United States Disciplinary Barracks

United States Disciplinary Barracks (USDB)

Location	Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
Coordinates	39°22′42.08″N 94°56′07.02″W
Status	Operational
Security class	minimum-maximum security, Supermax
Capacity	515
Population	440
Opened	1874, Rebuilt in 2002
Managed by	United States Army Corrections Command
Director	Colonel James Gray

The United States Disciplinary Barracks (or USDB, popularly known as Leavenworth, or the DB) is a military prison located on Fort Leavenworth, a United States Army post in Kansas.

It is one of three major prisons built on Fort Leavenworth property, the others being the federal United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth is four miles (6 km) south, and the military Midwest Joint Regional Correctional Facility, which opened on 5 October 2010.

It reports to the United States Army Corrections Command. Its commandant usually holds the rank of Colonel.

The USDB is the U.S. military's only maximum-security facility and houses male service members convicted at court-martial for violations of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Only enlisted prisoners with sentences over five years, commissioned officers, and prisoners convicted of offenses related to national security are confined to the USDB. Enlisted prisoners with sentences under five years are housed in smaller facilities, such as the nearby Midwest Joint Regional Correctional Facility or the Marine Corps Brig at Quantico, Virginia.

Corrections personnel at the prison are Army Corrections Specialists (MOS 31E) trained at the U.S. Army Military Police school located at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, as well as Marine and Air Force corrections personnel.

History

First facility

Originally known as the United States Military Prison, the USDB was established by Act of Congress in 1874. Prisoners were used for the majority of construction, which began in 1875 and was completed in 1921. The facility was able to house up to 1,500 prisoners. From 1895 until 1903, prisoners from the USDB were used to construct the nearby United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth until around 400 federal prisoners were moved there to complete the work.

A view of the old United States Disciplinary Barracks dubbed "The Castle" or "Little Top" before it was torn down.

Although work on the two prisons continued at about the same time and they share the same design of a central dome-topped building, the two prisons reflect dramatically different prison concepts.

The original USDB followed the Pennsylvania plan modeling on a layout of the Eastern State Penitentiary where cell blocks radiated out from a central structure. Individual cells were relatively isolated. In contrast, the civilian prison is modeled on the Auburn Correctional Facility in New York reflected a newer concept where prisoners were housed in a large rectangular building where there was a certain amount of communal living.

The original USDB was Fort Leavenworth's biggest and tallest building sitting on top of a hill at the corner of McPherson Avenue and Scott Avenue overlooking the Missouri River. The largest buildings of the original barracks ("The Castle") were torn down in 2004. The old domed building was nicknamed "Little Top" in contrast to the domed federal prison two miles (3 km) north which was nicknamed the "Big Top.". The walls and 10 of the buildings in the original location remain—including Pope Hall—have been converted or are in the process of being converted to other uses at the Fort. The prison's original commandant's house still remains.

The original prison was 12 acres (49,000 m²). Its walls were 16 to 41 feet (12 m) high.^{[citation needed]}

Gail Dillon of the Airman magazine said in 2002 that "A visitor would immediately notice the medieval ambiance of this institution – the well-worn native stone and brick walls constructed by long-forgotten inmates when "hard labor" meant exactly that have witnessed thousands of inmates' prayers, curses and pleas over the past 128 years" and that entering the facility was "like stepping back in time or suddenly being part of a kitschy movie set about a prison bust."

Current facility

The newer United States Disciplinary Barracks completed in 2002.

A new state-of-the-art, 515-bed, USDB became operational in September 2002, replacing the old stone wall and brick castle.

The new barracks opened at a cost of $67.8 million and is about a mile north of the original barracks. It is on 51 acres (210,000 m²) on the site of the former USDB Farm Colony and is enclosed by two separate 14-foot (4.3 m) high fences. There are three housing units each of which can accommodate up to 142. The units described as "pods" are two-tiered triangular shaped domiciles. The cells in the new facility have solid doors and a window. There are no bars. The new facility is said to be much quieter than the old one and is preferred by inmates. Colonel Colleen L. McGuire, the first female commandant of the USDB, said in 2002 that the new facility is "much more efficient in design and layout – much brighter and lighter."

The new prison reflects current prison design of smaller low-rise separate buildings where prisoners can be more easily isolated from the general population. The USDB has continuously been accredited from the American Correctional Association (ACA) since 1988.

In 2009, the Barracks along with the Standish Maximum Correctional Facility in Michigan are being considered for relocation of 220 prisoners from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. Kansas officials including both U.S. Senators have objected to the transfer with Pat Roberts saying the transfer would require the that 2,000 privately-owned acres around the fort would need to be acquired by the use of eminent domain to establish a stand-off zone because the prison is on the perimeter of the fort.

Cemetery

Main article: Fort Leavenworth Military Prison Cemetery

Deceased prisoners who are not claimed by their family members are buried near the original USDB. There were 300 graves dating from between approximately 1894 and 1957, 56 of which are unmarked and 14 more that belong to German prisoners of war executed for the murder of fellow POWs. The German soldiers were executed over a two day period in 1945.

Sign at the Prison Cemetery.

Capital punishment

See also: Capital punishment by the United States military

The USDB houses the U.S. military's male death row inmates. Since 1945, there have been 21 executions at the USDB, including fourteen German prisoners of war executed in 1945 for murder. The last execution by the U.S. Military was the hanging of Army PFC John A. Bennett, on April 13, 1961, for the rape and attempted murder of an 11-year-old Austrian girl. Bennett's execution took place four years after it was approved by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. All executions at the USDB thus far have been by hanging, but lethal injection has been specified as the military's current mode of execution. As of June 2011, there are six inmates on death row at the USDB, the most recent addition being Andrew P. Witt, the only Air Force member currently on the USDB death row.

The execution of Army Pvt. Ronald A. Gray, who has been on military death row since 1988, was approved by President George W. Bush on July 28, 2008. Gray was convicted of the rape, two murders and an attempted murder of three women, two of them Army soldiers and the third a civilian taxi driver whose body was found on the post at Fort Bragg. On 26 November 2008, a federal judge granted Gray a stay of execution to allow time for further appeals.

The death row is located in an isolated corridor.

Selected inmates

John T. Neufeld, World War I inmate.

Death row

• Hasan Akbar

Non-death row

• William Calley – In connection with My Lai Massacre
• Charles Graner – Convicted of prisoner abuse in connection with the 2003–2004 Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal.
• John T. Neufeld was a World War I era Mennonite conscientious objector sentenced to 15 years hard labor in the Disciplinary Barracks. Neufeld was paroled to do dairy work and released after serving five months of his sentence.
• Jonathan Wells, who later wrote Icons of Evolution which criticized the teaching of evolution in American schools, served 18 months for refusing military service during the Vietnam war.

Incidents

• August 12, 2010 - Two inmates overpowered a guard in the Special Housing Unit where inmates are locked up 23 hours a day. They then were joined by 11 others. A special tactics unit took control of the Unit and freed the guard. Several inmates and one rescuer sustained non-life threatening injuries in the incident. This was the first such incident in the new prison.
• May 12, 1992 - 300 inmates refused lockdown in the old prison. The uprising was put down by 150 correction officers.
• August 17, 1988 - Inmate David Newman escaped after hiding in Pope Hall while on Wood Shop Detail. He assembled a ladder, kicked out a window and climbed over the wall between Towers 3 and 4. He was captured four days later in Kansas City. Following the escape bars were placed on the windows of all buildings within the complex and interior chain link with razor wire top guard was placed between the buildings and the exterior stone walls.
• 1918 - Joseph and Michael Hofer, two Christian pacifists who were drafted to serve in World War I, died at Fort Leavenworth after refusing to enlist or wear uniforms. They were held in solitary confinement, beaten, and starved to death.

In popular culture

• The Last Castle is a 2001 drama film directed by Rod Lurie, starring Robert Redford and James Gandolfini, which portrays a struggle between inmates and the warden of the United States Disciplinary Barracks.

Gallery

• 

  Historical view of the USDB – Note date above double doors – 1877.

• 

  Headstone of a German prisoner.

• 

  Prison cell.

See also

• List of individuals executed by the United States military
• List of U.S. military prisons

External links

• U.S. Disciplinary Barracks Official Website