Unmanned spacecraft

The unmanned ATV-2 Johannes Kepler approaches crewed space station ISS.

Galileo space probe, prior to departure from Earth orbit in 1989

Space orbiter Buran launched as an unmanned spacecraft in 1988 (shown here at an airshow)

The unmanned resupply vessel Progress M-06M

Unmanned spacecraft are spacecraft without people on board, and probably includes unmanned resupply spacecraft, space probes, and most space observatories. A difference between robotic spacecraft and unmanned spacecraft, is that unmanned spacecraft is inclusive to non-robotic unmanned spacecraft, such as reflector balls. Remote controlled spacecraft may have varying levels of autonomy from human input. Strictly speaking many habitable spacecraft also have varying levels of robotic features.

Examples

For a more detailed list see List of Solar System probes.

Selected Lunar probes

See also: Robotic exploration of the Moon

• Luna program — USSR Lunar exploration (1959–1976).
• Ranger program — US Lunar hard-landing probes (1961–1965).
• Zond program — USSR Lunar exploration (1964–1970).
• Surveyor program — US Lunar soft-landing probe (1966–1968).
• Lunar Orbiter program — US Lunar orbital (1966–1967).
• Lunokhod program — USSR Lunar Rover probes (1970–1973).
• Muses-A mission (Hiten and Hagoromo) — Japanese Lunar orbital and hard-landing probes (1990–1993).
• Clementine — US Lunar orbital (1998).
• Lunar Prospector — US Lunar orbital (1998–1999).
• Smart 1 — European Lunar orbital (2003).
• SELENE — Japanese lunar orbiter (2007).
• Chang'e 1 — Chinese lunar orbiter (2007).
• Chandrayaan 1 — Indian lunar orbiter (2008).
• Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter — US Lunar orbiter (2009).
• LCROSS — US Lunar hard-landing probe (2009).
• Chang'e 2 — Chinese lunar orbiter (2010).
• Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory — US Lunar orbiters, to be launched 2011

Mars probes

See also: Exploration of Mars

• Zond program — failed USSR flyby probe
• Mars probe program — USSR orbiters and landers
• Viking program — Two NASA orbiters and landers (1974)
• Phobos program — Failed USSR orbiters and Phobos landers
• Mars Pathfinder — NASA lander and rover (1997)
• Mars Surveyor '98 program (Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander) — Failed NASA probes
• Mars Global Surveyor - NASA orbiter
• Mars Odyssey — NASA orbiter, reached Mars on October 24, 2001
• Mars Observer — failed NASA Mars orbiter
• Mars Express (Mars Express Orbiter and Beagle 2) — European orbiter and failed lander 2003
• Mars Exploration Rovers — NASA rovers (2004)
• Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter — NASA orbiter, entered Martian orbit March 10, 2006
• Phoenix — NASA lander, landed May 25, 2008
• Mars Science Laboratory — NASA rover, launched November 26, 2011

Venus probes

• Venera program — USSR Venus orbiter and lander (1961–1984)
• Pioneer Venus project — US Venus orbiter (1978)
• Vega program — USSR mission to Venus and Comet Halley (1984)
• Magellan probe — US Venus orbiter (1989)
• Venus Express — ESA probe sent for the observation of the Venus's weather (2005)
• MESSENGER - US Fly-by/Orbiter (2004)

Gas giant probes

• Pioneer program — US Jupiter and Saturn flybys
• Voyager program — US Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune flyby and study of interstellar medium
• Galileo probe — US Jupiter orbiter and atmosphere probe
• Cassini-Huygens — US-European Saturn orbiter and Titan lander Huygens (1997–present)

Comet and asteroid probes

• International Cometary Explorer — passed through gas tail of comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner (1985)
• Giotto mission — European — flyby of comet 1P/Halley (1986)
• Vega 1 & 2 — USSR — flyby of comet 1P/Halley (1986)
• Sakigake probe — Japanese — flyby of comet 1P/Halley (1986)
• Suisei probe — Japanese — flyby of comet 1P/Halley (1986)
• NEAR Shoemaker — US — asteroid 433 Eros orbiter, which later landed on the asteroid's surface, launched 1996
• Deep Space 1 — US — comet 19P/Borrelly and asteroid flyby, 1998–2000
• Stardust probe — US — comet 81P/Wild flyby and sample return, launched 1999, flied-by 2004, returned January 15, 2006
• CONTOUR — US — comet flyby mission (comets 2P, 73P and 6P); lost due to solid rocket motor failure shortly after launch in 2002
• Hayabusa — Japanese — asteroid orbiter, lander and sample return, launched 2003, returned June 13, 2010
• Rosetta — European — comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko orbiter and lander (Philae); launched 2004
• Deep Impact — successful US comet 9P/Tempel impactor, launched 2005
• Deep Impact/EPOXI — US — comet 103P/Hartley flyby (extended Deep Impact mission) — 2010
• Stardust/NExT — US — comet 9P/Tempel flyby (extended Stardust mission) — 2011
• Dawn — US launched on September 27, 2007 — now orbiting Vesta in 2011, and intended to orbit Ceres in 2015.

Solar observation probes

• Ulysses — Solar particles and fields
• Genesis — First solar wind sample return mission, 2001–2004 (crash)
• Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) — launched October 19, 2008.
• Advanced Composition Explorer — Solar particles and fields observation at Earth-Sun L₁ point
• STEREO — Pair of probes in solar orbits providing 3D observations of sun

Other solar system probes

• Zond program — USSR flyby missions to the Moon, Venus, and Mars
• Mariner program — US Mercury, Venus and Mars flybys
• MESSENGER — US Mercury orbiter, launched 2004
• New Horizons — US launched on January 19, 2006 — First probe to visit Pluto (in July 2015)

See also

• List of unmanned spacecraft by program
• Unmanned spaceflight