, with one elector chosen per district by the voters of that district	Kentucky Virginia
each elector chosen by voters statewide	Maryland Pennsylvania
two Congressional districts chose five electors each; the remaining two districts chose three electors each each elector chosen by majority vote of voters in Congressional district if an insufficient number of electors are chosen by majority vote from a Congressional district, remaining electors would be appointed by the state legislature	Massachusetts
each elector chosen by majority vote of voters statewide if an insufficient number of electors are chosen by majority vote, runoff is held between the top 2n vote-getters, where n is the number of vacancies remaining	New Hampshire
each elector appointed by the state legislature	(all other states)

See also

• First Party System
• History of the United States (1789–1849)
• United States House election, 1792

References

• Berg-Andersson, Richard (2000-09-17). "A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 20, 2005. 
• Elkins, Stanley; McKitrick, Eric (1995). The Age of Federalism. Oxford University Press. 
• A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787-1825