United States presidential election, 1924

United States presidential election, 1924

1920 ← November 4, 1924 → 1928

531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win   Nominee Calvin Coolidge John W. Davis Robert M. La Follette Party Republican Democratic Progressive Home state Massachusetts West Virginia Wisconsin Running mate Charles G. Dawes Charles W. Bryan Burton K. Wheeler Electoral vote 382 136 13 States carried 35 12 1 Popular vote 15,723,789 8,386,242 4,831,706 Percentage 54.0% 28.8% 16.6%

Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Coolidge/Dawes, Blue denotes those won by Davis/Bryan, Green denotes those won by La Follette/Wheeler. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.

President before election Calvin Coolidge Republican Elected President Calvin Coolidge Republican

The United States presidential election of 1924 was the 35th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1924. Incumbent President Calvin Coolidge, the Republican candidate, was elected to a full second term.

Coolidge was vice-president under Warren G. Harding and became president in 1923 when Harding died in office. Coolidge was given credit for a booming economy at home and no visible crises abroad. His candidacy was aided by a split within the Democratic Party. The regular Democratic candidate was John W. Davis, a little-known former congressman and diplomat from West Virginia. Since Davis was a conservative, many liberal Democrats bolted the party and backed the third-party campaign of Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin, who ran as the candidate of the Progressive Party.

Garland S. Tucker, in a 2010 book, argues that the election marked the "high tide of American conservatism," as both major candidates campaigned for limited government, reduced taxes, and less regulation. The third place candidate, Robert La Follette, however, campaigned on a contrary platform.

Nominations

Republican Party nomination

Main article: 1924 Republican National Convention

Republican Candidates

• 

  President Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts

• 

  Senator Hiram Johnson of California

• 

  Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin

The Republican Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio, from June 10 to June 12, with the easy choice of nominating incumbent President Coolidge for a full term of his own. Former Illinois Governor Frank Orren Lowden was nominated as Coolidge's running mate, but he declined the honor, a unique event in 20th-century American political history. Charles G. Dawes, a prominent Republican businessman, was nominated for vice-president instead.

1924 RNC Presidential Ballot (1)	1924 RNC Vice Presidential Ballots (1-3)
Presidential ballot	1	Vice-presidential ballot	1	2 Before shifts	2 After shifts	3
Calvin Coolidge	1065	Charles G. Dawes	149	111	49	682.5
Robert M. La Follette	34	Frank Orren Lowden	222	413	766	0
Hiram Johnson	10	Theodore E. Burton	139	288	94	0
		Herbert Hoover	0	0	0	234.5
		William S. Kenyon	172	95	68	75
		George Scott Graham	81	0	0	0
		James Eli Watson	79	55	7	45
		Charles Curtis	56	31	24	0
		Arthur M. Hyde	55	36	36	0
		George W. Norris	35	0	0	0
		Smith W. Brookhart	0	31	0	0
		Frank T. Hines	28	1	0	0
		Charles A. March	28	0	0	0
		J. Will Taylor	21	20	27	27
		William Purnell Jackson	23	0	0	10
		Charles B. Warren	10	1	23	14
		T. Coleman du Pont	0	0	3	11
		Joseph M. Dixon	6	0	0	2
		Everett Sanders	0	0	0	4
		James Harbord	1	0	0	3
		Albert J. Beveridge	0	0	0	2
		John L. Coulter	1	0	0	1
		William Wrigley	1	0	0	1
		John J. Pershing	0	0	0	0

Democratic Party nomination

Main article: 1924 Democratic National Convention

Democratic candidates:

• 

  Former Ambassador to the United Kingdom John W. Davis of West Virginia

• 

  Former Secretary of Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo of California

• 

  Governor Al Smith of New York

• 

  Senator Oscar Underwood of Alabama

The 1924 Democratic National Convention was held in New York City from June 24 to July 9. The two leading candidates were William Gibbs McAdoo of California, former Secretary of the Treasury and son-in-law of former President Woodrow Wilson, and Governor Al Smith of New York. The balloting revealed a clear geographic and cultural split in the party, as McAdoo was supported mostly by rural, Protestant delegates from the South, West, and small-town Midwest who were supporters of Prohibition (called "drys"). In some cases, McAdoo's delegates were also supporters of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), which was at its peak of nationwide popularity in the 1920s, with chapters in all 48 states and 4 to 5 million members. Governor Smith was supported by the anti-Prohibition forces (called "wets"), many Roman Catholics and other ethnic minorities, big-city delegates in the Northeast and urban Midwest, and by liberal delegates opposed to the influence of the Ku Klux Klan.

An example of the deep split within the party came in a brutal floor fight over a proposal to publicly condemn the Klan. Most of McAdoo's delegates in the South and West opposed the motion, while most of Smith's big-city delegates supported it. In the end the motion failed to carry by a single vote. William Jennings Bryan, the three-time Democratic presidential candidate, argued against condemning the Klan for fear that it would permanently split the party. Wendell Willkie, who would go on to become the Republican Party's 1940 presidential candidate, was a Democratic delegate in 1924, and he supported the proposal to condemn the KKK. The bitter fight between the McAdoo and Smith delegates over the KKK set the stage for the nominating ballots to come.

Due to the two-thirds rule governing nominations, neither McAdoo, who briefly got a majority of the votes halfway through the balloting, nor Smith were able to get the two-thirds majority necessary to win. However, neither candidate would back down, and so the deadlock continued for days on end, as ballot after ballot was taken with neither McAdoo or Smith getting close to enough delegates to win the nomination. Eventually the convention would go to over 100 ballots, becoming the longest-running political convention in American history. Humorist Will Rogers joked that New York had invited the Democratic delegates to visit the city, not to live there.

Due to the great divide in the Democratic Party, the convention could have gone on for a great deal longer. However, with some state delegations running low on money and unable to stay in the city any longer, on the 100th ballot both Smith and McAdoo mutually withdrew as candidates. This allowed the convention's delegates to search for a compromise candidate acceptable to both Smith and McAdoo supporters. Finally, on the 103rd ballot, the exhausted convention turned to John W. Davis, an obscure former Congressman from West Virginia who later became a name partner at the firm Davis Polk & Wardwell, as the presidential nominee. The Democrats' disarray prompted Will Rogers's famous quip: "I'm not a member of any organized political party, I'm a Democrat!"

Governor of Nebraska Charles W. Bryan, William Jennings Bryan's brother, was nominated for vice-president in order to gain the support of the party's rural voters, many of whom still saw Bryan as their leader.

Source: US President - D Convention. Our Campaigns. (March 10, 2011).

Progressive Party

Progressive candidate:

• 

  Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin

Senator Robert M. La Follette, who had left the Republican Party and formed his own political party, the Progressive Party, in Wisconsin, was so upset over both political parties choosing conservative candidates that he decided to run as a third-party candidate to give liberals from both parties an alternative. He thus accepted the presidential nomination of the Progressive Party. A longtime champion of labor unions, and an ardent foe of Big Business, La Follette was a fiery orator who had dominated Wisconsin's political scene for more than two decades. Backed by radical farmers, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) labor unions, and Socialists, La Follette ran on a platform of nationalizing cigarette factories and other large industries. He also strongly supported increased taxation on the wealthy and the right of collective bargaining for factory workers. Despite a strong showing in labor strongholds and winning over 16% of the national popular vote, he carried only his home state of Wisconsin in the electoral college.

General election

The Fall Campaign

With the disastrous Democratic Convention having badly divided the Democrats, and with the economy booming, there was little doubt that Coolidge would win the election. His campaign slogan, "Keep Cool with Coolidge", was highly popular. Davis carried only the traditionally Democratic Solid South and Oklahoma; due to liberal Democrats voting for La Follette, Davis lost the popular vote to Coolidge by 25.2 percentage points. Only Warren Harding, who finished 26.2 points ahead of his nearest competitor in the previous election, did better in this category in competition between multiple candidates (incumbent James Monroe was the only candidate in 1820 and thus took every vote). The Republicans did so well that they carried New York City, a feat they have not repeated since then.

Results

Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of red are for Coolidge (Republican), shades of blue are for Davis (Democratic), and shades of green are for "Other(s)" (Non-Democratic/Non-Republican).

This was the first presidential election in which all American Indians were recognized as citizens and allowed to vote.

The total vote increased 2,300,000 but, because of the great drawing power of the La Follette candidacy, both Republican and Democratic totals were less. Largely because of the deep inroads made by La Follette in the Democratic vote, Davis polled 750,000 fewer votes than were cast for Cox in 1920. Coolidge polled 425,000 votes less than Harding had in 1920. Nonetheless, La Follette's appeal among liberal Democrats allowed Coolidge to achieve a 25.2% margin of victory over Davis in the popular vote (the second largest since 1824).

The "other" vote mounted to nearly 5,000,000, owing in largest part to the 4,832,614 votes cast for La Follette. This candidacy, like that of Roosevelt in 1912, altered the distribution of the vote throughout the country and particularly in 18 states in the Middle and Far West. Unlike the Roosevelt vote of 1912, the La Follette vote included most of the Socialist strength.

The La Follette vote was distributed over the nation, and in every state, but its greatest strength lay in the East North Central and West North Central sections. But La Follette carried no section, and he was second in only 2 sections, the Mountain and Pacific areas. In 12 states, the La Follette vote was greater than that cast for Davis. In one of these states, Wisconsin, La Follette defeated the Republican ticket also, thus winning one state in the electoral college. The "other" vote led the poll in 235 counties, and practically all of these (225) gave La Follette a plurality.

On the basis of number of counties carried, the Republican Party was weaker than in 1920, and the Democratic Party, despite its heavy losses in numerous states, was stronger than in 1920. Davis led the poll in 1,279 counties. This was a gain of 183. Republican strength in the Middle West and Far West was undermined by La Follette. It is important to note that La Follette ran second in 566 counties.

The result of a three-party contest is also reflected in party majorities. Coolidge had a majority in 1,217 counties and Davis in 1,193 counties while La Follette had a majority in 137 counties. The fact that in this election only 540 counties gave no party a majority clearly shows that it was not the kind of division of sentiment which was brought to light in the election of 1912.

The relative position of the Democratic Party may be seen by glancing at the maps for 1904, 1920, and 1924. The similarities in the distribution are striking. The inroads of the La Follette candidacy upon the Democratic Party were in areas where Democratic county majorities had been infrequent in the Fourth Party System. At the same time, the inroads of La Follette's candidacy upon the Republican Party were in areas where in this national contest their candidate could afford to be second or third in the poll.

The combined vote for Davis and La Follette over the nation was exceeded by Coolidge by 2,500,000. But in 13 states (4 border and 9 western), Coolidge had only a plurality. The Coolidge vote topped the poll, however, in 35 states, leaving the electoral vote for Davis in only 12 states. All the states of the former Confederacy voted for Davis (plus Oklahoma), while all of the Union states (except Wisconsin) voted for Coolidge.

Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote		Electoral vote	Running mate
			Count	Pct		Vice-presidential candidate	Home state	Elect. vote
Calvin Coolidge	Republican	Massachusetts	15,723,789	54.04%	382	Charles G. Dawes	Illinois	382
John W. Davis	Democratic	West Virginia	8,386,242	28.82%	136	Charles W. Bryan	Nebraska	136
Robert M. La Follette	Progressive	Wisconsin	4,831,706	16.61%	13	Burton K. Wheeler	Montana	13
Herman P. Faris	Prohibition	Missouri	55,951	0.19%	0	Marie C. Brehm	California	0
William Z. Foster	Communist	Massachusetts	38,669	0.13%	0	Benjamin Gitlow	New York	0
Frank T. Johns	Socialist Labor	Oregon	28,633	0.10%	0	Verne L. Reynolds	New York	0
Gilbert Nations	American	District of Columbia	24,325	0.08%	0	Charles Hiram Randall	California	0
Other			7,792	0.03%	—	Other		—
Total			29,097,107	100%	531			531
Needed to win					266			266

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1924 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (September 12, 2012).

Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (July 31, 2005).

Popular vote
Coolidge			54.04%
Davis			28.82%
La Follette			16.61%
Others			0.53%

Electoral vote
Coolidge			71.94%
Davis			25.61%
La Follette			2.45%

• 

  Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Results by state

States won by Coolidge/Dawes

States won by Davis/Bryan

States won by La Follette/Wheeler

		Calvin Coolidge Republican			John W. Davis Democratic			Robert La Follette Progressive			Herman Faris Prohibition			William Foster Communist			Frank Johns Socialist Labor			Margin		State Total
State	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	#
Alabama	12	45,005	27.01	-	112,966	67.81	12	8,084	4.85	-	538	0.32	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-67,961	-40.79	166,593	AL
Arizona	3	30,516	41.26	3	26,235	35.47	-	17,210	23.27	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	4,281	5.79	73,961	AZ
Arkansas	9	40,564	29.28	-	84,795	61.21	9	13,173	9.51	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-44,231	-31.93	138,532	AR
California	13	733,250	57.20	13	105,514	8.23	-	424,649	33.13	-	18,365	1.43	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	308,601	24.07	1,281,900	CA
Colorado	6	195,171	57.02	6	75,238	21.98	-	69,945	20.44	-	966	0.28	-	562	0.16	-	378	0.11	-	119,933	35.04	342,260	CO
Connecticut	7	246,322	61.54	7	110,184	27.53	-	42,416	10.60	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1,373	0.34	-	136,138	34.01	400,295	CT
Delaware	3	52,441	57.70	3	33,445	36.80	-	4,979	5.48	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	18,996	20.90	90,885	DE
Florida	6	30,633	28.06	-	62,083	56.88	6	8,625	7.90	-	5,498	5.04	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-31,450	-28.81	109,154	FL
Georgia	14	30,300	18.19	-	123,200	73.96	14	12,691	7.62	-	231	0.14	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-92,900	-55.77	166,577	GA
Idaho	4	69,879	47.12	4	24,256	16.36	-	54,160	36.52	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	15,719	10.60	148,295	ID
Illinois	29	1,453,321	58.84	29	576,975	23.36	-	432,027	17.49	-	2,367	0.10	-	2,622	0.11	-	2,334	0.09	-	876,346	35.48	2,470,067	IL
Indiana	15	703,042	55.25	15	492,245	38.69	-	71,700	5.64	-	4,416	0.35	-	987	0.08	-	-	-	-	210,797	16.57	1,272,390	IN
Iowa	13	537,635	55.03	13	162,600	16.64	-	272,243	27.87	-	-	-	-	4,037	0.41	-	-	-	-	265,392	27.17	976,960	IA
Kansas	10	407,671	61.54	10	156,319	23.60	-	98,461	14.86	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	251,352	37.94	662,454	KS
Kentucky	13	398,966	48.93	13	374,855	45.98	-	38,465	4.72	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1,499	0.18	-	24,111	2.96	815,332	KY
Louisiana	10	24,670	20.23	-	93,218	76.44	10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-68,548	-56.21	121,951	LA
Maine	6	138,440	72.03	6	41,964	21.83	-	11,382	5.92	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	406	0.21	-	96,476	50.20	192,192	ME
Maryland	8	162,414	45.29	8	148,072	41.29	-	47,157	13.15	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	987	0.28	-	14,342	4.00	358,630	MD
Massachusetts	18	703,476	62.26	18	280,831	24.86	-	141,225	12.50	-	-	-	-	2,635	0.23	-	1,668	0.15	-	422,645	37.41	1,129,837	MA
Michigan	15	874,631	75.37	15	152,359	13.13	-	122,014	10.51	-	6,085	0.52	-	5,330	0.46	-	-	-	-	722,272	62.24	1,160,419	MI
Minnesota	12	420,759	51.18	12	55,913	6.80	-	339,192	41.26	-	-	-	-	4,427	0.54	-	1,855	0.23	-	81,567	9.92	822,146	MN
Mississippi	10	8,494	7.55	-	100,474	89.34	10	3,494	3.11	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-91,980	-81.79	112,462	MS
Missouri	18	648,486	49.58	18	572,753	43.79	-	84,160	6.43	-	1,418	0.11	-	-	-	-	883	0.07	-	75,733	5.79	1,307,958	MO
Montana	4	74,138	42.50	4	33,805	19.38	-	66,123	37.91	-	-	-	-	357	0.20	-	-	-	-	8,015	4.60	174,423	MT
Nebraska	8	218,585	47.09	8	137,289	29.58	-	106,701	22.99	-	1,594	0.34	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	81,296	17.51	464,173	NE
Nevada	3	11,243	41.76	3	5,909	21.95	-	9,769	36.29	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1,474	5.48	26,921	NV
New Hampshire	4	98,575	59.83	4	57,201	34.72	-	8,993	5.46	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	41,374	25.11	164,769	NH
New Jersey	14	675,162	62.17	14	297,743	27.41	-	108,901	10.03	-	1,337	0.12	-	1,540	0.14	-	819	0.08	-	377,419	34.75	1,086,079	NJ
New Mexico	3	54,745	48.52	3	48,542	43.02	-	9,543	8.46	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6,203	5.50	112,830	NM
New York	45	1,820,058	55.76	45	950,796	29.13	-	474,913	14.55	-	-	-	-	8,244	0.25	-	9,928	0.30	-	869,262	26.63	3,263,939	NY
North Carolina	12	191,753	39.73	-	284,270	58.89	12	6,651	1.38	-	13	0.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-92,517	-19.17	482,687	NC
North Dakota	5	94,931	47.68	5	13,858	6.96	-	89,922	45.17	-	-	-	-	370	0.19	-	-	-	-	5,009	2.52	199,081	ND
Ohio	24	1,176,130	58.33	24	477,888	23.70	-	357,948	17.75	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3,025	0.15	-	698,242	34.63	2,016,237	OH
Oklahoma	10	226,242	42.82	-	255,798	48.41	10	46,375	8.78	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-29,556	-5.59	528,415	OK
Oregon	5	142,579	51.01	5	67,589	24.18	-	68,403	24.47	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	917	0.33	-	74,176	26.54	279,488	OR
Pennsylvania	38	1,401,481	65.34	38	409,192	19.08	-	307,567	14.34	-	9,779	0.46	-	2,735	0.13	-	634	0.03	-	992,289	46.26	2,144,850	PA
Rhode Island	5	125,286	59.63	5	76,606	36.46	-	7,628	3.63	-	-	-	-	289	0.14	-	268	0.13	-	48,680	23.17	210,115	RI
South Carolina	9	1,123	2.21	-	49,008	96.56	9	620	1.22	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-47,885	-94.35	50,752	SC
South Dakota	5	101,299	49.69	5	27,214	13.35	-	75,355	36.96	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	25,944	12.73	203,868	SD
Tennessee	12	130,882	43.59	-	158,537	52.80	12	10,656	3.55	-	100	0.03	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-27,655	-9.21	300,275	TN
Texas	20	130,023	19.78	-	484,605	73.70	20	42,881	6.52	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-354,582	-53.93	657,509	TX
Utah	4	77,327	49.26	4	47,001	29.94	-	32,662	20.81	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	30,326	19.32	156,990	UT
Vermont	4	80,498	78.22	4	16,124	15.67	-	5,964	5.79	-	326	0.32	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	64,374	62.55	102,917	VT
Virginia	12	73,312	32.79	-	139,716	62.48	12	10,377	4.64	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	197	0.09	-	-66,404	-29.70	223,602	VA
Washington	7	220,224	52.24	7	42,842	10.16	-	150,727	35.76	-	-	-	-	761	0.18	-	1,004	0.24	-	69,497	16.49	421,549	WA
West Virginia	8	288,635	49.45	8	257,232	44.07	-	36,723	6.29	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	31,403	5.38	583,662	WV
Wisconsin	13	311,614	37.06	-	68,115	8.10	-	453,678	53.96	13	2,918	0.35	-	3,773	0.45	-	458	0.05	-	-142,064	-16.90	840,826	WI
Wyoming	3	41,858	52.39	3	12,868	16.11	-	25,174	31.51	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	16,684	20.88	79,900	WY
TOTALS:	531	15,723,789	54.04	382	8,386,242	28.82	136	4,831,706	16.61	13	55,951	0.19	-	38,669	0.13	-	28,633	0.10	-	7,337,547	25.22	29,097,107	US

Close States

Margin of victory less than 5% (30 electoral votes):

1. North Dakota, 2.52%
2. Kentucky, 2.96%
3. Maryland, 4.00%
4. Montana, 4.60%

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (69 electoral votes):

1. West Virginia, 5.38%
2. Nevada, 5.48%
3. New Mexico, 5.50%
4. Oklahoma, 5.59%
5. Arizona, 5.79%
6. Missouri, 5.79%
7. Tennessee, 9.21%
8. Minnesota, 9.92%

Geography of Results

Cartographic Gallery

• 

  Map of presidential election results by county.

• 

  Map of Republican presidential election results by county.

• 

  Map of Democratic presidential election results by county.

• 

  Map of "other" presidential election results by county.

• 

  Cartogram of presidential election results by county.

• 

  Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county.

• 

  Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county.

• 

  Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county.

Statistics

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)

1. Johnson County, Tennessee 91.32%
2. Keweenaw County, Michigan 91.15%
3. Shannon County, South Dakota 88.89%
4. Leslie County, Kentucky 88.83%
5. Windsor County, Vermont 88.43%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)

1. Edgefield County, South Carolina 100.00%
2. Marlboro County, South Carolina 100.00%
3. Kershaw County, South Carolina 99.86%
4. Horry County, South Carolina 99.70%
5. Marion County, South Carolina 99.68%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)

1. Comal County, Texas 73.96%
2. Shawano County, Wisconsin 71.73%
3. Mercer County, North Dakota 71.62%
4. Hutchinson County, South Dakota 70.38%
5. Calumet County, Wisconsin 70.13%

See also

• History of the United States (1918-1945)
• Progressive Era
• United States Senate election, 1924
• United States House of Representatives elections, 1924

Further reading

• Hicks, John Donald (1955). Republican Ascendancy 1921-1933. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-011885-7. 
• MacKay, K. C. (1947). The Progressive Movement of 1924. New York: Octagon Books. ISBN 0-374-95244-2. 
• McCoy, Donald R. (1967). Calvin Coolidge: The Quiet President. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-7006-0350-6. 
• Murray, Robert K. (1976). The 103rd Ballot: Democrats and Disaster in Madison Square Garden. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-013124-1. 
• Ranson, Edward. The Role of Radio in the American Presidential Election of 1924: How a New Communications Technology Shapes the Political Process (Edwin Mellen Press; 2010) 165 pages. Looks at Coolidge as a radio personality, and how radio figured in the campaign, the national conventions, and the election result.
• Unger, Nancy C. (2000). Fighting Bob La Follette: The Righteous Reformer. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2545-X. 

External links

• 1924 popular vote by counties
• How close was the 1924 election? — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology