UEFA coefficient
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In European football, the UEFA coefficients are statistics used for ranking and seeding teams in club and international competitions. The coefficients are calculated by UEFA, who administer football within Europe. It uses three different coefficients to rank the national teams, the national leagues, and football clubs.
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[edit] National team coefficient
The UEFA national team coefficient is derived from the results of each European national football team, and only calculated by UEFA every second year in November; defined as being the point of time when all UEFA nations have completed the qualification stage of the upcoming World Cup or European Championship tournament.
The purpose of calculating the coefficients is to compile an official UEFA rank, to be used as seeding criteria for the European nations, when drawing up qualification groups and the final tournament groups of the European Championship. Previously, up until 2006, the UEFA national team coefficient was also used for the seeded draw of World Cup qualification groups in Europe, while the draw for final tournament groups of the World Cup was always seeded on the basis of the official FIFA World Rankings. The reason why UEFA stopped using UEFA national team coefficients for the seeding of World Cup qualification groups was a request from FIFA to only use the official FIFA ranking for all seeded draws related to the World Cup tournament.
Throughout the history of international football, the seeding criteria for the big tournaments has been changed a number of times, but UEFA and FIFA have always stuck to the concept of having some sort of seeded draw for the European Championship and World Cup tournament, in order to keep the best teams apart until the later stages of the competition.
[edit] Old ranking and calculation method
It was first introduced in 2003 and used for seeding the 2004 European Final tournament and 2006 World Cup qualification. Until the end of the Euro 2008 tournament, the UEFA national team coefficient was calculated by dividing the number of all points scored (three points for a win, one for a draw) by the number of all matches played, in the last two qualification rounds of the World Cup or European Championship. Results from the final tournaments, Play-off matches and friendly games were all ignored. In those cases where a nation did not take part at one of the two latest qualifying rounds, due to being directly qualified as a host, only one qualifying round would be taken into account.
If two or more nations would end up with exactly the same coefficient, the following ranking criteria was applied:
- Highest coefficient from the matches played in the most recent qualifying competition.
- Biggest average goal difference per game -found by dividing the sum of all goal differences, with the number of ranked matches.
- Highest average number of goals scored per game.
- Highest average number of away goals scored per game.
- Drawing of lots.
The last three times UEFA used this simple calculation method, was for the final UEFA ranking in 2003, 2005 and 2007.
[edit] New ranking and calculation method
On 20 May 2008, UEFA announced changes to the coefficient ranking system.[1][2][3] The ranking will continue to be calculated every second year in November, but under the new system, teams now gain ranking points for each game played in the most recently completed full cycle (defined as all qualifying games and final tournament games) of both the World Cup and European Championship, with addition of ranking points for each game played at the latest completed half cycle (defined as all games played in the latest qualifying round). Ranking points for all games played inside those two and a half cycles, will be awarded according to the rules listed below.
- 10,000 points are awarded for each match played.
- Each team earns an additional 30,000 for winning and 10,000 for drawing.
- In case of a game decided by penalty shoot out, the points are allocated as a draw, with the winner of the shoot-out gaining an additional 10,000 points.
- Each match at the final tournament, or play-offs to determine qualification, are also granted some extra bonus points, ranging from 6,000 points for all play-offs or World Cup group stage games, to 38,000 points for playing a final.
- 501 points are earned for each goal scored, and 500 are lost for each goal conceded.
- Coefficients are calculated for each two and a half cycle, by dividing the sum of earned points with the number of games played.
- When calculating the overall average coefficient for the cycles, the latest full cycle and half cycle will each have double the weight, compared to the oldest full cycle.
- Special arrangements are in place for those nations, that did not participate in one of the previous qualifying tournaments, due to being host of the competition.
[edit] Final ranking in 2009
The ranking points from November 2009, to be used for the seeded draw of UEFA Euro 2012 qualification groups, was calculated for each nation by adding up:
- 40% of the average points per game, earned in the 2010 World Cup qualifying stage.
- 40% of the average points per game, earned in the 2008 Euro qualifying stage and final tournament.
- 20% of the average points per game, earned in the 2006 World Cup qualifying stage and final tournament.
The new official UEFA ranking was calculated for the first time in November 2009, with the following final points:[4]
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[edit] Final ranking in 2011
The ranking points to be calculated for UEFA Euro 2012 final tournament, will be found by adding up:[5]
- 40% of the average points per game, earned in the 2012 Euro qualifying stage.
- 40% of the average points per game, earned in the 2010 World Cup qualifying stage and final tournament.
- 20% of the average points per game, earned in the 2008 Euro qualifying stage and final tournament
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A preliminary UEFA Euro 2012 ranking has been calculated according to the scheme above, to show the current ranking, before the remaining Euro 2012 qualifiers are played.
[edit] League coefficient
The league coefficient is used to rank the leagues of Europe, and thus determine the number of clubs from a league that will participate in UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League.
The UEFA ranking determines the number of teams competing in the season after the next, not in the first season after the publication of the ranking. Thus, the rankings at the end of the 2011–12 season determine the team allocation by country in the 2013–14 (not 2012–13) European season, however, the actual teams that will be participating are determined at the end of the 2012–13 season when the individual league classifications and national cups are finalized.
This coefficient is determined by the results of the clubs of the leagues in UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League games over the past five seasons. Two points are awarded for each win by a club, and one for a draw (points are halved in the qualifying and playoff rounds). Goals scored in extra time do count in determining the outcome of a game, but any Penalty shootout result does not affect the allocation of points other than the bonus points. The number of points awarded each season is divided by the number of teams that participated for that nation in that season. This number is then rounded to three decimal places (e.g. 2⅔ would be rounded to 2.667).
For the league coefficient the season's league coefficients for the last five seasons must be added up. In the preliminary rounds of both the Champions League and Europa League, the awarded points are halved. Bonus points are allocated for:
- Qualifying for the Champions League group phase (4 bonus points).
- Reaching the second round of the Champions League (5 bonus points).
- Reaching the quarter, semi and final of either the Champions League or the Europa League (1 bonus point).
The bonus points are added to the number of points scored in a season.
[edit] Current ranking
The ranking at the end of the 2011–12 season determines the allocation in 2013–14 competitions. The rankings are as follows:[6]
| Rank 2012 |
Rank 2011 |
Mvmt. | League | 2007–08 | 2008–09 | 2009–10 | 2010–11 | 2011–12 | Coeff. | Teams 2011–12 |
CL places | EL places | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 |  — |
 England |
17.875 | 15.000 | 17.928 | 18.357 | 13.125 | 82.285 | 5/8 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 2 | 2 | — |
 Spain |
13.875 | 13.312 | 17.928 | 18.214 | 12.285 | 75.614 | 5/7 | |||
| 3 | 3 | — |
 Germany |
13.500 | 12.687 | 18.083 | 15.666 | 11.250 | 71.186 | 4/6 | |||
| 4 | 4 | — |
 Italy |
10.250 | 11.375 | 15.428 | 11.571 | 10.214 | 58.838 | 5/7 | 3 | 6 | |
| 5 | 5 | — |
 France |
6.928 | 11.000 | 15.000 | 10.750 | 10.333 | 54.011 | 2/6 | |||
| 6 | 6 | — |
 Portugal |
7.928 | 6.785 | 10.000 | 18.800 | 9.166 | 52.679 | 3/6 | |||
| 7 | 7 | — |
 Russia |
11.250 | 9.750 | 6.166 | 10.916 | 9.750 | 47.832 | 4/6 | 2 | 4 | |
| 8 | 8 | — |
 Ukraine |
4.875 | 16.625 | 5.800 | 10.083 | 6.750 | 44.133 | 1/6 | |||
| 9 | 9 | — |
 Netherlands |
5.000 | 6.333 | 9.416 | 11.166 | 10.400 | 42.315 | 4/5 | |||
| 10 | 11 |  +1 |
 Greece |
7.500 | 6.500 | 7.900 | 7.600 | 6.800 | 36.300 | 2/5 | 3 | 5 | |
| 11 | 10 |  −1 |
 Turkey |
9.750 | 7.000 | 7.600 | 4.600 | 6.625 | 35.575 | 2/4 | |||
| 12 | 13 | +1 |
 Belgium |
4.500 | 4.500 | 8.700 | 4.600 | 9.700 | 32.000 | 3/5 | |||
| 13 | 12 | −1 |
 Denmark |
5.125 | 8.200 | 4.400 | 6.700 | 3.100 | 27.525 | 0/5 | |||
| 14 | 16 | +2 |
 Switzerland |
6.250 | 2.900 | 5.750 | 5.900 | 6.000 | 26.800 | 1/5 | |||
| 15 | 19 | +4 |
 Austria |
3.200 | 2.250 | 9.375 | 4.375 | 7.125 | 26.325 | 1/4 | |||
| 16 | 20 | +4 |
 Cyprus |
2.666 | 6.333 | 4.250 | 3.125 | 8.375 | 24.749 | 1/4 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 17 | 17 | — |
 Israel |
2.375 | 1.750 | 7.250 | 4.625 | 6.000 | 22.000 | 0/4 | |||
| 18 | 15 | −3 |
 Scotland |
10.250 | 1.875 | 2.666 | 3.600 | 2.750 | 21.141 | 0/4 | |||
| 19 | 18 | −1 |
 Czech Republic |
5.125 | 2.375 | 4.100 | 3.500 | 5.250 | 20.350 | 1/4 | |||
| 20 | 24 | +4 |
 Poland |
1.666 | 5.000 | 2.125 | 4.500 | 6.375 | 19.666 | 2/4 | |||
| 21 | 22 | +1 |
 Croatia |
3.666 | 4.333 | 3.000 | 4.125 | 3.750 | 18.874 | 0/4 | |||
| 22 | 14 | −8 |
 Romania |
2.600 | 2.642 | 6.083 | 3.166 | 4.333 | 18.824 | 1/6 | |||
| 23 | 23 | — |
 Belarus |
1.833 | 4.000 | 3.375 | 5.875 | 3.125 | 18.208 | 0/4 | |||
| 24 | 28 | +4 |
 Sweden |
5.400 | 2.500 | 2.500 | 2.600 | 2.900 | 15.900 | 0/5 | |||
| 25 | 25 | — |
 Slovakia |
2.166 | 4.833 | 2.500 | 3.000 | 2.375 | 14.874 | 0/4 | |||
| 26 | 26 | — |
 Norway |
5.400 | 2.500 | 2.100 | 2.375 | 2.300 | 14.675 | 0/4 | |||
| 27 | 27 | — |
 Serbia |
2.625 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.500 | 2.125 | 14.250 | 0/4 | |||
| 28 | 21 | −7 |
 Bulgaria |
2.750 | 2.250 | 3.125 | 4.625 | 1.500 | 14.250 | 0/4 | |||
| 29 | 32 | +3 |
 Hungary |
1.000 | 1.000 | 2.750 | 2.750 | 2.250 | 9.750 | 0/4 | |||
| 30 | 30 | — |
 Finland |
2.625 | 1.833 | 1.375 | 1.800 | 1.500 | 9.133 | 0/4 | |||
| 31 | 36 | +5 |
 Georgia |
1.000 | 1.166 | 1.750 | 1.875 | 2.875 | 8.666 | 0/4 | |||
| 32 | 29 | −3 |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
1.833 | 1.833 | 1.750 | 1.875 | 1.125 | 8.416 | 0/4 | |||
| 33 | 31 | −2 |
 Republic of Ireland |
1.000 | 2.500 | 1.375 | 1.000 | 1.500 | 7.375 | 0/4 | |||
| 34 | 38 | +4 |
 Slovenia |
0.666 | 1.333 | 1.375 | 1.500 | 2.250 | 7.124 | 0/4 | |||
| 35 | 34 | −1 |
 Lithuania |
1.500 | 2.500 | 1.250 | 0.625 | 1.000 | 6.875 | 0/4 | |||
| 36 | 33 | −3 |
 Moldova |
1.333 | 0.666 | 2.125 | 2.125 | 0.500 | 6.749 | 0/4 | |||
| 37 | 37 | — |
 Azerbaijan |
0.666 | 0.666 | 1.500 | 2.000 | 1.375 | 6.207 | 0/4 | |||
| 38 | 35 | −3 |
 Latvia |
1.333 | 1.166 | 2.250 | 0.500 | 0.625 | 5.874 | 0/4 | |||
| 39 | 39 | — |
 Macedonia |
1.666 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 1.375 | 1.625 | 5.666 | 0/4 | |||
| 40 | 41 | +1 |
 Kazakhstan |
0.750 | 0.833 | 1.250 | 0.875 | 1.625 | 5.333 | 0/4 | |||
| 41 | 40 | −1 |
 Iceland |
1.166 | 1.166 | 1.250 | 0.375 | 1.375 | 5.332 | 0/4 | |||
| 42 | 43 | +1 |
 Montenegro |
0.500 | 0.500 | 1.125 | 1.750 | 0.500 | 4.375 | 0/4 | |||
| 43 | 42 | −1 |
 Liechtenstein1 |
0.500 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.500 | 2.000 | 4.000 | 0/1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 44 | 44 | — |
 Albania |
0.500 | 0.666 | 1.000 | 0.875 | 0.875 | 3.916 | 0/4 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 45 | 48 | +3 |
 Malta |
0.000 | 0.000 | 0.750 | 1.500 | 0.833 | 3.083 | 0/3 | |||
| 46 | 46 | — |
 Wales |
0.666 | 0.333 | 0.250 | 0.875 | 0.625 | 2.749 | 0/4 | |||
| 47 | 45 | −2 |
 Estonia |
0.833 | 0.333 | 0.875 | 0.250 | 0.375 | 2.666 | 0/4 | |||
| 48 | 49 | +1 |
 Northern Ireland |
0.500 | 0.333 | 0.125 | 1.125 | 0.500 | 2.583 | 0/4 | |||
| 49 | 51 | +2 |
 Luxembourg |
0.333 | 0.000 | 0.250 | 0.625 | 1.125 | 2.333 | 0/4 | |||
| 50 | 47 | −3 |
 Armenia |
1.333 | 0.000 | 0.500 | 0.250 | 0.125 | 2.208 | 0/4 | |||
| 51 | 50 | −1 |
 Faroe Islands |
0.333 | 0.333 | 0.000 | 0.250 | 0.500 | 1.416 | 0/4 | |||
| 52 | 52 | — |
 Andorra |
0.500 | 0.000 | 0.500 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0/4 | 2 | 3 | |
| 53 | 53 | — |
 San Marino |
0.250 | 0.000 | 0.500 | 0.166 | 0.000 | 0.916 | 0/3 |
1The Liechtenstein Football Association does not organize a national league competition as it does not have the necessary amount of national clubs. As a result, the only competitor from Liechtenstein in European competitions is the Liechtenstein Cup winners, who qualify for the UEFA Europa League.
The league champions from the top 12 countries automatically enter the group stage of the competitions, whereas teams from the lower ranked countries must go through the preliminary qualification rounds.
- Further information on the Liechtenstein's status and similar cases.
According to the UEFA regulations a National League needs to consist of at least eight clubs to be considered valid, otherwise no participants of such a league will be allowed to enter European competitions. There are only seven clubs that are active in Liechtenstein all of which play in the neighbouring Switzerland's league competitions. Note: prior the introduction of the Welsh Premier League in 1992 Wales also had a single participant, the winner (or best placed Welsh team as several English teams also competed) of the Welsh Cup, in the European competitions.
[edit] History
Ranking has been published by UEFA since 1979 to identify the number of participants for each country in the UEFA Cup after the re-organization of the Inter-cities Fairs Cup in 1971. No calculation of coefficients took place prior to that. Later, for statistical purposes, various rankings were introduced to portray the history of competitions. Because the Inter-cities Fairs Cup was limited only to certain clubs and/or by invitation no coefficient calculation was necessary. According to the prorated (extended) calculation system only four leagues have succeeded in being the top European league.[7]
The table at the right shows the history of first placed teams in UEFA League Coefficients.
The next table shows the ranking of nations with respect to the total number of years leading in Europe:
| Rank | League | Total |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | La Liga |
15 |
| 2 | First Division / Premier League |
14 |
| 3 | Serie A |
13 |
| 4 | Bundesliga |
10 |
[edit] Club coefficient
The club coefficient is determined by the results of a club in European club competition in the last five seasons, and the league coefficient. The club coefficient is 20% of the league coefficient plus the number of points earned by the club in the five seasons. The points earned by a club in the preliminary rounds are not counted.[8]
The clubs get two points for a win, and one point for a draw and no points for a defeat in games of the main stage of European competitions. Qualifying round results are taken into account only for the calculation of the association's coefficient and are halved. Participation in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League is rewarded with four points and another four points rewarded for qualifying to round of 16 for both competitions. Clubs which reach the round of 16, quarterfinals,semi-finals or final of the UEFA Champions League or the quarter-finals, semi-finals or final of the UEFA Europa League are awarded an extra point for each such round.[9] Since the introduction of the UEFA Europa League, clubs participated in the qualifying round and in the play-offs of both competitions.
| Round | Points awarded | |
|---|---|---|
| Champions League | Europa League | |
| Eliminated in first qualifying round | 0.5 | 0.25 |
| Eliminated in second qualifying round | 1 | 0.5 |
| Eliminated in third qualifying round | – | 1 |
| Eliminated in play-offs | – | 1.5 |
Also, a guaranteed minimum of two points is introduced for the clubs which participate in the group stage of Europa League. This guaranteed minimum is not added to the points obtained by the clubs concerned during the group stage and is not taken into consideration for the calculation of the coefficient of the national association.
This ranking is used by UEFA to determine which pot the club belongs to in the preliminary and first rounds of the Champions League, and the preliminary, first and second rounds of the Europa League.
Before 1999 a number of strong teams in the UEFA Cup were seeded such that those teams do not meet in the first two rounds. To determine these teams, the sum of, the ratio of the number of points achieved to the number of games played by each team, was calculated for the past five years.
The top 25 clubs currently are as follows:[10]
| Rank 2012 |
Rank 2011 |
Mvmt | Club | Country | 2007–08 | 2008–09 | 2009–10 | 2010–11 | 2011–12 | Coeff. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | +1 |
Barcelona | Spain |
27.7750 | 28.6624 | 30.5856 | 36.6428 | 24.4570 | 148.122 |
| 2 | 1 | −1 |
Manchester United | England |
32.5750 | 28.0000 | 28.5856 | 36.6714 | 15.6250 | 141.457 |
| 3 | 3 | — |
Chelsea | England |
28.5750 | 25.0000 | 22.5856 | 26.6714 | 19.6250 | 122.457 |
| 4 | 4 | — |
Bayern Munich | Germany |
22.7000 | 22.5375 | 30.6166 | 24.1332 | 20.2500 | 120.237 |
| 5 | 6 | +1 |
Arsenal | England |
21.5750 | 22.0000 | 25.5856 | 22.6714 | 19.6250 | 111.457 |
| 6 | 7 | +1 |
Real Madrid | Spain |
14.7750 | 14.6625 | 22.5856 | 33.6428 | 24.4570 | 110.122 |
| 7 | 9 | +2 |
Internazionale | Italy |
16.0500 | 13.2750 | 34.0856 | 21.3142 | 18.0428 | 102.767 |
| 8 | 8 | — |
Porto | Portugal |
15.5855 | 17.3570 | 21.0000 | 31.7600 | 11.8332 | 97.535 |
| 9 | 13 | +4 |
Lyon | France |
13.3856 | 15.2000 | 28.0000 | 19.1500 | 19.0666 | 94.802 |
| 10 | 5 | −5 |
Liverpool | England |
24.5750 | 23.0000 | 24.5856 | 15.6714 | 2.5750 | 90.407 |
| 11 | 10 | −1 |
Milan | Italy |
16.0500 | 14.2750 | 19.0856 | 18.3142 | 20.0428 | 87.767 |
| 12 | 24 | +12 |
Marseille | France |
13.3856 | 14.2000 | 17.0000 | 20.1500 | 20.0666 | 84.802 |
| 13 | 14 | +1 |
Shakhtar Donetsk | Ukraine |
7.9750 | 29.3250 | 11.1600 | 26.0166 | 9.3500 | 83.826 |
| 14 | 17 | +3 |
Benfica | Portugal |
12.5856 | 4.3570 | 21.0000 | 25.7600 | 19.8332 | 83.535 |
| 15 | 22 | +7 |
CSKA Moscow | Russia |
6.2500 | 18.9500 | 21.2332 | 16.1832 | 17.9500 | 80.566 |
| 16 | 23 | +7 |
Atlético Madrid | Spain |
14.7750 | 17.6624 | 24.5856 | 9.6428 | 13.4570 | 80.122 |
| 17 | 15 | −2 |
Valencia | Spain |
9.7750 | 13.6624 | 19.5856 | 21.6428 | 14.4570 | 79.122 |
| 18 | 31 | +13 |
Zenit St. Petersburg | Russia |
23.2500 | 14.9500 | 2.7332 | 18.1832 | 19.9500 | 79.066 |
| 19 | 19 | — |
Villarreal | Spain |
15.7750 | 18.6624 | 10.5856 | 26.6428 | 6.4570 | 78.122 |
| 20 | 21 | +1 |
PSV Eindhoven | Netherlands |
17.0000 | 6.2666 | 13.8832 | 20.2332 | 15.0800 | 72.463 |
| 21 | 12 | −9 |
Werder Bremen | Germany |
15.7000 | 24.5375 | 18.6166 | 11.1332 | 2.2500 | 72.237 |
| 22 | 29 | +7 |
Schalke 04 | Germany |
15.7000 | 8.5374 | 3.6166 | 30.1332 | 13.2500 | 71.237 |
| 23 | 25 | +2 |
Sporting CP | Portugal |
18.5856 | 13.3570 | 14.0000 | 13.7600 | 10.8332 | 70.535 |
| 24 | 20 | −4 |
Hamburg | Germany |
18.7000 | 24.5374 | 21.6166 | 3.1332 | 2.2500 | 70.237 |
| 25 | 16 | −9 |
Roma | Italy |
19.0500 | 16.2750 | 12.0856 | 18.3142 | 3.5428 | 69.267 |
[edit] Top club by period
Top-ranked clubs in each 5-year period listed by year:[11]
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Top-rated clubs listed by number of years as top-ranked club:
| Rank | Club | Total |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Real Madrid |
14 |
| 2 | Juventus |
7 |
| 3 | Barcelona |
6 |
| 4 | Borussia Mönchengladbach |
5 |
| 5 | Ajax |
3 |
| Bayern Munich |
3 | |
| Benfica |
3 | |
| Leeds United |
3 | |
| 9 | Liverpool |
2 |
| Milan |
2 | |
| 11 | Anderlecht |
1 |
| Chelsea |
1 | |
| Manchester United |
1 | |
| Paris Saint-Germain |
1 | |
| Real Zaragoza |
1 |
[edit] References
- ^ "EXCO approves new coefficient system". UEFA. 20 May 2008. http://www.uefa.com/uefa/management/newsid=698237.html. Retrieved 21 May 2008.
- ^ "New UEFA National Team Coefficient Ranking System" (PDF). UEFA. 20 May 2008. http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/uefa/KeyTopics/69/80/93/698093_DOWNLOAD.pdf. Retrieved 21 May 2008.
- ^ "National Team Coefficient Ranking -Technical explanation" (PDF). UEFA. October 2009. http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/uefa/KeyTopics/90/14/57/901457_DOWNLOAD.pdf.
- ^ "National Team Coefficients Overview" (PDF). UEFA. 19 November 2009. http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/uefa/KeyTopics/92/18/20/921820_DOWNLOAD.pdf. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- ^ "Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 2010–12" (PDF). UEFA. http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/uefa/Others/91/48/36/914836_DOWNLOAD.pdf. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ "UEFA Country Ranking 2012". Bert Kassies. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kassiesa/bert/uefa/data/method4/crank2012.html. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ^ UEFA European Cup Coefficients Database (Bert Kassies)
- ^ "UEFA Coefficients calculation method". Bert Kassies. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kassiesa/bert/uefa/calc.html. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
- ^ "FAQ". UEFA. 1 July 2005. http://www.uefa.com/uefa/faq/index.html. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
- ^ "UEFA Team Ranking 2012". Bert Kassies. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kassiesa/bert/uefa/data/method4/trank2012.html. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ^ See column Team Ranking in "UEFA European Cup Coefficients Database". Bert Kassies. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kassiesa/bert/uefa/data/index.html. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
