Union of Horodło
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The Pact of Horodlo or Union of Horodło was a set of acts introduced in the town of Horodło in 1413. It amended the earlier Polish-Lithuanian Unions of Krewo and Vilnius-Radom was another step to recognise Lithuanian nobility as equal in the union between two sovereign states, ruled separately by elected monarch.
According to the act of the union, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was to retain a separate Grand Duke and its own parliament. At the same time both the Polish and Lithuanian Sejms were to discuss all the important matters jointly. Also, institutions of castellans and voivods were introduced in Lithuania and the Lithuanian and Ruthenian nobility were granted equal rights to those of the szlachta in Poland. This led to a large number of Ruthenian and Lithuanian noble families being adopted by the Polish szlachta clans[clarification needed] and introduction of coats of arms in Lithuania. This affected all 47 major families and clans, as well as several other families[clarification needed].
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[edit] Historical background
Polish - Lithuanian relations at the beginning of 15th century were sanctionated by the Union of Vilnius and Radom, which preserved in fact independence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania after its subjection in Union of Kreva, Vytautas was made the Grand Duke (magnus dux), de facto independent ruler, de jure under Greater Duke (supremus dux) and King of Poland, Władysław Jagiełło. That decisions ended fights between both Lithuanians and let them to concentrate their attention on foreign politics, especially on relatations to the Teutonic Knights.
After the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, which was politically unemployed triumph, rulers of Poland and Lithuania decided that there`s need to review their relations. Grand Duke Vytautas knowed that he needs to reform the Lithuanian state after its Christianisation and subordination of the Ruthenian princedoms, Christianised much later in the Eastern Orthodox rite. Lithuanian lords, however barely Christianised, having experience of allie with Poland against the Teutons, for the first time proposed their own act, aiming to gain the same privillages as the Polish nobility had.
[edit] Treaty
Both subscribers claimed that they want to keep union against enemies who would want it to break, thus making each state weaker.
| “ | ...neverthless willing those Lithuanian lands and Polish Kingdom to tear down and plot to ruin them... to leave in bigger security and defence and to secure them eternal profit... we`r attacheing, allieing, tieing them up for eternity...[1] | ” |
It meaned especially the Teutonic Knights, who were recently allied to Vytautas in his fights against Władysław Jagiełło.
Treaty was repeateing indissoluble character of Polish - Lithuanian relations, for the onther hand it was clearly stateing that after Vytautas there will be another Grand Duke, thus Lithuania will stay as a separate state, however the Lithuanian Boyars promised to choose a successor to Vytautas in consultation with Polish elites while the Polish Nobles promised to consult with Lithuanians in election of the Polish King.
| “ | After the death of Alexander, that means Witowd[2], actual Grand Duke of Lithuania; Lithuanian lords and nobles will not take, nor elect on the Duke and Lord of Lithuania noone else, but only that one, who will be elected and established by the Polish King or his hiers with advise of prelates and lords of Poland and Lithuania. Mutually, if the King of Poland will die without the childs and the rightfull hiers; preletes, lords and nobles of the Polish Kingdom shouldn`t elect thier King and lord without the knowladge and agreed of us, that means Grand Duke Alexander[2] as well as the lords and nobles of the Lithuanian lands.[1] | ” |
Another point was making church officials equal in both countries, or rather giving to Lithuanian clerics same rights and prerogatives as they had in the Polish Kingdom. It should be noted that the first clergymans in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were Poles, for instance subscriber of Horodlo Union and the Bishop of Vilnius, Mikołaj z Gorzkowa (Gorzkowski), who also adopted in Horodło to his clan of Gierałt a Lithuanian lord, Surgintas Reszyński and all of his heirs.
The most significant resolution for the Grand Duchy was adoption of Polish administrative divisions and offices like voivode and castellan, at that time were created two voivodesips Trakai and Vilnius, taken by two Lithuanian nobles, signatoryies of Horodło treaty. Soon another divisions were created, the next one was Kiev Voivodeship in 1471, when Kiev Principality, as a first Ruthenian Princely province of Lithuaia, was turned into voivodeship.
| “ | There will be established for eternity dignityies, chairs and offices like those which are in the Polish Kingdom, exactly voivode and castellan in Vilnius, Trakai and another places in accordioance to our adjudgement and our will.[1] | ” |
According to the act of the union, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was to retain a separate Grand Duke and its own parliament. At the same time both the Polish and Lithuanian Sejms were to discuss all the important matters jointly. Also, institutions of castellans and voivods were introduced in Lithuania and the Lithuanian and Ruthenian nobility were granted equal rights to those of the szlachta in Poland. This led to a large number of Ruthenian and Lithuanian noble families being adopted by the Polish szlachta clans[dubious ] and introduction of coats of arms in Lithuania. This affected all 47 major families and clans, as well as several other families.
[edit] Aftermath
[edit] Armorials adoption
| Arms | Clan | Polish representant | Lithuanian representant |
|---|---|---|---|
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Abdank (Abdaniec, Awdaniec, Awdańczyk, Hawdaniec, Łąkotka, Łękawica, Szczedrzyk) | Piotr z Widawy (Judge of Sieradz), Jakub z Rogoźna |
Jonas Goštautas (Jan Gasztołd) |
 |
Bogorya (Boguryja, Bogoria) | Marek z Nakola | Stanisław Visgintas (Wyszygin) |
 |
Ciołek (Biała, Taurus) | Stanisław z Brzeża (?) | Jan Eiviltas (Ewild) |
 |
Dębno (Sędowojna) | Dobiesław z Oleśnicy (Castellan of Wojnicz) | Albrecht Kareiva (Korewa) of Sowgotsko |
 |
Doliwa (Doliwczyk, Dolwita, Tres Rosae) | Maciej Kot (Castellan of Nakielsk), Janusz Furman (Castelllan of Międzyrzec), Piotr z Falkowa |
Naczko |
 |
Dołęga (Dolanga, Dolenga, Dolega) | Unknown | Mantvilas (Monstywild) |
 |
Drya (Dryja, Mutina) | Janusz z Tuliszkowa (Castellan of Kalisz) | Mikołaj Tautgirdas (Tawtygierd) |
 |
Działosza | Unknown | Wołczko Rokutowicz |
 |
Gierałt (Cicierza, Gerald, Gieralt, Hosmorog, Osmarog, Osmioróg) | Mikołaj z Gorzkowa (Bishop of Vilnius) | Surgintas (Surgut) Reszyński |
 |
Godziemba (Godziąba, Godzięba, Godzięby) | Andrzej z Lubrańca (Judge of Kujawy), Andrzej (Pastor of Włocławek) |
Stanisław Butautas (Butowtowicz) |
 |
Gryf (Swoboda, Świeboda) | Unknown | Butautas (Butowd) |
 |
Grzymała (Grzymalita, Odwaga, Ślasa) | Domarat z Kobylan (Castellan of Biecz) | Jan Rimvydas (Rymwidowicz) |
 |
Janina (Clipeus in Clipeum, Tarcza w Tarczy, Pole w Polu, Szczyt w Szczycie, Zgraja) | Maciej (Bishop of Przemyśl), Mikołaj z Suchodołu (Judge of Lublin), Piotr z Tura (Judge of Łęczyca) |
Wojsym Danejkowicz (Danis?) |
 |
Jastrzębiec (Accipiter, Bolesta, Boleścic, Jastrząb, Jastrząbek, Kamiona, Łazęka, Lubrza) | Wojciech (Bishop of Kraków), Marcin z Lubnicy |
Nirmedas (Nemir) (Starost of Polotsk) |
 |
Jelita (Hastae, Jelito, Koźlarogi, Koźle Rogi, Tres Hastae) | Klemens z Mokrska (Castellan of Radom), Florian z Korytnicy (Castellan of Wiślica) |
Girdutis (Gierdut) |
 |
Kopacz (Fossor, Krzydłow, Skrzydło, Topacz) | Unknown | Getautas (Getowd) |
 |
Korczak (Cittus, Ciphus, Karpie, Trzy Wręby, Wrębowie, Wręby) | Unknown | Czupa |
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Kot Morski (Cattus Marinus) | Unknown | Vaišnoras Vilgailaitis (Wojsnar Wilkolewicz) |
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Leliwa (Leliwita, Leliwczyk) | Jan z Tarnowa (voivode of Kraków), Jadwiga z Leżenic |
Manvydas (Moniwid) (Voivode of Vilnius) |
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Lis (Bzura, Strępaca, Lisy, Murza, Vulpis) | Krystyn z Kozichgłów (Castellan of Sącz) | Jan Sangailas (Sunigajło) (Castellan of Trakai) |
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Łodzia (Lodzic, Navis, Nawa, Framberg, Fragenbarg, Frymbark) | Mościc ze Stęszewa (Castellan of Poznań) | Mikusz Wilczkowicz |
 |
Łabędź (Cygnus, Junosza, Łabęć, Łabuć, Łambęć, Skrzymno, Skrzynno, Skrzyński) | Dziersław ze Skrzynna ? | Gelgantas (Goligunt) |
 |
Nałęcz (Czarnkowski, Łęczuch, Nałęczyta, Pomłość) | Sędziwoj z Ostroroga (voivode of Poznań), Mikołaj z Czarnkowa (Judge of Poznan) |
Koczan |
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Nowina (Nowiny, Nowińczyk, Wojnia, Zawiasa, Złotogoleńczyk) | Mikołaj z Sepna | Mikołaj Beinoras (Boynar) |
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Odrowąż (Odrzywąs / Odrovons / Odrowonz) | Jan ze Szczekocin (Castellan of Lublin) | Visgirdas (Wyszegerd) |
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Ogończyk (Drogosław, Ogony, Powała, Pogonczyk, Sudkowicz) | Wojciech z Kościola (Castellan of Brzeg), Mikołaj z Taczowa |
Jerzy Sangraw (Sungaila) |
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Oksza (Ascia, Bradacica, Bradacice, Brodacica, Halabarda, Hoksza, Kołda) | Mikołaj z Strzelc (Judge of Sandomierz), Klemens Wątróbka z Strzelc |
Minmantas (Minimod) Sesnikowicz |
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Ossorya (Szarza) | Mikołaj z Korabiowic | Tvirbutas (Twerbut) |
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Paprzyca (Bychawa, Iwiczna, Kuchaba, Kuczawa, Kuczaba, Paprzyca, Rakwicz) | Unknown | Mažtautas (Mosztołd) |
 |
Pierzchała (Kolumna, Column, Pirzchała, Roch, Trzaski) | Piotr z Włoszczowy, (Castellan of Dobrzyn) |
Daukšas (Dauksza) |
 |
Pobóg (Pobodze, Pobog, Pobożaniec, Pobożanie, Pobożan, Pobożenie, Pobożeny) | Jakub Koniecpolski (voivode of Sieradz), Piotr z Kozłowa |
Ralo |
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Pomian (Bawola Głowa, Pomianowicz, Proporczyk) | Jan Pella (Bishop of Włocławek) | Stanisław Sak |
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Poraj (Rosa, Rosa Alba, Róża, Różyc, Stolce, Una Rosa) | Micał z Michałowa (voivode of Sandomierz), Jaka (Judge of Kalisz) |
Mikołaj Bilminas (Bylimin) |
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Półkozic (Osła głowa, Półkoza, Polukozicz, Zebro) | Jan z Rzeszowa (Bishop of Lwów), Jan Ligęza z Bobrku (voivode of Łęczyca), Micha z Bogumiłowic (Castellan of Sandomierz), Jan z Bogumiłowic (Castellan of Czchów), Paweł z Bogumiłowic (judge of Kraków), Marcin z Wrocimowic (Chorąży of Kraków) |
Wołczko Kovaldas (Kukwa) |
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Rawicz (Rawicz, Panna na niedźwiedziu, Ursus, Miedźwiada, Miedźwioda, Niedźwioda, Rawita) | Krystyn z Ostrowa (Castellan of Cracow), Grot z Jankowic (Castellan of Małogojszcz) |
Mingailas (Minigajło, then Minigał) (Castellan of Vilnius) |
 |
Rola (Agricola, Kroje, Rolanin, Rolic, Rolicze) | Jan z Łąkoszyny (Castellan of Łęczyca), Mikołaj z ... |
Danguolis (Dangel) |
 |
Sulima (Oporów, Sulimita) | Stanisław Gamrat z Klimuntowic (Castellan of Połaniec) | Radvila (Rodywił-Radziwiłł), then Radziwiłłowicz |
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Syrokomla (Srokomla, Syrykomla) | Jakub z Kurdwanowa (Bishop of Płock) | Jonas Mingailis (Jan Minigel) |
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Szreniawa (Ocele, Śrzeniawita, Śrzeniawa, Śrzeniewita, Śreniawa) | Jan z Lańcuchowa i Grodziny (Castellan of Zawichost) | Jotautas (Jadat) |
 |
Świnka (Parcaria, Parvus Sus, Porcaria Sus, Świnia głowa) | Unknown | Andrzej Daukantas (Dewknotowicz) |
 |
Topór (Bipenna, Bipennis, Szarża, Wścieklica) | Maciej z Wąsosza (voivode of Kalisz) | Jonas Butrimas (Jan Butrym) z Żyrmonów |
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Trąby (Brzezina, Trąby II, Trąby Odmienne, Tuba) | Mikołaj Trąba (Archbishop of Gniezno) | Kristinas Astikas (Ościk) |
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Trzaska (Biała, Lubiewa, Lubiewo, Trzeska) | Unknown | Vaidilas (Wojdyło) Kuszulowicz |
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Wadwicz (Wadwic) | Jan Mężyk z Dąbrowy | Piotr Mantgirdas (Montygerd, then Montygerdowicz) |
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Wąż (Serpens, Wężyk) | Unknown | Koczan Sukowicz |
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Zadora (Budziszyn, Flamen, Flamma, Płomień, Płomieńczyk) | Zbigniew z Brzezia (Crown Marshall) | Jaunutis Valimantaitis (Jawnuta Wolimuntowicz), voivode of Trakai (from his yonger brother Mykolas Kęsgaila the Kęsgailos family descended) |
 |
Zaremba (Zaręba, Zarębczyc) | Jan z Królikowa (Castellan of Gniezno), Marcin z Kalinowy (Castelan of Sieradz) |
Gintas (Ginet) Konczewicz |
[edit] Notes
[edit] See also
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