# Unimodality

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Unimodality is a term used in several contexts in mathematics. Originally, it relates to possessing a unique mode.[1] In general the concept refers to there being only a single highest value, somehow defined, of some mathematical object.

## Unimodal probability distribution

Figure 1. probability density function (pdf) of normal distributions, an example of unimodal distribution.
Figure 2. pdf of a simple bimodal distribution.
Figure 3. pdf of a distribution which, though strictly unimodal, is usually referred to as bimodal.

In statistics, a unimodal probability distribution (or when referring to the distribution, a unimodal distribution) is a probability distribution which has a single mode. As the term "mode" has multiple meanings, so does the term "unimodal".

Strictly speaking, a mode of a discrete probability distribution is a value at which the probability mass function (pmf) takes its maximum value. In other words, it is a most likely value. A mode of a continuous probability distribution is a value at which the probability density function (pdf) attains its maximum value. Note that in both cases there can be more than one mode, since the maximum value of either the pmf or the pdf can be attained at more than one value.

If there is a single mode, the distribution function is called "unimodal". If it has more modes it is "bimodal" (2), "trimodal" (3), etc., or in general, "multimodal".[2] Figure 1 illustrates normal distributions, which are unimodal. Other examples of unimodal distributions include Cauchy distribution, Student's t-distribution and chi-squared distribution. Figure 2 illustrates a bimodal distribution.

Figure 3 illustrates a distribution which by strict definition is unimodal. However, confusingly, and mostly with continuous distributions, when a pdf function has multiple local maxima it is common to refer to all of the local maxima as modes of the distribution. Therefore, if a pdf has more than one local maximum it is referred to as multimodal. Under this common definition, Figure 3 illustrates a bimodal distribution.

### Other definitions

Other definitions of unimodality in distribution functions also exist.

In continuous distributions, unimodality can be defined through the behavior of the cumulative distribution function (cdf).[3] If the cdf is convex for x < m and concave for x > m, then the distribution is unimodal, m being the mode. Note that under this definition the uniform distribution is unimodal,[4] as well as any other distribution in which the maximum distribution is achieved for a range of values, e.g. trapezoidal distribution. Note also that usually this definition allows for a discontinuity at the mode; usually in a continuous distribution the probability of any single value is zero, while this definition allows for a non-zero probability, or an "atom of probability", at the mode.

Criteria for unimodality can also be defined through the characteristic function of the distribution[3] or through its Laplace–Stieltjes transform.[5]

Another way to define a unimodal discrete distribution is by the occurrence of sign changes in the sequence of differences of the probabilities.[6] A discrete distribution with a probability mass function, $\{p_n ; n = \dots, -1, 0, 1, \dots \}$, is called unimodal if the sequence $\dots, p_{-2} - p_{-1}, p_{-1} - p_0, p_0 - p_1, p_1 - p_2, \dots$ has exactly one sign change (when zeroes don't count).

### Uses and results

One reason for the importance of distribution unimodality is that it allows for several important results. Some examples follow.

### Gauss' inequality

A first important result is Gauss's inequality.[7] Gauss's inequality gives an upper bound on the probability that a value lies more than any given distance from its mode. This inequality depends on unimodality.

### Vysochanskiï–Petunin inequality

A second is the Vysochanskiï–Petunin inequality,[8] a refinement of the Chebyshev inequality. The Chebyshev inequality guarantees that in any probability distribution, "nearly all" the values are "close to" the mean value. The Vysochanskiï–Petunin inequality refines this to even nearer values, provided that the distribution function is unimodal. Further results were shown by Sellke & Sellke.[9]

### Mode, median and mean

For a unimodal distribution the following bounds are known and are sharp[10]

$\frac{| \theta - \mu |}{ \sigma } \le \sqrt{ 3 } ,$
$\frac{| \nu - \mu |}{ \sigma } \le \sqrt{ 0.6 } ,$
$\frac{| \theta - \nu |}{ \sigma } \le \sqrt{ 3 } ,$

where μ,ν and θ are the mean, median and mode respectively, and where σ is the standard deviation.

### Skewness and kurtosis

The skewness and kurtosis of a unimodal distribution are related by an inequality:[11]

$\gamma^2 - \kappa \le \frac{ 5 }{ 6 }$

where κ is the kurtosis and γ is the skewness.

Another bound has also been derived[12]

$\gamma^2 - \kappa \le \frac{ 186 }{ 125 }$

## Unimodal function

As the term "modal" applies to data sets and probability distribution, and not in general to functions, the definitions above do not apply. The definition of "unimodal" was extended to functions of real numbers as well.

A common definition is as follows: a function f(x) is a unimodal function if for some value m, it is monotonically increasing for xm and monotonically decreasing for xm. In that case, the maximum value of f(x) is f(m) and there are no other local maxima.

Proving unimodality is often hard. One way consists in using the definition of that property, but it turns out to be suitable for simple functions only. A general method based on derivatives exists,[13] but it does not succeed for every function despite its simplicity.

Examples of unimodal functions include quadratic polynomial functions with a negative quadratic coefficient, tent map functions, and more.

The above is sometimes related to as "strong unimodality", from the fact that the monotonicity implied is strong monotonicity. A function f(x) is a weakly unimodal function if there exists a value m for which it is weakly monotonically increasing for xm and weakly monotonically decreasing for xm. In that case, the maximum value f(m) can be reached for a continuous range of values of x. An example of a weakly unimodal function which is not strongly unimodal is every other row in a Pascal triangle.

Depending on context, unimodal function may also refer to a function that has only one local minimum, rather than maximum.[14] For example, local unimodal sampling, a method for doing numerical optimization, is often demonstrated with such a function. It can be said that a unimodal function under this extension is a function with a single local extremum.

One important property of unimodal functions is that the extremum can be found using search algorithms such as golden section search, ternary search or successive parabolic interpolation.

## Other extensions

A function f(x) is "S-unimodal" (often referred to as "S-unimodal map") if its Schwarzian derivative is negative for all $\ x \ne c$, where $c$ is the critical point.[15]

In computational geometry if a function is unimodal it permits the design of efficient algorithms for finding the extrema of the function.[16]

A more general definition, applicable to a function f(X) of a vector variable X is that f is unimodal if there is a one to one differentiable mapping X = G(Z) such that f(G(Z)) is convex. Usually one would want G(Z) to be continuously differentiable with nonsingular Jacobian matrix.

Quasiconvex functions and quasiconcave functions extend the concept of unimodality to functions whose arguments belong to higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces.

## References

1. ^
2. ^
3. ^ a b A.Ya. Khinchin (1938). "On unimodal distributions". Trams. Res. Inst. Math. Mech. (in Russian) (University of Tomsk) 2 (2): 1–7.
4. ^ Ushakov, N.G. (2001), "Unimodal distribution", in Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
5. ^ Vladimirovich Gnedenko and Victor Yu Korolev (1996). Random summation: limit theorems and applications. CRC-Press. ISBN 0-8493-2875-6. p. 31
6. ^ Medgyessy, P. (March 1972). "On the unimodality of discrete distributions". Periodica Mathematica Hungarica 2 (1–4): 245–257.
7. ^ Gauss, C. F. (1823). "Theoria Combinationis Observationum Erroribus Minimis Obnoxiae, Pars Prior". Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores 5.
8. ^ D. F. Vysochanskij, Y. I. Petunin (1980). "Justification of the 3σ rule for unimodal distributions". Theory of Probability and Mathematical Statistics 21: 25–36.
9. ^ Sellke, T.M.; Sellke, S.H. (1997). "Chebyshev inequalities for unimodal distributions". American Statistician (American Statistical Association) 51 (1): 34–40. doi:10.2307/2684690. JSTOR 2684690.
10. ^ Johnson NL, Rogers CA (1951) "The moment problem for unimodal distributions". Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 22 (3) 433-439
11. ^ Rohatgi VK, Szekely GJ (1989) Sharp inequalities between skewness and kurtosis. Statistics & Probability Letters 8:297-299
12. ^ Klaassen CAJ, Mokveld PJ, van Es B (2000) Squared skewness minus kurtosis bounded by 186/125 for unimodal distributions. Stat & Prob Lett 50 (2) 131–135
13. ^ "On the unimodality of METRIC Approximation subject to normally distributed demands.". Method in appendix D, Example in theorem 2 page 5. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
14. ^ "Mathematical Programming Glossary.". Retrieved 2010-07-07.
15. ^ See e.g. John Guckenheimer and Stewart Johnson (July 1990). "Distortion of S-Unimodal Maps". The Annals of Mathematics, Second Series 132 (1). pp. 71–130.
16. ^ Godfried T. Toussaint (June 1984). "Complexity, convexity, and unimodality". International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences 13 (3). pp. 197–217.