# Universal coefficient theorem

In algebraic topology, universal coefficient theorems establish relationships between homology and cohomology theories. For instance, the integral homology theory of a topological space X, and its homology with coefficients in any abelian group A are related as follows: the integral homology groups

Hi(X; Z)

completely determine the groups

Hi(X; A)

Here Hi might be the simplicial homology or more general singular homology theory: the result itself is a pure piece of homological algebra about chain complexes of free abelian groups. The form of the result is that other coefficients A may be used, at the cost of using a Tor functor.

For example it is common to take A to be Z/2Z, so that coefficients are modulo 2. This becomes straightforward in the absence of 2-torsion in the homology. Quite generally, the result indicates the relationship that holds between the Betti numbers bi of X and the Betti numbers bi,F with coefficients in a field F. These can differ, but only when the characteristic of F is a prime number p for which there is some p-torsion in the homology.

## Statement of the homology case

Consider the tensor product of modules Hi(X; Z) ⊗ A.The theorem states there is a short exact sequence

$0 \rightarrow H_i(X; \mathbf{Z})\otimes A \overset{\mu}\rightarrow H_i(X;A)\rightarrow\mbox{Tor}(H_{i-1}(X; \mathbf{Z}),A)\rightarrow 0.$

Furthermore, this sequence splits, though not naturally. Here $\mu$ is a map induced by the bilinear map $H_i(X; \mathbb{Z}) \times A \to H_i(X; A).$

If the coefficient ring A is $\mathbb{Z}/p$, this is a special case of the Bockstein spectral sequence.

## Universal coefficient theorem for cohomology

Let G be a module over a principal ideal domain R (e.g.,$\mathbf{Z}$ or a field.)

There is also a universal coefficient theorem for cohomology involving the Ext functor, which asserts that there is a natural short exact sequence

$0 \rightarrow \operatorname{Ext}_R^1(\operatorname{H}_{i-1}(X; R), G) \rightarrow \operatorname{H}^i(X; G) \overset{h}\rightarrow \operatorname{Hom}_R(H_i(X; R), G)\rightarrow 0.$

As in the homology case, the sequence splits, though not naturally.

In fact, suppose $\operatorname{H}_i(X;G) = \operatorname{ker}\operatorname{\partial}_i \otimes G / \operatorname{im}\operatorname{\partial}_{i+1} \otimes G$ and $\operatorname{H}^*(X; G)$ is defined as $\operatorname{ker}(\operatorname{Hom}(\partial, G)) / \operatorname{im}(\operatorname{Hom}(\partial, G))$. Then h above is the canonical map: $h([f])([x]) = f(x).$ An alternative point-of-view can be based on representing cohomology via Eilenberg-MacLane space where the map h takes a homotopy class of maps from $X$ to $K(G,i)$ to the corresponding homomorphism induced in homology. Thus, the Eilenberg-MacLane space is a weak right adjoint to the homology functor. [1]

## Example: mod 2 cohomology of the real projective space

Let X = Pn(R), the real projective space. We compute the singular cohomology of X with coefficients in R := Z2.

Knowing that the integer homology is given by:

$H_i(X; \mathbf{Z}) = \begin{cases} \mathbf{Z} & i = 0 \mbox{ or } i = n \mbox{ odd,}\\ \mathbf{Z}/2\mathbf{Z} & 0

We have Ext(R, R) = R, Ext(Z, R)= 0, so that the above exact sequences yield

$\forall i = 0 \ldots n , \ H^i (X; R) = R$.

In fact the total cohomology ring structure is

$H^*(X; R) = R [w] / \langle w^{n+1} \rangle$.

## Corollaries

A special case of the theorem is computing integral cohomology. For a finite CW complex X, $H_i(X; \mathbf{Z})$ is finitely generated, and so we have the following decomposition.

$H_i(X; \mathbf{Z}) \cong \mathbf{Z}^{\beta_i(X)}\oplus T_i .$

Where $\beta_i(X)$ are the betti numbers of X. One may check that

$\mbox{Hom}(H_i(X),\mathbf{Z}) \cong \mbox{Hom}(\mathbf{Z}^{\beta_i(X)},\mathbf{Z}) \oplus \mbox{Hom}(T_i, \mathbf{Z}) \cong \mathbf{Z}^{\beta_i(X)}$, and $\mbox{Ext}(H_i(X),\mathbf{Z}) \cong \mbox{Ext}(\mathbf{Z}^{\beta_i(X)},\mathbf{Z}) \oplus \mbox{Ext}(T_i, \mathbf{Z}) \cong T_i.$

This gives the following statement for integral cohomology:

$H^i(X;\mathbf{Z}) \cong \mathbf{Z}^{\beta_i(X)} \oplus T_{i-1}.$

For X an orientable, closed, and connected n-manifold, this corollary coupled with Poincaré duality gives that $\beta_i(X)=\beta_{n-i}(X)$.

1. ^

## References

• Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002. ISBN 0-521-79540-0. A modern, geometrically flavored introduction to algebraic topology. The book is available free in PDF and PostScript formats on the author's homepage.
• Kainen, P. C. (1971). "Weak Adjoint Functors". Mathematische Zeitschrift 122: 1–9.