United States presidential election, 1916

"1916 presidential election" redirects here. For the elections in Guatemala and Panama that year, see Guatemalan presidential election, 1916 and Panamanian presidential election, 1916.

United States presidential election, 1916

1912 ← November 7, 1916 → 1920

531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win   Nominee Woodrow Wilson Charles E. Hughes Party Democratic Republican Home state New Jersey New York Running mate Thomas R. Marshall Charles W. Fairbanks Electoral vote 277 254 States carried 30 18 Popular vote 9,126,868 8,548,728 Percentage 49.2% 46.1%

Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Hughes/Fairbanks, Blue denotes those won by Wilson/Marshall. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.

President before election Woodrow Wilson Democratic Elected President Woodrow Wilson Democratic

The United States presidential election of 1916 was the 33rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1916. Incumbent President Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic candidate, was pitted against Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes, the Republican candidate. After a hard-fought contest, Wilson defeated Hughes by nearly 600,000 votes in the popular vote and secured a narrow Electoral College margin by winning several swing states by razor-thin margins. As a result, Wilson became the first Democratic president since Andrew Jackson to be elected to two consecutive terms of office.

The election took place while Europe was embroiled in World War I. Public sentiment in the still neutral United States leaned towards the British and French (Allied) forces, due to the harsh treatment of civilians by the German Army, which had invaded and occupied large parts of Belgium and northern France. However, despite their sympathy with the Allied forces, most American voters wanted to avoid involvement in the war, and preferred to continue a policy of neutrality. Wilson's campaign used the popular slogan "He kept us out of war" to appeal to those voters who wanted to avoid a war in Europe or with Mexico. The progressive Hughes also criticized Wilson for not taking the "necessary preparations" to face a conflict, which served to strengthen Wilson's image as an anti-war candidate. The Republicans had supported a moderate interventionist policy under the previous three administrations, while no Democratic president had presided over a major war since James Knox Polk.

Despite the narrow margin of his win, the 1916 election saw an increase in Wilson's popular vote from his election in 1912, when he won in a landslide in the Electoral College. Wilson accomplished this due to the split in the Republican vote in 1912 between William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt, the former Republican president who was running as an independent. In 1916 conservative and progressive Republicans were largely united under the moderate Hughes in their bid to oust Wilson, however Wilson attracted many voters who had earlier suported Roosevelt. It is one of only three elections in which a nominee was elected president without the support of his state of residence (New Jersey). The other two were James Knox Polk (Tennessee, 1844) and Richard Nixon (New York, 1968). Wilson, however, did win his state of birth (Virginia), just like Nixon (born in California), but unlike Polk (born in North Carolina).

Nominations

Republican Party nomination

Main article: 1916 Republican National Convention

Republican candidates:

• Charles Evans Hughes, U.S. Supreme Court Justice and former Governor of New York
• John W. Weeks, U.S. senator from Massachusetts
• Elihu Root, former U.S. senator from New York
• Charles W. Fairbanks, former Vice President of the United States from Indiana
• Albert B. Cummins, U.S. senator from Iowa
• Theodore E. Burton, former U.S. senator from Ohio

Candidates gallery

• 

  U.S. Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes of New York

• 

  Senator John W. Weeks of Massachusetts

• 

  Former Senator Elihu Root of New York

• 

  Former Vice President Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana

• 

  Senator Albert B. Cummins of Iowa

• 

  Former Senator Theodore E. Burton of Ohio

Republican National Convention

The 1916 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago between June 7 and June 10. A major goal of the party's bosses at the convention was to heal the bitter split within the party that had occurred in the 1912 presidential campaign. In that year, Theodore Roosevelt bolted the Republican Party and formed his own political party, the Progressive Party, which attracted most of the Republican liberals. William Howard Taft, the incumbent president, won the nomination of the regular Republican Party. This split in the Republican ranks divided the Republican vote and led to the election of Democrat Woodrow Wilson. Although several candidates were openly competing for the 1916 nomination—most prominently conservative Senator Elihu Root of New York and liberal Senator John W. Weeks of Massachusetts—the party's bosses wanted a moderate who would be acceptable to both factions of the party. They turned to Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes, who had been serving on the court since 1910 and had the advantage of not having publicly spoken about political issues in six years. Although he had not actively sought the nomination, Hughes made it known that he would not turn it down; he won the nomination on the third ballot. Former Vice-President Charles W. Fairbanks was nominated as his running mate. Hughes was the only Supreme Court Justice to be nominated for president by a major political party.

Republican Convention, The Coliseum, Chicago

Ballot	1	2	3
Charles Evans Hughes	253	326	950
John W. Weeks	105	102	2
Elihu Root	103	89	9
Charles W. Fairbanks	89	75	7
Albert B. Cummins	85	77	2
Theodore Roosevelt	81	65	19
Theodore E. Burton	78	69	9
Lawrence Yates Sherman	66	59	5
Philander C. Knox	36	30	6
Henry Ford	32	29	9
Martin Grove Brumbaugh	29	22	2
Robert M. La Follette	25	25	23
William Howard Taft	14	4	0
T. Coleman du Pont	7	13	6
Henry Cabot Lodge	7	2	0
John Wanamaker	5	1	1
Frank B. Willis	1	2	2
William Borah	2	0	2
Warren G. Harding	1	0	1
Samuel W. McCall	0	1	1
Leonard Wood	0	1	1

Democratic Party nomination

Main article: 1916 Democratic National Convention

Democratic candidate:

• Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States from New Jersey

Candidates gallery

• 

  President Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey

Democratic National Convention

The 1916 Democratic National Convention was held in St. Louis, Missouri between June 14 and June 16. Given Wilson's enormous popularity within the party, he was overwhelmingly re-nominated. Vice-President Thomas R. Marshall was also re-nominated with no opposition.

In the campaign Colonel House declined any public role, but was Wilson's top campaign advisor. Hodgson says, "he planned its structure; set its tone; guided its finance; chose speakers, tactics, and strategy; and, not least, handled the campaign's greatest asset and greatest potential liability: its brilliant but temperamental candidate."

Progressive Party nomination

The Progressives re-nominated former President Theodore Roosevelt, but he withdrew from the race and supported Hughes. When Roosevelt refused to be their candidate, the Progressive Party quickly fell apart. Most of its members returned to the Republican Party, although a substantial minority supported Wilson for his efforts in keeping the United States out of World War I. Roosevelt turned down the Progressive nomination for both personal and political reasons. He had become convinced that running for president on a third-party ticket again would merely give the election to the Democrats, a result he was loath to make possible, since he had developed a strong dislike for President Wilson. He believed Wilson was allowing Germany and other warring nations in Europe to "bully" and intimidate the United States.

General election

The fall campaign

See also: American entry into World War I

The Democrats built their campaign around the slogan, "He Kept Us out of War," saying a Republican victory would mean war with both Mexico and Germany. Wilson's position was probably critical in winning the Western states. Charles Evans Hughes insisted on downplaying the war issue. He advocated a program of greater mobilization and preparedness. With Wilson having successfully pressured the Germans to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare, it was difficult for Hughes to attack Wilson's peace platform. Instead, Hughes criticized Wilson's military interventions in Mexico, where the U.S. was supporting various factions in the Mexican civil war. Hughes also attacked Wilson for his support of various "pro-labor" laws (such as limiting the workday to eight hours), on the grounds that they were harmful to business interests. His criticisms gained little traction, however, especially among factory workers who supported such laws. Hughes was helped by the vigorous support of popular former President Theodore Roosevelt, and by the fact that the Republicans were still the nation's majority party at the time. A key mistake by Hughes was made in California. Just before the election, Hughes made a campaign swing through the state, but he never met with the powerful Republican Governor Hiram Johnson to seek his support. Johnson took this as a snub and never gave Hughes his full support.

Results

Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Wilson (Democratic), shades of red are for Hughes (Republican), and shades of green are for "No Candidate" (Progressive).

The result was exceptionally close and the outcome was in doubt for several days, partially because of the wait for returns from California in the west. The electoral vote was one of the closest in American history – with 266 votes needed to win, Wilson took 30 states for 277 electoral votes, while Hughes won 18 states and 254 electoral votes. Wilson was the second of just four presidents in US history to win re-election with a lower percentage of the electoral vote than in their prior elections, following James Madison in 1812. As the electoral college had increased during Madison's first term, but held steady throughout Wilson's, Wilson was also the first of only three to receive fewer total electoral votes. This result would be experienced again only by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944 and Barack Obama in 2012.

The key state proved to be California, which Wilson won by only 3,800 votes out of nearly a million cast. New Hampshire may have not been a deciding state in the election, but the margin of victory for Wilson there was the smallest ever recorded in an American presidential election: 56 votes. If Hughes had carried California and its 13 electoral votes, he would have won the election. A popular legend from the 1916 campaign states that Hughes went to bed on election night thinking that he was the newly-elected president. When a reporter tried to telephone him the next morning to get his reaction to Wilson's comeback, someone (stories vary as to whether this person was his son or a butler or valet) answered the phone and told the reporter that "the president is asleep." The reporter retorted, "When he wakes up, tell him he isn't the president."

Wilson's popular vote margin of 3.1% was the smallest attained by a victorious sitting president until 2004. By defeating Hughes, Woodrow Wilson became the first Democratic president to win a second consecutive term since Andrew Jackson in 1832. Vice-President Thomas R. Marshall also earned the distinction of becoming the first vice-president elected to a second term since John C. Calhoun in 1828.

The total popular vote cast in 1916 exceeded that of 1912 by 3,500,000. The very large total vote was an indication of an aroused public interest in the campaign. It was larger in every section, notably in the East North Central section. Some of this was due to the state extension of suffrage to women. In Illinois, for example, the total vote was 1,000,000 greater than in 1912. It increased by more than 260,000 in Kansas, and in Montana, it more than doubled.

Wilson's vote was 9,126,868, an increase of nearly 3,000,000. There was a gain in every section and in every state. Hughes, the nominee of the united Republican Party, polled more votes by nearly 1,000,000 than had ever been cast for a Republican candidate. In some of the states carried by Wilson, particularly in the South, the margin of popular vote was large. Considering the vote by sections, Wilson ran behind Hughes in New England, the (Northeastern) Mid-Atlantic states, and in the East North Central section. His lead was not great in the West North Central, but was very large in the West South Central and Mountain as well as in the East South Central and South Atlantic sections. 1/2 of Wilson's total vote was cast in the 18 states that he did not carry.

Of the 3,022 counties making returns, Wilson led in 2,039 counties (67.47%). Hughes managed to carry only 976 counties (32.30%), the smallest number in the Republican column in a two-party contest during the Fourth Party System. Two counties (0.07%) split evenly between Wilson and Hughes. Although the Progressive Party had no presidential candidate, just candidates for presidential elector who were unpledged for president, they carried 5 counties (0.17%).

There was a shift of votes to the Democratic Party, at least for this election, which was in locality and degree a novel phenomenon in party voting for the Fourth Party System. Wilson carried 200 counties that had never been Democratic in a two-party contest prior to that time. This shift of votes led some to believe that the Democratic Party might have the position of decided advantage in the election of 1920, a judgment that later proved disastrously wrong.

Wilson was the last Democrat to be elected without ever carrying Minnesota (which Wilson very narrowly lost by a margin of 0.10%; the only other Democrat to do so previously was Grover Cleveland), and the last Democrat to win an election without Massachusetts and Rhode Island (Although he previously won both states in 1912). He was also the last Democrat elected to two terms without carrying Michigan and Pennsylvania either time (Although other Democrats since have won elections without one or both states, they either only served one term or they carried them both in another Presidential election).

Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote		Electoral vote	Running mate
			Count	Pct		Vice-presidential candidate	Home state	Elect. vote
Woodrow Wilson	Democratic	New Jersey	9,126,868	49.24%	277	Thomas R. Marshall	Indiana	277
Charles Evans Hughes	Republican	New York	8,548,728	46.12%	254	Charles W. Fairbanks	Indiana	254
Allan L. Benson	Socialist	New York	590,524	3.19%	0	George Ross Kirkpatrick	New Jersey	0
Frank Hanly	Prohibition	Indiana	221,302	1.19%	0	Ira Landrith	Tennessee	0
No Candidate	Progressive	(n/a)	33,406	0.18%	0	(n/a)	(n/a)	0
Arthur E. Reimer	Socialist Labor	Massachusetts	15,295	0.08%	0	Caleb Harrison	Illinois	0
Other			462	0.00%	—	Other		—
Total			18,536,585	100%	531			531
Needed to win					266			266

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1916 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (July 28, 2005).

Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (July 31, 2005).

Popular vote
Wilson			49.24%
Hughes			46.12%
Benson			3.19%
Hanly			1.19%
Others			0.27%

Electoral vote
Wilson			52.17%
Hughes			47.83%

• 

  Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Results by state

States won by Wilson/Marshall

States won by Hughes/Fairbanks

		Woodrow Wilson Democratic			Charles Evans Hughes Republican			Allan Benson Socialist			James Hanly Prohibition			No Candidate Progressive			Arthur Reimer Socialist Labor			Margin		State Total
State	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	#
Alabama	12	99,409	76.04	12	28,662	21.92	-	1,916	1.47	-	741	0.57	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	70,747	54.12	130,728	AL
Arizona	3	33,170	57.17	3	20,524	35.37	-	3,174	5.47	-	1,153	1.99	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	12,646	21.80	58,021	AZ
Arkansas	9	112,211	65.97	9	48,879	28.73	-	6,999	4.11	-	2,015	1.18	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	63,332	37.23	170,104	AR
California	13	466,289	46.65	13	462,516	46.27	-	42,898	4.29	-	27,713	2.77	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3,773	0.38	999,603	CA
Colorado	6	178,816	60.74	6	102,308	34.75	-	10,049	3.41	-	2,793	0.95	-	409	0.14	-	-	-	-	76,508	25.99	294,375	CO
Connecticut	7	99,786	46.66	-	106,514	49.80	7	5,179	2.42	-	1,789	0.84	-	-	-	-	606	0.28	-	-6,728	-3.15	213,874	CT
Delaware	3	24,753	47.78	-	26,011	50.20	3	480	0.93	-	566	1.09	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-1,258	-2.43	51,810	DE
Florida	6	55,984	69.34	6	14,611	18.10	-	5,353	6.63	-	4,786	5.93	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	41,373	51.25	80,734	FL
Georgia	14	127,754	79.51	14	11,294	7.03	-	941	0.59	-	-	-	-	20,692	12.88	-	-	-	-	107,062	66.63	160,681	GA
Idaho	4	70,054	52.04	4	55,368	41.13	-	8,066	5.99	-	1,127	0.84	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	14,686	10.91	134,615	ID
Illinois	29	950,229	43.34	-	1,152,549	52.56	29	61,394	2.80	-	26,047	1.19	-	-	-	-	2,488	0.11	-	-202,320	-9.23	2,192,707	IL
Indiana	15	334,063	46.47	-	341,005	47.44	15	21,855	3.04	-	16,368	2.28	-	3,898	0.54	-	1,659	0.23	-	-6,942	-0.97	718,848	IN
Iowa	13	218,699	42.55	-	280,439	54.57	13	10,973	2.14	-	3,371	0.66	-	-	-	-	460	0.09	-	-61,740	-12.01	513,942	IA
Kansas	10	314,588	49.95	10	277,658	44.09	-	24,685	3.92	-	12,882	2.05	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	36,930	5.86	629,813	KS
Kentucky	13	269,990	51.91	13	241,854	46.50	-	4,734	0.91	-	3,039	0.58	-	129	0.02	-	332	0.06	-	28,136	5.41	520,078	KY
Louisiana	10	79,875	85.90	10	6,466	6.95	-	292	0.31	-	-	-	-	6,349	6.83	-	-	-	-	73,409	78.95	92,982	LA
Maine	6	64,033	46.97	-	69,508	50.99	6	2,177	1.60	-	596	0.44	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-5,475	-4.02	136,314	ME
Maryland	8	138,359	52.80	8	117,347	44.78	-	2,674	1.02	-	2,903	1.11	-	-	-	-	756	0.29	-	21,012	8.02	262,039	MD
Massachusetts	18	247,885	46.61	-	268,784	50.54	18	11,058	2.08	-	2,993	0.56	-	-	-	-	1,097	0.21	-	-20,899	-3.93	531,823	MA
Michigan	15	286,775	44.05	-	339,097	52.09	15	16,120	2.48	-	8,139	1.25	-	-	-	-	842	0.13	-	-52,322	-8.04	650,973	MI
Minnesota	12	179,152	46.25	-	179,544	46.35	12	20,117	5.19	-	7,793	2.01	-	290	0.07	-	468	0.12	-	-392	-0.10	387,364	MN
Mississippi	10	80,422	92.78	10	4,253	4.91	-	1,484	1.71	-	-	-	-	520	0.60	-	-	-	-	76,169	87.87	86,679	MS
Missouri	18	398,032	50.59	18	369,339	46.94	-	14,612	1.86	-	3,884	0.49	-	-	-	-	902	0.11	-	28,693	3.65	786,769	MO
Montana	4	101,063	56.88	4	66,750	37.57	-	9,564	5.38	-	-	-	-	302	0.17	-	-	-	-	34,313	19.31	177,679	MT
Nebraska	8	158,827	55.28	8	117,771	40.99	-	7,141	2.49	-	2,952	1.03	-	-	-	-	624	0.22	-	41,056	14.29	287,315	NE
Nevada	3	17,776	53.36	3	12,127	36.40	-	3,065	9.20	-	348	1.04	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5,649	16.96	33,316	NV
New Hampshire	4	43,781	49.12	4	43,725	49.06	-	1,318	1.48	-	303	0.34	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	56	0.06	89,127	NH
New Jersey	14	211,018	42.68	-	268,982	54.40	14	10,405	2.10	-	3,182	0.64	-	-	-	-	855	0.17	-	-57,964	-11.72	494,442	NJ
New Mexico	3	33,527	50.20	3	31,152	46.64	-	1,996	2.99	-	112	0.17	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2,375	3.56	66,787	NM
New York	45	759,426	44.51	-	879,238	51.53	45	45,944	2.69	-	19,031	1.12	-	-	-	-	2,666	0.16	-	-119,812	-7.02	1,706,305	NY
North Carolina	12	168,383	58.10	12	120,890	41.71	-	509	0.18	-	55	0.02	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	47,493	16.39	289,837	NC
North Dakota	5	55,206	47.84	5	53,471	46.34	-	5,716	4.95	-	997	0.86	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1,735	1.50	115,390	ND
Ohio	24	604,161	51.86	24	514,753	44.18	-	38,092	3.27	-	8,080	0.69	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	89,408	7.67	1,165,086	OH
Oklahoma	10	148,113	50.59	10	97,233	33.21	-	45,527	15.55	-	1,646	0.56	-	234	0.08	-	-	-	-	50,880	17.38	292,753	OK
Oregon	5	120,087	45.90	-	126,813	48.47	5	9,711	3.71	-	4,729	1.81	-	310	0.12	-	-	-	-	-6,726	-2.57	261,650	OR
Pennsylvania	38	521,784	40.22	-	703,823	54.26	38	42,638	3.29	-	28,525	2.20	-	-	-	-	419	0.03	-	-182,039	-14.03	1,297,189	PA
Rhode Island	5	40,394	46.00	-	44,858	51.08	5	1,914	2.18	-	470	0.54	-	-	-	-	180	0.20	-	-4,464	-5.08	87,816	RI
South Carolina	9	61,846	96.71	9	1,550	2.42	-	135	0.21	-	-	-	-	162	0.25	-	-	-	-	60,296	94.28	63,952	SC
South Dakota	5	59,191	45.91	-	64,217	49.80	5	3,760	2.92	-	1,774	1.38	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-5,026	-3.90	128,942	SD
Tennessee	12	153,280	56.31	12	116,223	42.70	-	2,542	0.93	-	145	0.05	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	37,057	13.61	272,190	TN
Texas	20	286,514	76.92	20	64,999	17.45	-	18,969	5.09	-	1,985	0.53	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	221,515	59.47	372,467	TX
Utah	4	84,145	58.78	4	54,137	37.82	-	4,460	3.12	-	149	0.10	-	111	0.08	-	144	0.10	-	30,008	20.96	143,146	UT
Vermont	4	22,708	35.22	-	40,250	62.43	4	798	1.24	-	709	1.10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-17,542	-27.21	64,475	VT
Virginia	12	101,840	66.99	12	48,384	31.83	-	1,056	0.69	-	678	0.45	-	-	-	-	67	0.04	-	53,456	35.16	152,025	VA
Washington	7	183,388	48.13	7	167,208	43.89	-	22,800	5.98	-	6,868	1.80	-	-	-	-	730	0.19	-	16,180	4.25	380,994	WA
West Virginia	8	140,403	48.44	1	143,124	49.38	7	6,150	2.12	-	175	0.06	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-2,721	-0.94	289,852	WV
Wisconsin	13	191,363	42.80	-	220,822	49.39	13	27,631	6.18	-	7,318	1.64	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-29,459	-6.59	447,134	WI
Wyoming	3	28,316	54.62	3	21,698	41.86	-	1,453	2.80	-	373	0.72	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6,618	12.77	51,840	WY
TOTALS:	531	9,126,868	49.24	277	8,548,728	46.12	254	590,524	3.19	-	221,302	1.19	-	33,406	0.18	-	15,295	0.08	-	578,140	3.12	18,536,585	US

Close states

Business advertising postcard exploiting public interest in the election; parts of Wilson's and Hughes' faces can be seen in this image, with the U.S. Capitol building in the background

Margin of victory of less than 5% (129 electoral votes):

1. New Hampshire, 0.06%
2. Minnesota, 0.10%
3. California, 0.38%
4. West Virginia, 0.94%
5. Indiana, 0.97%
6. North Dakota, 1.50%
7. Delaware, 2.43%
8. Oregon, 2.57%
9. Connecticut, 3.15%
10. New Mexico, 3.56%
11. Missouri, 3.65%
12. South Dakota, 3.90%
13. Massachusetts, 3.93%
14. Maine, 4.02%
15. Washington, 4.25%

Margin of victory of between 5% and 10% (162 electoral votes):

1. Rhode Island, 5.08%
2. Kentucky, 5.41%
3. Kansas, 5.86%
4. Wisconsin, 6.59%
5. New York, 7.02%
6. Ohio, 7.67%
7. Maryland, 8.02%
8. Michigan, 8.04%
9. Illinois, 9.23%

Geography of Results

Cartographic Gallery

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  Map of presidential election results by county.

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  Map of Democratic presidential election results by county.

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  Map of Republican presidential election results by county.

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  Map of "other" presidential election results by county.

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  Cartogram of presidential election results by county.

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  Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county.

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  Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county.

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  Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county.

Statistics

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)

1. Dillon County, South Carolina 100.00%
2. Hampton County, South Carolina 100.00%
3. Jasper County, South Carolina 100.00%
4. Tunica County, Mississippi 100.00%
5. Echols County, Georgia 100.00%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)

1. Leslie County, Kentucky 91.55%
2. Sevier County, Tennessee 90.42%
3. Zapata County, Texas 89.17%
4. Jackson County, Kentucky 87.90%
5. Johnson County, Tennessee 87.33%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)

1. Lafourche Parish, Louisiana 59.38%
2. Glascock County, Georgia 53.79%
3. Paulding County, Georgia 53.52%
4. Fannin County, Georgia 51.29%
5. Iberia Parish, Louisiana 47.59%

See also

• President of the United States
• History of the United States (1865-1918)

Bibliography

• Cooper, Jr., John Milton. Woodrow Wilson (2009), ch 16
• Leary, William M., Jr. (1967). "Woodrow Wilson, Irish Americans, and the Election of 1916". The Journal of American History 54 (1): 57–72. doi:10.2307/1900319. JSTOR 1900319. 
• Link, Arthur Stanley (1954). Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917. New York: Harper. 
• Link, Arthur Stanley (1965). Wilson: Campaigns For Progressivism and Peace 1916–1917. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 
• Lovell, S. D. (1980). The Presidential Election of 1916. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-8093-0965-3. 
• Pusey, Merlo J. (1951). Charles Evans Hughes 1. New York: Macmillan.  volume 1 ch 31-34

External links

• 1916 popular vote by counties
• How close was the 1916 election? — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology