University of Iowa

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The University of Iowa
University of Iowa seal
Established February 25, 1847
Type Public
Endowment USD $1.04 billion[1]
President Sally Mason
Academic staff 2,156
Students 31,498
Undergraduates 20,574
Postgraduates 9,754
Location Iowa City, Iowa, United States
Campus Urban
1,900 acres (770 ha)
Nickname Hawkeyes
Colors

Black & gold

           
Athletics Big Ten
NCAA Division I
Mascot Herky the Hawk
Affiliations Association of American Universities, Big Ten Conference, Committee on Institutional Cooperation, Universities Research Association
Website www.uiowa.edu
University of Iowa logo

The University of Iowa (also known as UI, or simply Iowa) is a public research university located in Iowa City, Iowa. It is the oldest public university in the state. The university is organized into eleven colleges granting undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees; and it is the home of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, one of the largest university-owned teaching hospitals in the nation.[2] Iowa was the first American institution of higher learning to accept creative work for academic credit, and developed the Master of Fine Arts degree.[3] Iowa Writers’ Workshop program is widely regarded as the best-known, most-established writing program in the country.[citation needed]

Iowa's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Hawkeyes. They compete in the Big Ten Conference.

Contents

History [edit]

University seal mosaic, c. 1908, Iowa Hall.

The University of Iowa was founded on February 25, 1847, as the first public institution of higher learning in Iowa, just 59 days after Iowa was admitted to the Union. The legal name for this university is the State University of Iowa, but this became confused with Iowa State University, and the Board of Regents approved using the "University of Iowa" for everyday usage in October 1964.[4]

The first faculty offered instruction at the university beginning in March 1855 to students in the Old Mechanics Building, located where Seashore Hall is now. In September 1855, there were 124 students, of whom forty-one were women. The 1856–57 catalogue listed nine departments offering ancient languages, modern languages, intellectual philosophy, moral philosophy, history, natural history, mathematics, natural philosophy, and chemistry. The first president of the university was Amos Dean.

The original campus consisted of the Iowa Old Capitol Building and the 10 acres (40,000 m2) (4.05 hectares) of land on which it stood. Following the placing of the cornerstone July 4, 1840, the building housed the Fifth Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Iowa (December 5, 1842) and then became the first capitol building of the State of Iowa on December 28, 1846. Until that date, it had been the third capitol of the Territory of Iowa. When the capitol of Iowa was moved to Des Moines in 1857, the Old Capitol became the first permanent "home" of the University.

Old Capitol Building in February 2005

In 1855, Iowa became the first public university in the United States to admit men and women on an equal basis. In addition, this university was the world's first university to accept creative work in theater, writing, music, and art on an equal basis with academic research.

The university was one of the first institutions in America to grant a law degree to a woman (Mary B. Hickey Wilkinson, 1873), to grant a law degree to an African American (G. Alexander Clark in 1879), and to put an African American on a varsity athletic squad (Frank Holbrook in 1895). The university offered its first doctorate in 1898.

The university was the first state university to recognize the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Allied Union (in 1970).[5]

The University of Iowa established the first law school west of the Mississippi River, and it was also the first university to use television in education, in 1932, and it pioneered in the field of standardized testing.[6] Also, the University of Iowa was the first Big Ten institution to promote an African American to the position of administrative vice president. (Phillip Hubbard, promoted in 1966)

On November 1, 1991, five employees of the university were killed and one student was critically injured when Gang Lu, a former graduate student of physics, went on a shooting rampage before committing suicide.[7] Officials received letters written by Lu that discussed his grievances and plans; apparently Lu was set off because he felt that his dissertation should have been received more eagerly.[8]

The 21st century [edit]

On April 13, 2006, a tornado struck the university and adjacent Iowa City, causing extensive damage throughout the campus and town. The tornado was the most intense and destructive of five tornadoes that touched down in Johnson County, Iowa that evening. It was given the rating of F2 on the Fujita Scale.[9] "Damage on the campus was limited to a parking garage for university vehicles and some downed trees." [10] Several houses and businesses in Iowa City suffered extensive damage.[9] Despite the wreckage, injuries were relatively light in the area, although one person in a neighboring county was killed.[9]

Two years later, in the summer of 2008, another natural disaster struck the campus. Flood waters breached the Coralville Reservoir spillway, damaging more than 20 major campus buildings.[11] Several weeks after the flood waters receded university officials placed a preliminary estimate on flood damage at $231.75 million. Later, the university estimated that repairs would cost about $743 million.[12] Later that year, UNESCO responded to a proposal from the UI Writing University committee by designating Iowa City the world's third City of Literature, making it part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.[13][14]

Campus [edit]

The Old Capitol, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places

The University of Iowa's main campus, located in Iowa City, was originally designed by architect D. Elwood Cook. The campus is roughly bordered by Park Road and U.S. Highway 6 to the north and Dubuque and Gilbert Streets to the east. The Iowa River flows through the campus, dividing it into west and east sides.

Of architectural note is the Pentacrest at the center of The University of Iowa campus. The Pentacrest comprises five major campus buildings: Old Capitol, Schaeffer Hall, MacLean Hall, Macbride Hall, and Jessup Hall. The Old Capitol was once the primary government building for the state of Iowa, but it is now a museum of Iowa history.

Also on the eastern side of campus are five residence halls (Burge, Daum, Stanley, Currier, and Mayflower), the Iowa Memorial Union, the Pappajohn Business Building, Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, the Lindquist Center (home of the College of Education), Phillips Hall (the foreign language building), Van Allen Hall (home to physics and astronomy), the English-Philosophy Building, and the buildings for biology, chemistry, geology & environmental sciences, psychology, communications, and journalism. The Main Library can also be found on the east side.

The Colleges of Law, Medicine, Nursing, Dentistry, Pharmacy, and Public Health are on the western side of the Iowa River, along with the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, the Theatre Building, and Voxman Music Building. Additionally, five residence halls (Hillcrest, Slater, Reinow, Quadrangle, and Parklawn), Kinnick Stadium, and Carver-Hawkeye Arena are located on the west campus.

Kinnick Stadium formerly known as Iowa Stadium

The Oakdale Campus, which is home to some of the university's research facilities and the driving simulator, is located north of Interstate 80 in adjacent Coralville.

The flood of 2008 had a major impact on a number of campus buildings, forcing many buildings to temporarily close. The Iowa Memorial Union was closed for a period of time, and the ground floor of this building is still closed as it undergoes renovation. The arts campus, which includes Hancher, Voxman, Clapp Recital Hall, and the Theatre Building, was hit especially hard. The theatre building has since reopened, but the music facilities have not. Music classes were for a short time held in temporary trailers, and now music classrooms are spread throughout campus. Recently, a University task force suggested to state regents that Hancher be rebuilt near its current site on the West bank of the Iowa River and Voxman and Clapp be built nearer to the main campus on South Clinton Street.

The Pentacrest [edit]

Main article: Pentacrest

The Pentacrest is sometimes referred to as the center of academic life at the University, especially for Liberal Arts students. It comprises five buildings: the Old Capitol and the four lecture halls Schaeffer, Macbride, MacLean, and Jessup. A variety of classes are held in these four buildings, mostly relating to the Liberal Arts and Mathematics. Macbride Hall and the Old Capitol also contain museums of natural history and Iowa state history, respectively.

Campus museums [edit]

Museum of Natural History in Iowa Hall.

Sustainability [edit]

The University of Iowa is one of the EPA's Green Power Partners,[15] burning oat hulls instead of coal and reducing coal consumption by 20%.[16] In May 2004 the university joined the Chicago Climate Exchange[17] and in April 2009 a student garden was opened.[18]

The University also offers a Certificate in Sustainability through the Office of Sustainability (OS). The OS recently coordinated the University's first sustainability plan: 2020 Vision UIowa Sustainability Targets proposed by UI President Sally Mason on Oct. 29, 2010.[19]

Organization and administration [edit]

Colleges and Schools [edit]

The University of Iowa College of Public Health was formed in 1999 when the Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health and the Graduate Program in Hospital and Health Administration were split from the Carver College of Medicine.[28]

Academics [edit]

Iowa is one of 61 elected members to the Association of American Universities. In 2001, Iowa was listed as a Public Ivy by Greene Guides. The university is currently home to ISCABBS, an aging public bulletin board system that was the largest Internet community in the world prior to the commercialization of the world wide web.

The University of Iowa is also the home to the National Advanced Driving Simulator (a virtual reality driving simulator.) The Iowa Writers' Workshop was founded in 1936. Since 1947 it has produced thirteen Pulitzer Prize winners. In total, twenty-five people affiliated with the Writers' Workshop have won a Pulitzer Prize. The Hanson Center for Technical Communication was founded at The University of Iowa and is named after a 1960 graduate, Thomas R. Hanson who funded the institution with $800,000.[29]

Rankings [edit]

University rankings
National
ARWU[30] 54-67
Forbes[31] 269
U.S. News & World Report[32] 72
Washington Monthly[33] 113
Global
ARWU[34] 101-150
QS[35] 199
Times[36] 169

For 2012, out of 2,774 4-year institutions in the U.S., University of Iowa was nationally ranked #72 by U.S. News & World Report, #113 by Washington Monthly, and #269 by Forbes. Globally for 2012, the university was ranked #169 by Times and #199 by both QS and U.S. News & World Report.

In departmental rankings for 2012, U.S. News & World Report ranked Iowa's Carver College of Medicine #12 in the country for primary care and #29 in the country for research, its College of Law #29, its College of Pharmacy #17, and its School of Art & Art History's Fine Arts #22.

Research [edit]

  • Iowa Institute of Gerontology: The Iowa Institute of Gerontology existed from 1953 until 1971. It was closed in the latter year due to a budget shortfall.[37]
  • Institute of Agricultural Medicine. The Institute of Agricultural Medicine was established in 1955 with a grant from the W. K. Kellogg Foundation as an institutte to study rural public health issues.[38] It was later renamed to the Institute of Agricultural Medicine and Occupational Health.
  • IIHR — Hydroscience & Engineering (Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research). IHR—Hydroscience & Engineering is a world-renowned center for education, research, and public service focusing on hydraulic engineering and fluid mechanics. Based in the C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, a five-story red brick building on the banks of the Iowa River, IIHR is a unit of the University of Iowa’s College of Engineering. Because of its contributions to water’s study and use, the American Society of Civil Engineers recognized the Stanley Hydraulics Lab as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. The ASCE distinguishes the lab as the "oldest university-based hydraulics laboratory in the nation continuously focusing on research and education in hydraulic engineering".[39]
  • Public Policy Center. The Public Policy Center (PPC) is an interdisciplinary academic research center investigating six policy areas: Environmental, Health, Housing & Land Use, Human Factors & Vehicle Safety, Social Science, and Transportation. The University of Iowa Public Policy Center (PPC) was founded in 1987 by David Forkenbrock, Professor of Urban and Regional Planning, as a freestanding unit in the Office of the Vice President for Research. The PPC's original focus was Transportation Policy research, followed by Health Policy research (1990), and Human Factors and Vehicle Safety research (1996).[40]

Student life [edit]

Much of the student night-life in Iowa City is centered around the pedestrian mall ("ped mall"), which contains numerous restaurants, local shops/boutiques, and over thirty bars. A popular university event that draws both students and also residents from the entire midwest is home football games. A related activity that many students engage in is tailgating, often beginning early in the morning. The University of Iowa is well known for its party and social scene: it was given the rank of 10th-best party school in the United States by Playboy magazine in 2010, and in 2011 The Princeton Review ranked Iowa in the #4 spot on its annual Top Party Schools survey.[41] The university has appeared on similar top ten lists of several other publications over the years. In addition, there are hundreds of student organizations, including groups focused on politics, sports, games, lifestyles, dance, song, and theater, and a variety of other activities. The University also tries to sponsor events that give students an alternative to the typical drinking scene.[42] In 2004 the University established an annual $25,000 contract with the newly reopened Iowa City Englert Theatre to host concerts and performances for as many as 40 nights a year.[43]

Students also participate in a variety of student media organizations. For example, students edit and manage The Daily Iowan newspaper (often called the DI), which is printed every Monday through Friday while classes are in session. An early editor of the DI was noted pollster George Gallup. Daily Iowan TV, KRUI Radio, Student Video Productions, Off Deadline magazine and Earthwords magazine are other examples of student-run media.

Athletics [edit]

Main article: Iowa Hawkeyes
University of Iowa mascot, Herky.

The school's sports teams, the Hawkeyes, participate in the NCAA's Division I-A and in the Big Ten Conference. The athletics department is headed by Gary Barta, who was previously athletic director at the University of Wyoming. Herky the Hawk (pictured right) has been Iowa's mascot since 1948.

Football [edit]

Main article: Iowa Hawkeyes football

Iowa's football team plays its home games at Kinnick Stadium, named after former Iowa football player Nile Kinnick who won the Heisman Trophy in 1939. Kinnick Stadium hosts 70,585 fans. The stadium unveiled a new look in 2006 with the completion of a $90 million renovation. The renovation included new stands in the south endzone, a new press box, and a statue of Kinnick.

Kirk Ferentz has been the head coach of the football program since 1999, when he replaced longtime coach Hayden Fry. Under Ferentz, the Hawkeyes have enjoyed national success, making eight bowl games in the last nine years, including a Bowl Championship Series victory in the FedEx Orange Bowl over Georgia Tech in 2010. The program has also finished in the Top 10 four times and shared two Big Ten championships in the Ferentz era.

Iowa battles Iowa State University annually for the Cy-Hawk Trophy, a traveling award. Iowa also has a traditional rivalry with Minnesota. The two schools' football teams meet yearly to battle for Floyd of Rosedale, a traveling trophy in the shape of a bronzed pig. In 2004, Iowa and Wisconsin unveiled the Heartland Trophy, a bronze bull, to be played for in their rivalry. However, since the Big Ten has expanded to 12 teams, Iowa will only play Wisconsin 6 times every 10 years while the Floyd of Rosedale series remains an annual matchup. A new rivalry is in the making with Nebraska, with the teams competing for the Heroes Trophy.

According to the Wall Street Journal, Iowa has produced more Division I college-football coaches than any other school in the U.S.[44]

Wrestling [edit]

Main article: Iowa Hawkeyes wrestling

Iowa is famous for its extremely successful collegiate wrestling program. Through 2010, the Hawkeyes wrestling team has won 23 national titles and 34 Big Ten titles. Coach Dan Gable's Gang won nine straight NCAA team championships (1978 to 1986) and three times won three in a row (1991 to 1993, 1995 to 1997, and 2008 to 2010). Iowa's 51 NCAA Champions have won a total of 77 NCAA individual titles, crowning six three-time and 15 two-time champions. Furthermore, Iowa's 132 all-Americans have earned all-America status 269 times, including 16 four-time, 29 three-time and 34 two-time honorees. Sports Illustrated named the Iowa program one of the top sports dynasties of the 20th century.[45] Tom Brands, a four-time All-American and Olympic gold medalist, is the current head wrestling coach.

Men's basketball [edit]

Main article: Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball

The Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team currently plays in 15,500-seat Carver-Hawkeye Arena, along with the school's women's basketball, wrestling, and volleyball teams.

Throughout history, the Hawkeyes have enjoyed the successes of eight Big Ten regular season conference championships, the last coming in 1979. More recently, Iowa has won the Big Ten tournament twice, in 2001 and 2006. Iowa also has 22 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament appearances, including three Final Fours, reaching the semifinals in 1955 and 1980 and playing in the championship game against the University San Francisco in 1956.

The team experienced success in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s under head coaches Lute Olson and Tom Davis. Fran McCaffery is the current head men's basketball coach.

Women's basketball [edit]

The Iowa Hawkeye women's basketball team experienced great success in the 1980s and early 1990s under coach C. Vivian Stringer. In 1985, the Hawkeyes became the first women's basketball team in history to sellout in advance.[46] During Stringer's tenure, the Hawkeyes appeared in 10 Women's NCAA Tournaments, including 9 consecutive berths from 1985–86 through 1993–94. Additionally, the Hawkeyes appeared in the 1993 Women's Final Four, losing to the Ohio State Buckeyes in the semifinals. Stringer's successor at Iowa, Angie Lee, took Iowa to an additional 3 NCAA tournaments, including a Sweet Sixteen appearance during the 1995–96 season. Current coach Lisa Bluder has taken the Hawkeyes to five NCAA tournaments and two WNIT berths, including an appearance in the WNIT semifinals during the 2004–2005 season. Most recently, the women were Big 10 Champions (tying with Ohio State) in 2008.

Other sports [edit]

Other sports at the university include field hockey, soccer, baseball, softball, gymnastics, golf, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball, cross country, and rowing. In addition, UI has many club teams that compete in fencing, water polo, baseball, rugby, lacrosse, volleyball, crew, soccer, ultimate, ice hockey, cricket and other sports and there is also a women's flag football team.

People [edit]

Academy Award [edit]

  • Diablo Cody – Screenwriter and winner of the 2008 Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for "Juno"
  • Charles Guggenheim – A Washington, D.C.—based documentary filmmaker who has won three Academy Awards and been nominated for eight others

Grammy Award [edit]

Alwin Jarreau, seven-time Grammy Award winning American jazz singer

Pulitzer Prize [edit]

Academia [edit]

Business [edit]

Government and politics [edit]

Terry Branstad, American politician and two-term Iowa Governor.

Literature [edit]

Paul Engle, noted American poet, editor, teacher, literary critic, novelist, and playwright

Performing arts [edit]

Sports [edit]

Baseball [edit]

Basketball [edit]

Football [edit]

Nile Kinnick, American Heisman Trophy winner and war hero

Olympics [edit]

  • Ed Banach – Light Heavyweight Olympic Gold medalist 1984 Olympic Games, Los Angeles, CA
  • Lou Banach – Heavyweight Olympic Gold Medalist 1984 Olympic Games, Los Angeles, CA
  • Terry Brands – Olympic Bronze medalist 2000 Olympic Games, Sydney, Australia
  • Tom Brands – Olympic Gold Medalist 1996 Olympic Games Atlanta, Georgia, currently University of Iowa wrestling coach.
  • Chuck Darling – member of the 1956 Summer Olympics gold medal basketball team.
  • Deacon Jones, 1956 and 1960 Olympics – track and field
  • Randall Lewis – Featherweight Olympic Gold medalist 1984 Olympic Games, Los Angeles, CA
  • George Saling – Olympic hurdler who won the 110 meter hurdles in the 1932 Summer Olympics.
  • Barry Davis – Bantamweight Olympic Silver medalist 1984 Olympic Games, Los Angeles, CA

Track and field [edit]

See also [edit]

Portal icon Iowa portal
Portal icon University portal

References [edit]

  1. ^ "NCSE Public Tables Endowment Market Values" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-10-29. 
  2. ^ "Health Care – University of Iowa Fact Book – Office of University Relations – The University of Iowa". Uiowa.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  3. ^ "Welcome – Office of the President – The University of Iowa". Uiowa.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  4. ^ Board of Regents minutes, October 21–24, 1964, pages 170-171
  5. ^ "University of Iowa Firsts". 
  6. ^ "About Iowa – The University of Iowa". 
  7. ^ Marriott, Michel (November 3, 1991). "Gunman in Iowa Wrote of Plans in Five Letters". The New York Times. Retrieved November 24, 2009. 
  8. ^ Marriott, Michel (November 4, 1991). "Iowa Gunman Was Torn by Academic Challenge". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2009. 
  9. ^ a b c "Tornadoes rip through eastern Iowa; 1 dead". USA Today. April 14, 2006. Retrieved November 30, 2009. 
  10. ^ Siegal, Nina (April 15, 2006). "Iowa College Town Reeling in Wake of Tornado Strikes". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2009. 
  11. ^ "Flood Mitigation Task Force forum to offer updates, seek input". University of Iowa. 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2009. 
  12. ^ "Still coming back from the flood". The Daily Iowan. 2009. Retrieved November 30, 2009. 
  13. ^ "Iowa City and Shenzhen, designated as UNESCO Creative Cities". UNESCO. 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2009. 
  14. ^ "Iowa City Designated as UNESCO City of Literature". University of Iowa. 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2009. 
  15. ^ "Green Power Partners". US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved June 8, 2009. 
  16. ^ "UI President Mason announces strengthened sustainability focus for university". UI News. Retrieved June 8, 2009. 
  17. ^ "Examples of Sustainability Practices and Initiatives". University of Iowa. Retrieved June 8, 2009. 
  18. ^ "New Student Garden opens on UI west campus". University of Iowa. Retrieved June 8, 2009. 
  19. ^ 2020 "University of Iowa Office of Sustainability". Uiowa. Retrieved 31 October 2012. 
  20. ^ "Home - School of Art and Art History- The University of Iowa". Clas.uiowa.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  21. ^ "; The University of Iowa". art.uiowa.edu. Retrieved April 13, 2011. 
  22. ^ "Henry B. Tippie College of Business – The University of Iowa". Biz.uiowa.edu. April 15, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  23. ^ "College of Engineering, University of Iowa". Engineering.uiowa.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  24. ^ "College of Pharmacy – University of Iowa". Pharmacy.uiowa.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  25. ^ "University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine". Healthcare.uiowa.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  26. ^ "The University of Iowa College of Public Health". Public-health.uiowa.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  27. ^ "University College". Registrar.uiowa.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  28. ^ University of Iowa College of Public Health information page
  29. ^ [1] U of Iowa Foundation News article
  30. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities: National". Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2012. 
  31. ^ "America's Best Colleges". Forbes. 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012. 
  32. ^ "National Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. September 13, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2011. 
  33. ^ "The Washington Monthly National University Rankings". The Washington Monthly. 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2012. 
  34. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities: Global". Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2012. 
  35. ^ "QS World University Rankings". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012. 
  36. ^ "World University Rankings 2012-2013". The Times Higher Education. 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2012. 
  37. ^ Overview of the records of the Iowa Institute of Aging from the University of Iowa Libraries
  38. ^ 1958 report on the Institute of Agricultural Medicine
  39. ^ "IIHR History". Retrieved 31 October 2012. 
  40. ^ "About". Public Policy Center History. Retrieved 31 October 2012.  Text "University of Iowa" ignored (help)
  41. ^ "University of Iowa Ranked Among Top Party Schools in U.S. - Gazette.com - The Cedar Rapids Gazette". Cedar Rapids Gazette. August 1, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2011. 
  42. ^ "Late Night At Iowa". Iowacityowl.com. January 5, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  43. ^ "University Of Iowa And Englert Civic Theatre Reach Use Agreement – University News Service – The University of Iowa". News-releases.uiowa.edu. July 22, 2004. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  44. ^ Iowa: The Harvard of Coaching (Wall Street Journal, December 21, 2011)
  45. ^ "CNN/SI – Century's Best – SI's Top 20 Dynasties of the 20th Century – Thursday June 03, 1999 02:52 PM". Sports Illustrated. June 3, 1999. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  46. ^ "Happy memories ahead for Stringer – Women's College Basketball – ESPN". ESPN. November 29, 2005. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  47. ^ Carey, Benedict. "Sidney W. Bijou, Child Psychologist, Is Dead at 100", The New York Times, July 21, 2009. Accessed July 22, 2009.
  48. ^ "North Dakota Governor John Burke". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 12, 2012. 
  49. ^ "Former Education Minister Wu Jin dies at 74". China Post. 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2008-01-21. 
  50. ^ "PICKLER, John Alfred, (1844–1910)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 4, 2012. 
  51. ^ "Hal Manders". = Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2012. 
  52. ^ "Art Conrad Reinhart". Find A Grave. Retrieved August 29, 2012. 
  53. ^ "Acie Earl". Basketball-Reference.Com. Retrieved October 19, 2012. 
  54. ^ "Bruce Nelson". databaseFootball.com. Retrieved September 2, 2012. 

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Coordinates: 41°39′N 91°32′W / 41.650°N 91.533°W / 41.650; -91.533

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