Ultra-Romanticism
Ultra-Romanticism (Portuguese: Ultrarromantismo) was a Portuguese and Brazilian literary movement that occurred during the 1840s, 1850s and the early 1860s. It is aesthetically similar to (but not exactly the same as) the German- and British-originated Dark Romanticism.
In Brazil, it is called "the second phase of the Brazilian Romanticism", being preceded by the "Indianism" and succeeded by the "Condorism".
In Portugal, the first Ultra-Romantic piece was the poem "O noivado do sepulcro" ("The tombstone engagement") by António Augusto Soares de Passos, while in Brazil the first major Ultra-Romantic works were the books Lira dos Vinte Anos (Twenty-year-old Lyre) and Noite na Taverna (A Night at the Tavern) by Álvares de Azevedo.
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[edit] Characteristics
The "Ultra-Romanticism" changed the ways of the Romanticism in Brazil. Values such as nationalism and valorization of the Indian as the Brazilian national hero, a constant theme of the previous Brazilian Romantic generation, are now almost, if not completely, absent. This new generation, heavily influenced by German Romanticism and works by Lord Byron and Alfred de Musset, among others, now focalizes in obscure and macabre themes, such as pessimism, Satanism, longing for death, past and childhood, and the mal du siècle. Love is heavily idealized, platonic and almost always unrequited, and the presence of a strong egocentrism and exacerbated sentimentalism in the poetry is clearly noticed.
[edit] Main adepts
[edit] In Portugal
- António Augusto Soares de Passos (1826–1860; considered to be the major Ultra-Romantic poet)
- António Feliciano de Castilho (1800–1875)
- Camilo Castelo Branco (1825–1890)
- João de Lemos (1819–1890)
- João de Deus (1830–1896)
- Luís Augusto Palmeirim (1821–1893)
- Alexandre Braga, father (1829–1895)
- Tomás Ribeiro (1831–1901)
[edit] In Brazil
- Álvares de Azevedo (1831 — 1852)
- Junqueira Freire (1832 — 1855)
- Fagundes Varela (1841 — 1875)
- Casimiro de Abreu (1839 — 1860)
- Aureliano Lessa (1828 — 1861)
- José Bonifácio the Young (1827 — 1886; in only a few poems, however)
- Pedro de Calasans (1837 — 1874)
- Laurindo Rabelo (1826 — 1864)
- João Cardoso de Meneses e Sousa, Baron of Paranapiacaba (1827 — 1915)
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Soares de Passos' poem "O Noivado do Sepulcro" (Portuguese)
