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According to the rules formulated by G.V.Mavalankar, the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and followed since then, a party must have at least 10% of the strength of the House in order to qualify for the designation of a "Parliamentary Party" and the leader of the largest such Parliamentary Party in the opposition ranks is designated the Leader of the Opposition. According to M. N. Kaul and Shyam Lal Shakdher, "with a view to discouraging multiplication of parties and growth of splinter groups" Mavalankar laid down general principles on which recognition can be given to political parties for their parliamentary work in the Lok Sabha. Mavalankar believed that democracy would not grow on proper lines unless there are a fewer number of parties, "possibly not more than two major parties which can almost balance each other as the Government and the Opposition".

The conditions laid down by Mavalankar for an association of members who propose to form a Parliamentary Party in the Lok Sabha are as follows: They must have a distinct ideology and programme which they have announced prior to the election and on which they have been elected and "they should form a homogenous unit capable of developing into a well knit entity"; they should have an organization both inside and outside the House, which is in touch with public opinion on all important issues before the country; they should at least be able to command a strength which would enable them to keep the House, that is, their number should not be less than the quorum fixed to constitute a sitting of the House, which is one-tenth of the total membership. These principles were later embodied in Direction 121 (1) of the Directions by the Speaker, Lok Sabha.

Airport station Ghatkopar

Mahalakshmi Metro station, which is close to places like ISKCON Temple, Prasanna Anjaneya Temple and Mari Tirupati Venkateshwara Temple, as the station is situated just above the busy West of Chord Road-Mahalakshmi Layout Main Road junction.

CUSAT station

Viability Gap Funding means a grant one-time provided by the Public Sector (Central Government / State Government) for Financial Support to PPPs in Infrastructure, with the objective of making a project commercially viable.

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MTHL

Eighth Schedule to the Constitution

The Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution contains a list of 22 scheduled languages. At the time the constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the Official Languages Commission, and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi, the official language of the Union. The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge." In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service at a higher level is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he or she answers the paper.

Via the 92nd Constitutional amendment 2003, 4 new languages – Bodo, Maithili, Dogri, and Santali – were added to the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

The following table lists the languages set out in the eighth schedule as of May 2008, together with the regions where they are used:

Language	Family	Speakers (in millions, 2001)	State(s)
Assamese	Indo-Aryan, North Eastern	13	Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
Bengali	Indo-Aryan, Eastern	83	West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Bodo	Tibeto-Burman	1.4	Assam
Dogri	Indo-Aryan, Northwestern	2.3	Jammu and Kashmir
Gujarati	Indo-Aryan, Western	46	Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Gujarat
Hindi	Indo-Aryan, Central	258–422	Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, the National capital territory of Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand
Kannada	Dravidian	38	Karnataka
Kashmiri	Indo-Aryan, Dardic	5.5	Jammu and Kashmir
Konkani	Indo-Aryan, Southern	2.5–7.6	Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala
Maithili	Indo-Aryan, Eastern	12–32	Bihar
Malayalam	Dravidian	33	Kerala, Lakshadweep, Puducherry
Manipuri (also Meitei or Meithei)	Tibeto-Burman	1.5	Manipur
Marathi	Indo-Aryan, Southern	72	Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu
Nepali	Indo-Aryan, Northern	2.9	Sikkim, West Bengal
Oriya	Indo-Aryan, Eastern	33	Odisha
Punjabi	Indo-Aryan, Northwestern	34	Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab
Sanskrit	Indo-Aryan	0.01	non-regional
Santhali	Munda	6.5	Santhal tribals of the Chota Nagpur Plateau (comprising the states of Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha)
Sindhi	Indo-Aryan, Northwestern	2.5	non-regional
Tamil	Dravidian	61	Tamil Nadu, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Puducherry
Telugu	Dravidian	74	Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Urdu	Indo-Aryan, Central	52	Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh

Since 2003, a government committee has been looking into the feasibility of treating all languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution as "Official Languages of the Union".

EIGHTH SCHEDULE [Articles 344(1) and 351] Languages 1. Assamese. 2. Bengali. 3. Gujarati. 4. Hindi. 5. Kannada. 6. Kashmiri. 7. Malayalam. 8. Marathi. 9. Oriya. 10. Punjabi. 11 . Sanskrit. 12. Tamil. 13. Telugu. 14. Urdu. http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/E.pdf Page 1189

344. Commis- sion and Committee of Parlia- ment on official language

(1) The President shall, at the expiration of five years from the commencement of this Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of ten years from such commencement, by order constitute a Commission which shall consist of a Chairman and such other members representing the different languages specified in the Eighth Schedule as the President may appoint, and the order shall define the procedure to be followed by the Commission. (2) It shall be the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President as to— ( a ) the progressive use of the Hindi language for the official purposes of the Union; ( b ) restrictions on the use of the English language for all or any of the official purposes of the Union; ( c ) the language to be used for all or any of the purposes mentioned in article 348; ( d ) the form of numerals to be used for any one or more specified purposes of the Union; ( e ) any other matter referred to the Commission by the President as regards the official language of the Union and the language for communication between the Union and a State or between one State and another and their use. (3) In making their recommendations under clause (2), the Commission shall have due regard to the industrial, cultural and scientific advancement of India, and the just claims and the interests of persons belonging to the non- Hindi speaking areas in regard to the public services. (4) There shall be constituted a Committee consisting of thirty members, of whom twenty shall be members of the House of the People and ten shall be members of the Council of States to be elected respectively by the members of the House of the People and the members of the Council of States in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. (5) It shall be the duty of the Committee to examine the recommendations of the Commission constituted under clause (1) and to report to the President their opinion thereon. (6) Notwithstanding anything in article 343, the President may, after consideration of the report referred to in clause (5), issue directions in accordance with the whole or any part of that report

351.Directive for develop- ment of the Hindi Language

It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages.

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However, in the Judges Transfer case on December 31, 1981, the Supreme Court upheld the government's authority to dismiss temporary judges and transfer high court justices without the consent of the chief justice.

The House adopted Clause 29, which sought to amend article 170 (relating to composition of Legislative Assemblies), and Clause 51 on 1 November. Clause 17(1) which sought to amend Clause(2) of Article 83, so as to increase the term of office for a Lok Sabha MP from 5 years to 6 years, was adopted on 1 November. Clause 30(1) which would amend article 172 and raise the term from 5 to 6 years for MLAs was also adopted on the same date. Clause 21 of the bill which sought to amend article 105, so as to grant each House of Parliament, its members and committees the right to "evolve" their "powers, privileges and immunities", "from time to time". Clause 34 of the bill sought to amend article 194 to grant the same rights as Clause 21 to State Legislatures, its members and committees. Clause 42 of the bill sought to insert a new article 228A in the Constitution which would give High Courts the authority to "determine all questions as to the constitutional validity of any State law". Clauses 52 and 53 of the bill sought to amend articles 358 and 359, and thereby allow suspension of fundamental rights, and suspension of enforcement of any rights conferred by the Constitution during an Emergency. Clause 54 sought to define the meaning of the terms "Central Law" and "State Law" by inserting two new clauses 4A and 26A into article 366 of the Constitution. Clause 55 of the bill sought to amend article 368 and so as prevent any constitutional amendment from being "called in question in any Court on any ground". The Clause also declared that there would be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend by way of definition, variation or repeal the provisions of the Constitution.

Ambedkar had opposed an amendment proposed in the Constituent Assembly seeking to declare India as a "Secular, Federal, Socialist" nation. Ambedkar cited two objections to the amendment. First, he stated that the policy of the State, how society should be organised in its social and economic side were matters, which must be decided by the people themselves according to time and circumstances. Ambedkar stated that declaring India's social and economic policy could not be laid down in the Constitution itself, because it would be "destroying democracy altogether", and it would take away the liberty of the people to decide what social organisation they wished to live in.

Magazine covers

She has also appeared on the covers of several non-English language magazines. These include Malayalam magazines Vanitha (15-31 July 2007, 1-14 September 2008, 1-14 May 2009 & 15-31 July 2011), Grihlakshmi (December 2006 & April 2007), and Manorama (10 November 2007), Tamil magazines Femina Tamil (12 November 2011), Ananda Vikadam (2007), Alli (2007), Cinema Express (1-15 July 2007), Kumudam (1-15 February, 2007, 21 June 2007, 10 October 2007, 21 November 2007), Kungumam (1-15 February 2007, 30 August 2007 18 October 2007 & 25 October 2010), Super Cinema (2007), and Vanna Thirai (6 September 2007 & 27 September 2007), Telugu magazine Swathi (17 August 2007), Kannada magazine Grihashobha (2009), Hindi magazine Femina Hindi (February 2012), Malaysian magazine Silver Screen (July 2009, June 2010 & August 2011) and German magazine BNA Germany (April 2012).