Emergency Banking Act
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The Emergency Banking Act (also known as the Emergency Banking Relief Act) was an act of the United States Congress spearheaded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. It was passed on March 9, 1933. The act allowed a plan that would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.
On March 5, 1933, the day after Roosevelt's inauguration, he called a special session of Congress which instituted a mandatory four-day bank holiday. This act provided for the reopening of banks after federal inspectors had declared them to be financially secure.
The bill also gave the Secretary of the Treasury, William Hartman Woodin, the authority through an amendment to the Trading with the Enemy Act to confiscate the gold of private citizens beyond the value of approximately $1700 in 2009 dollars (excluding dentists' and jewelers' gold and "rare and unusual" coins) in exchange for dollars. No one was successfully prosecuted under the act for failing to turn over gold, and the few prosecutions that occurred in the 1930s for gold hoarding were executed under different statutes.
Within 3 days of the act's passage, 5,000 banks had passed inspection and were reopened. Roughly two-thirds of U.S. banks quickly reopened under this act, and faith in banking institutions was somewhat restored. After the banks had reopened, for the first time after the Stock Market Crash, banks had more deposits than withdrawals
This act was a temporary solution to a major problem. The 1933 Banking Act passed later that year presented elements of a more permanent solution, including formation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
