United States presidential election, 1880

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United States presidential election, 1880
United States
1876 ←
 November 2, 1880
 → 1884
All 369 electoral votes of the Electoral College
185 electoral votes needed to win
  JamesGarfield.png WinfieldScottHancock.png
Nominee James A. Garfield Winfield S. Hancock
Party Republican Democratic
Home state Ohio Pennsylvania
Running mate Chester A. Arthur William H. English
Electoral vote 214 155
States carried 19 19
Popular vote 4,446,158 4,444,260
Percentage 48.3% 48.2%
United States presidential election in Alabama, 1880 United States presidential election in Arkansas, 1880 United States presidential election in California, 1880 United States presidential election in Colorado, 1880 United States presidential election in Connecticut, 1880 United States presidential election in Delaware, 1880 United States presidential election in Florida, 1880 United States presidential election in Georgia, 1880 United States presidential election in Illinois, 1880 United States presidential election in Indiana, 1880 United States presidential election in Iowa, 1880 United States presidential election in Kansas, 1880 United States presidential election in Kentucky, 1880 United States presidential election in Louisiana, 1880 United States presidential election in Maine, 1880 United States presidential election in Maryland, 1880 United States presidential election in Massachusetts, 1880 United States presidential election in Michigan, 1880 United States presidential election in Minnesota, 1880 United States presidential election in Mississippi, 1880 United States presidential election in Missouri, 1880 United States presidential election in Nebraska, 1880 United States presidential election in Nevada, 1880 United States presidential election in New Hampshire, 1880 United States presidential election in New Jersey, 1880 United States presidential election in New York, 1880 United States presidential election in North Carolina, 1880 United States presidential election in Ohio, 1880 United States presidential election in Oregon, 1880 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, 1880 United States presidential election in Rhode Island, 1880 United States presidential election in South Carolina, 1880 United States presidential election in Tennessee, 1880 United States presidential election in Texas, 1880 United States presidential election in Vermont, 1880 United States presidential election in Virginia, 1880 United States presidential election in West Virginia, 1880 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, 1880 United States presidential election in Delaware, 1880 United States presidential election in Maryland, 1880 United States presidential election in New Hampshire, 1880 United States presidential election in New Jersey, 1880 United States presidential election in Massachusetts, 1880 United States presidential election in Connecticut, 1880 United States presidential election in West Virginia, 1880 United States presidential election in Vermont, 1880 United States presidential election in Rhode Island, 1880ElectoralCollege1880.svg
About this image
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Hancock/English, Red denotes those won by Garfield/Arthur. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election

Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican

 Elected President

James A. Garfield
Republican

The United States presidential election of 1880 was the 24th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1880. It was largely seen as a referendum on the end of Reconstruction in Southern states carried out by the Republicans. There were no other pressing issues of the day except for tariff policy, with the Republicans supporting higher tariffs and the Democrats supporting lower ones.

Incumbent President Rutherford B. Hayes did not seek re-election, keeping a promise made during the 1876 campaign. The Republican Party eventually chose another Ohioan, James A. Garfield, as their standard-bearer. The Democratic Party meanwhile chose Civil War General Winfield Scott Hancock as their nominee.

Despite capturing fewer than 2,000 more popular votes than Hancock, Garfield was easily elected with 214 of the 369 electoral votes available. It is to date the smallest popular vote victory in American history. This election is also notable as marking the only occasion thus far in which a sitting Representative, Garfield, was elected President of the United States.

Contents

Nominations[edit]

Republican Party nomination[edit]

Main article: 1880 Republican National Convention

Republican candidates:

Garfield/Arthur campaign poster

While President Hayes did not seek re-nomination, former President Ulysses S. Grant, who served between 1869 and 1877, openly sought nomination to a third term. He was indeed the front-runner going into the Republican Party convention in Chicago held on June 2–8. Grant's opponents supported a number of other candidates, including James G. Blaine of Maine and Ohio's John Sherman. James A. Garfield, who was representing the Ohio delegation, gave a major speech in support of Sherman, but soon found himself among those receiving delegate votes. On the 36th ballot, Garfield garnered 399 delegate votes, surpassing Grant (who had 306), Blaine (42), and Sherman to win the nomination. After Levi P. Morton backed out of the nomination to avoid a dispute, Chester A. Arthur (a close friend to powerful New York Senator Roscoe Conkling) was subsequently chosen as Garfield's running mate by a large margin over Elihu B. Washburne. The convention is noteworthy as it was the first at which delegates cast votes for an African-American, Blanche Bruce. This convention took more ballots to choose its party's nominee for president than any other Republican convention.

Presidential Ballot
Ballot 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
Ulysses S. Grant 304 305 305 305 - - 305 306 308 305 305 304 305 305 309 306 303 305 305 308
James G. Blaine 284 282 282 281 - - 281 284 282 282 281 283 285 285 281 283 284 283 279 276
John Sherman 93 94 93 95 - - 94 91 90 92 93 92 89 89 88 88 90 91 96 93
George F. Edmunds 34 32 32 32 - - 32 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31
Elihu B. Washburne 30 31 31 31 - - 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 35 36 36 36 35 32 35
William Windom 10 10 10 10 - - 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
James A. Garfield 0 1 1 1 - - 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Benjamin Harrison 0 0 1 0 - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rutherford B. Hayes 0 0 0 0 - - 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
George W. McCrary 0 0 0 0 - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Edmund J. Davis 0 0 0 0 - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
John F. Hartranft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Presidential Ballot
Ballot 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th
Ulysses S. Grant 305 305 - - 302 303 306 307 305 306 308 309 309 312 313 306
James G. Blaine 276 275 - - 281 280 277 279 278 279 276 270 276 275 257 42
John Sherman 96 97 - - 94 93 93 91 116 120 118 117 110 107 99 3
George F. Edmunds 31 31 - - 31 31 31 31 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 0
Elihu B. Washburne 35 35 - - 35 36 36 35 35 33 37 44 44 30 23 5
William Windom 10 10 - - 10 10 10 10 7 4 3 3 4 4 3 0
James A. Garfield 1 1 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 17 50 399
John F. Hartranft 1 1 - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Philip H. Sheridan 0 0 - - 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Roscoe Conkling 0 0 - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Vice Presidential Ballot
Chester A. Arthur 468
Elihu B. Washburne 193
Marshall Jewell 44
Horace Maynard 30
Blanche Bruce 8
James L. Alcorn 4
Edmund J. Davis 2
Thomas Settle 1
Stewart L. Woodford 1

Democratic Party nomination[edit]

Main article: 1880 Democratic National Convention

Democratic candidates:

Candidates gallery[edit]

At the Democratic national convention in Cincinnati on June 22–24, 1880, Winfield Scott Hancock emerged as the leading candidate after Samuel J. Tilden of New York withdrew his name from consideration.

The Pennsylvanian who nominated Hancock said, "I present to the Convention one who on the battlefield was styled 'the superb,' yet whose first act when in command of Louisiana and Texas was to salute the Constitution by proclaiming that, 'the military rule shall ever be subservient to the civil power.' I nominated one whose name will suppress all faction and thrill the republic."[1]

Hancock/English campaign poster

On the first ballot, Hancock led with 171 votes to 153.5 for Thomas F. Bayard of Delaware, 81 for Henry B. Payne of Ohio, 68.5 for Allen G. Thurman of Ohio, 65 for Stephen J. Field of California, 62 for William R. Morrison of Illinois, 49.5 for Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana, and the rest scattered. On the next ballot, Tilden supporters pushed Samuel J. Randall of Pennsylvania to second place with 128.5 votes, but Hancock held such a commanding lead with 320 votes that masses of delegates bolted to him before the second ballot was recorded, giving him 705 votes and the nomination.

The motion to have Hancock's nomination be declared unanimous was carried unanimously.[2]

William Hayden English, an anti-Greenback Indiana banker, was unanimously declared the candidate for vice-president without a formal ballot after the name of Richard M. Bishop was withdrawn from consideration.[3] Historian Emma Lou Thornbrough suggests that, following the uncontested nomination of English as the vice-presidential candidate, the Democratic infatuation with the money question in Indiana ceased and "a political era had ended."[4]

Presidential Ballot
1st 2nd Before Shifts 2nd After Shifts Unanimous
Winfield Scott Hancock 171 320 705 738
Thomas F. Bayard 153.5 112 2
Henry B. Payne 81 0 0
Allen G. Thurman 68.5 50 0
Stephen J. Field 64.5 65.5 0
William R. Morrison 62 0 0
Thomas A. Hendricks 49.5 31 30
Samuel J. Tilden 38 6 0
Thomas Ewing, Jr. 10 0 0
Horatio Seymour 8 0 0
Samuel J. Randall 6 128.5 0
W.A.H. Loveland 5 0 0
Joseph E. McDonald 2 0 0
George B. McClellan 2 0 0
Jeremiah Black 1 0 0
James E. English 1 19 0
Hugh J. Jewett 1 1 0
Lothrop 1 0 0
Joel Parker 1 2 0
Abstaining 11.5 3 0

Source: Official Proceedings of the National Democratic Convention Held in Cincinnati, O., June 22d, 23d, and 24th, 1880. (September 3, 2012).

Vice Presidential Ballot
Unanimous
William Hayden English 738

Source: Official Proceedings of the National Democratic Convention Held in Cincinnati, O., June 22d, 23d, and 24th, 1880. (September 3, 2012).

Greenback Party nomination[edit]

Main article: 1880 Greenback Party National Convention

Greenback candidates:

Candidates gallery[edit]

Dissatisfied with the fiscal policies of both parties, the Greenback Party, a minor force in the 1876 election, returned with James B. Weaver as its presidential nominee and Benjamin J. Chambers as his running mate.

Presidential Ballot
Ballot 1st
James B. Weaver 718
Hendrick B. Wright 126.5
Stephen D. Dillaye 119
Benjamin F. Butler 95
Solon Chase 89
Edward Phelps Allis 41
Alexander Campbell 21

Source: US President - G Convention. Our Campaigns. (February 9, 2012).

Vice Presidential Ballot
Ballot 1st
Benjamin J. Chambers 403
Absolom M. West 311

Prohibition Party nomination[edit]

At the 3rd Prohibition Party National Convention, Neal Dow was nominated for president. Henry Adams Thompson was nominated for vice-president.

Just before the national election, major national newspapers reported incorrectly that Dow was dropping out of the race and endorsing Garfield. It is thought that these reports resulted in Dow's poor showing (he won only 9,674 votes).[5]

American Party nomination[edit]

The distrust of the Masonic movement had led to the creation of a new nativist political party that revived the old name of the American Party. Former Civil War general John W. Phelps, the head of the Vermont Anti-Masonic movement, was nominated for president and former Kansas senator Samuel C. Pomeroy was nominated for vice-president.

General election[edit]

Campaign[edit]

Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of red are for Garfield (Republican), shades of blue are for Hancock (Democratic), shades of green are for Weaver (Greenback-Labor), shades of purple are for Hancock (Readjuster Democratic), and shades of orange are for "Scattering" (Non-Democratic/Non-Republican/Non-Greenback-Labor).
Political cartoon

Democrats began by attacking the contested 1876 election, with Republicans bringing up the Civil War again, but the campaign soon shifted to personality. Garfield campaigned as a hard-working, self-made man. Republicans avoided direct attacks on Hancock, who was widely respected for his service at Gettysburg, but claimed that the general would act as a figurehead for corrupt Democrats,[6] like the ones who tried to defame Garfield with the Morey letter. The Democrats campaigned on Republican corruption, attacking Garfield and especially his running mate Arthur.

The end of the effects of the Panic of 1873 combined with a well-funded and well-run campaign gave the advantage to Garfield.

Results[edit]

Of the 2,320 counties/independent cities making returns, Hancock won in 1,242 (53.53%) while Garfield carried 1,061 (45.73%). In Virginia, nine counties (0.39%) recorded more votes cast for the "Readjuster Democratic" ticket than either of the two-party candidates. Six counties (0.26%) spread across four states recorded a Weaver victory while one county (0.04%) in Arkansas recorded more votes cast for "Scattering" (Non-Democratic/Non-Republican/Non-Greenback-Labor). One county (0.04%) in Indiana split evenly between Hancock and Garfield.

Two Democratic Electoral Tickets were nominated, one by the debt-paying, the other by the "Readjuster" or anti-debt paying faction of the party in Virginia. The "Readjuster" ticket carried 9 counties and received 31,527 votes for 14.89% of the vote.[7]

The merge with the Socialist Labor had broadened the Greenback base. Even though Weaver failed to capture a single electoral vote in this election, the Greenback Labor Party won 6 counties in Iowa (Weaver's homestate), Texas (Chambers' homestate), Missouri, and Mississippi.

The popular vote at the county level shows that the Democratic Party had a county-level base in the Republican North, Midwest, and West. The Hancock-led Democrats won far more counties (53.5%) than the victorious Republican Party (45.7%). Thus, the Republican Party, even after the Compromise of 1877, had a county base in the South, but it was a much smaller presence than the one that the Democratic Party had in the North. It had dwindled since the 1876 election, particularly in South Carolina.

From the analysis of the county-level map data, there are several major indicators. The Democratic Party at the count level was multi-regional, while the Republican Party was essentially uni-regional, with scattered support in other regions. The Democrats' county-level victories seem to have come from sparsely populated counties, the Republicans' in more densely populated counties.[8] This would explain Hancock's narrow popular vote loss to Garfield despite carrying many more counties.

Although Hancock lost the popular vote by fewer than 1,900 votes, "The Hero of Gettysburg" did carry Adams County, Pennsylvania, with 53.9% of the vote.

Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral
vote		 Running mate
Count Pct Vice-presidential candidate Home state Elect. vote
James A. Garfield Republican Ohio 4,453,337 48.31% 214(b) Chester A. Arthur New York 214(b)
Winfield Scott Hancock Democratic Pennsylvania 4,444,267 48.22% 155(a) William Hayden English Indiana 155(a)
James B. Weaver Greenback Iowa 306,135 3.32% 0 Benjamin J. Chambers Texas 0
Neal S. Dow Prohibition Maine 10,269 0.11% 0 Henry Adams Thompson Ohio 0
John W. Phelps American Vermont 631 0.01% 0 Samuel C. Pomeroy Kansas 0
Other 2,771 0.03% — Other —
Total 9,217,410 100% 369 369
Needed to win 185 185

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1880 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (July 27, 2005).

Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (July 31, 2005).

(a) See "Georgia's vote" below.
(b) See "California's vote" below.

Popular vote
Garfield
  
 48.31%
Hancock
  
 48.22%
Weaver
  
 3.32%
Others
  
 0.15%
Electoral vote
Garfield
  
 57.99%
Hancock
  
 42.01%

  • Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Results by state[edit]

[9]

States won by Garfield/Arthur
States won by Hancock/English
James Garfield
Republican		 Winfield Hancock
Democratic		 James Weaver
Greenback		 Neal Dow
Prohibition		 Margin State Total
State electoral
votes		 #  % electoral
votes		 #  % electoral
votes		 #  % electoral
votes		 #  % electoral
votes		 #  % #
Alabama 10 56,350 37.10 - 91,130 59.99 10 4,422 2.91 - - - - -34,780 -22.90 151,902 AL
Arkansas 6 41,661 38.66 - 60,489 56.13 6 4,079 3.78 - - - - -18,828 -17.47 107,772 AR
California 6 80,282 48.89 1 80,426 48.98 5 3,381 2.06 - 54 0.03 - -144 -0.09 164,218 CA
Colorado 3 27,450 51.26 3 24,647 46.03 - 1,435 2.68 - - - - 2,803 5.23 53,546 CO
Connecticut 6 67,071 50.51 6 64,411 48.50 - 868 0.65 - 409 0.31 - 2,660 2.00 132,798 CT
Delaware 3 14,148 48.03 - 15,181 51.53 3 129 0.44 - - - - -1,033 -3.51 29,458 DE
Florida 4 23,654 45.83 - 27,964 54.17 4 - - - - - - -4,310 -8.35 51,618 FL
Georgia 11 54,470 34.59 - 102,981 65.41 11 - - - - - - -48,511 -30.81 157,451 GA
Illinois 21 318,036 51.11 21 277,321 44.56 - 26,358 4.24 - 440 0.07 - 40,715 6.54 622,305 IL
Indiana 15 232,164 49.33 15 225,522 47.91 - 12,986 2.76 - - - - 6,642 1.41 470,672 IN
Iowa 11 183,904 56.99 11 105,845 32.80 - 32,327 10.02 - 592 0.18 - 78,059 24.19 322,668 IA
Kansas 5 121,549 60.40 5 59,801 29.72 - 19,851 9.86 - 10 0.00 - 61,748 30.68 201,236 KS
Kentucky 12 106,490 39.87 - 148,875 55.74 12 11,506 4.31 - 233 0.09 - -42,385 -15.87 267,104 KY
Louisiana 8 38,978 37.31 - 65,047 62.27 8 437 0.42 - - - - -26,069 -24.96 104,462 LA
Maine 7 74,052 51.46 7 65,211 45.32 - 4,409 3.06 - 92 0.06 - 8,841 6.14 143,903 ME
Maryland 8 78,515 45.59 - 93,706 54.41 8 - - - - - - -15,191 -8.82 172,221 MD
Massachusetts 13 165,198 58.53 13 111,720 39.58 - 4,548 1.61 - 682 0.24 - 53,478 18.95 282,265 MA
Michigan 11 185,335 52.49 11 131,597 37.27 - 34,895 9.88 - 940 0.27 - 53,738 15.22 353,079 MI
Minnesota 5 93,902 62.28 5 53,315 35.36 - 3,267 2.17 - 286 0.19 - 40,587 26.92 150,770 MN
Mississippi 8 34,844 29.76 - 75,750 64.71 8 5,797 4.95 - - - - -40,906 -34.94 117,068 MS
Missouri 15 153,647 38.67 - 208,600 52.51 15 35,042 8.82 - - - - -54,953 -13.83 397,289 MO
Nebraska 3 54,979 62.87 3 28,523 32.62 - 3,950 4.52 - - - - 26,456 30.25 87,452 NE
Nevada 3 8,732 47.60 - 9,613 52.40 3 - - - - - - -881 -4.80 18,345 NV
New Hampshire 5 44,856 51.94 5 40,797 47.24 - 528 0.61 - 180 0.21 - 4,059 4.70 86,361 NH
New Jersey 9 120,555 49.02 - 122,565 49.84 9 2,617 1.06 - 191 0.08 - -2,010 -0.82 245,928 NJ
New York 35 555,544 50.32 35 534,511 48.42 - 12,373 1.12 - 1,517 0.14 - 21,033 1.91 1,103,945 NY
North Carolina 10 115,616 47.98 - 124,204 51.55 10 1,126 0.47 - - - - -8,588 -3.56 240,946 NC
Ohio 22 375,048 51.73 22 340,821 47.01 - 6,456 0.89 - 2,616 0.36 - 34,227 4.72 724,967 OH
Oregon 3 20,619 50.51 3 19,955 48.88 - 249 0.61 - - - - 664 1.63 40,823 OR
Pennsylvania 29 444,704 50.84 29 407,428 46.57 - 20,668 2.36 - 1,939 0.22 - 37,276 4.26 874,783 PA
Rhode Island 4 18,195 62.24 4 10,779 36.87 - 236 0.81 - 20 0.07 - 7,416 25.37 29,235 RI
South Carolina 7 57,954 34.13 - 111,236 65.51 7 567 0.33 - - - - -53,282 -31.38 169,793 SC
Tennessee 12 107,677 44.26 - 129,569 53.26 12 6,017 2.47 - - - - -21,892 -9.00 243,263 TN
Texas 8 57,893 23.95 - 156,428 64.71 8 27,405 11.34 - - - - -98,535 -40.76 241,726 TX
Vermont 5 45,091 69.81 5 18,182 28.15 - 1,212 1.88 - - - - 26,909 41.66 64,594 VT
Virginia 11 83,533 39.47 - 128,083 60.53 11 - - - - - - -44,550 -21.05 211,616 VA
West Virginia 5 46,243 41.05 - 57,390 50.95 5 9,008 8.00 - - - - -11,147 -9.90 112,641 WV
Wisconsin 10 144,398 54.04 10 114,644 42.91 - 7,986 2.99 - 68 0.03 - 29,754 11.14 267,187 WI
TOTALS: 369 4,453,337 48.31 214 4,444,267 48.22 155 306,135 3.32 - 10,269 0.11 - 9,070 0.10 9,217,410 US

Close states[edit]

Margin of victory less than 5% (146 electoral votes):

  1. California, 0.09%
  2. New Jersey, 0.82%
  3. Indiana, 1.41%
  4. Oregon, 1.63%
  5. New York, 1.91%
  6. Connecticut, 2.00%
  7. Delaware, 3.51%
  8. North Carolina, 3.56%
  9. Pennsylvania, 4.26%
  10. New Hampshire, 4.70%
  11. Ohio, 4.72%
  12. Nevada, 4.80%

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (60 electoral votes):

  1. Colorado, 5.23%
  2. Maine, 6.14%
  3. Illinois, 6.54%
  4. Florida, 8.35%
  5. Maryland, 8.82%
  6. Tennessee, 9.00%
  7. West Virginia, 9.90%


Geography of Results[edit]

Cartographic Gallery[edit]

  • Map of presidential election results by county.

  • Map of Republican presidential election results by county.

  • Map of Democratic presidential election results by county.

  • Map of "other" presidential election results by county.

  • Cartogram of presidential election results by county.

  • Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county.

  • Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county.

  • Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county.


Georgia's vote[edit]

According to Article II, Section 1, clause 3 of the Constitution, "The Congress may determine the Time of choosing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States." In 1792, Congress had set the date for the Electoral College to vote at the first Wednesday in December, and it was still set to that day in 1880, when it fell on December 1. However, Georgia's electors failed to cast their ballots on December 1, instead voting on the following Wednesday, December 8. Congress chose to count Georgia's vote in the official tally, but it is arguable that Georgia's electoral vote was constitutionally invalid, and thus that Hancock's electoral vote should have been 144, not 155.

California's vote[edit]

In this year, California's electoral votes were split between the two candidates, with Garfield getting one and Hancock getting five, giving Garfield nineteen states plus one electoral vote. It is speculated that Garfield lost electoral votes in California due to a letter written by Senator James G. Blaine, Garfield's primary supporter, before the election that allegedly favored Chinese immigration. Many in the western states were against Chinese immigration, claiming that the Chinese were limiting the growth of the Pacific coast.[10]

Notably, Garfield won the presidency without simultaneously winning California. No Republican presidential candidate managed to reproduce this feat until George W. Bush in 2000, 120 years later.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ They Also Ran
  2. ^ Official Proceedings of the National Democratic Convention Held in Cincinnati, O., June 22d, 23d, and 24th, 1880 (Pg. 118)
  3. ^ Official Proceedings of the National Democratic Convention Held in Cincinnati, O., June 22d, 23d, and 24th, 1880 (Pg. 137)
  4. ^ Emma Lou Thornbrough, Indiana in the Civil War Era, pg. 317.
  5. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=352151
  6. ^ Harp Week
  7. ^ An American Almanac and Treasury of Facts, Statistical, Financial, and Political, for the year 1882., Ainsworth R. Spofford, http://books.google.com/books?id=vOwbAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false (pg. 267)
  8. ^ Presidential Elections, 1789-2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data, Donald R. Deskins, Jr., Hanes Walton, Jr., and Sherman C. Puckett, pg. 222-223
  9. ^ "1880 Presidential General Election Data - National". Retrieved May 7, 2013. 
  10. ^ League, American Tariff (May 30, 1919). The Tariff review, Volumes 63-64. p. 344. Retrieved 2010-05-23. 

External links[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

  • Ackerman, Kenneth D. Dark Horse: The Surprise Election and Political Murder of President James A. Garfield (2003), 551pp excerpt and text search
  • Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1880 (1881), large compendium of facts, covers every state online
  • Barlow, William R. "Cincinnati Hosts the Democrats in 1880,: Cincinnati Historical Society Bulletin, 1964, Vol. 22 Issue 3, pp 145-161, the national convention
  • Clancy, Herbert J. The Presidential election of 1880 (1958), standard scholarly narrative
  • Joens, David. "Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois, and the Election of 1880," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Dec 2004, Vol. 97 Issue 4, pp 310–330
  • Jordan, David A. Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life. (1989)
  • Lause, Mark A. The Civil War's Last Campaign: James B. Weaver, the Greenback-Labor Party and the Politics of Race and Section (2001)
  • Morgan, H. Wayne. From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877-1896 (1969) online edition
  • Peskin, Allan. "The Election of 1880," Wilson Quarterly, Spring 1980, Vol. 4 Issue 2, pp 172–181
  • Peskin, Allan. Garfield: A Biography, (1978). ISBN 0-87338-210-2 dexcerpt and text search
  • Phillipp, Ernest Joseph. The presidential election of 1880 (1917), old scholarship complete text online
  • Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. ed. History of American Presidential Elections. 4 vols. (1971). vol. 2 covers 1880
  • Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Party Games: Getting, Keeping, and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics (2003) excerpt and text search
  • Taylor, John M. "General Hancock: Soldier of the Gilded Age," . Pennsylvania History, Spring 1965, Vol. 32 Issue 2, pp187–196, on Hancock as politician

Navigation[edit]
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