User:Chris.urs-o/Sandbox.002

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Intro

Eruptions of the Decade Volcanoes (Avachinsky-Koryaksky, Kamchatka; Colima, Jalisco and Colima; Mount Etna, Sicily; Galeras, Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone; Mauna Loa, Hawaii; Mount Merapi, Central Java; Mount Nyiragongo, East African Rift; Mount Rainier, Washington; Sakurajima, Kagoshima Prefecture; Santamaria/Santiaguito, Central America Arc; Santorini, Cyclades; Taal Volcano, Luzon Arc; Teide, Canary Islands; Ulawun, New Britain; Mount Unzen, Nagasaki Prefecture; Mount Vesuvius, Naples)

Mount Pinatubo, Luzon Arc; Toba, Sunda Arc; Mount Meager, Garibaldi Volcanic Belt; Yellowstone hotspot, Wyoming; Long Valley Caldera region, California; Valles Caldera, New Mexico and Taupo Volcanic Zone

Geology[edit]

Ages[edit]

Library[edit]

Second part[edit]

Mount St. Helens[edit]

  • The 1980 Eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Washington D.C.: USGS Professional Paper 1250. 1981. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
    • Rutherford, M.J., and Devine, J.D., 1988, The May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens, III; stability and chemistry of amphibole in the magma chamber: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, no. B10, p. 11949–11959.
    • Rutherford, M.J., Sigurdsson, H., Carey, S., and Davis, A., 1985, The May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens, 1; melt composition and experimental phase equilibria: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, no. B4, p. 2929–2947.
    • The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 2. Modeling of dynamics of the plinian phase S Carey, H Sigurdsson - Journal of Geophysical Research, 1985
    • Magma ascent rates from amphibole breakdown: an experimental study applied to the 1980–1986 Mount St. Helens eruptions MJ Rutherford, PM Hill - Journal of Geophysical Research, 1993
    • Magmatic conditions and processes in the storage zone of the 2004–2006 Mount St. Helens dacite [PDF] MJ Rutherford, JD Devine - … renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004 [18]
    • Foxworthy and Hill, 1982. Volcanic Eruption of 1980 at Mount St. Helens: The First 100 Days: USGS Professional Paper 1249.

Mount Pinatubo[edit]

  • Self, S. (1998), "The atmospheric impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption", in Newhall, C.G., Punongbayan, R.S. (ed.), FIRE and MUD: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, Washington: Smithsonian Institution - Global Volcanism Program, p. 1126, retrieved 2010-04-21 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)[19]
    • The 15 June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. I. Phase equilibria and pre-eruption PT-fO2-fH2O conditions of the dacite [PDF] B Scaillet, BW Evans - Journal of Petrology, 1999 [20]

Laki eruption[edit]

  • Atmospheric impact of the 1783–1784 Laki Eruption: Part I Chemistry modelling D. S. Stevenson, C. E. Johnson, E. J. Highwood, V. Gauci, W. J. Collins, and R. G. Derwent Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 3, 551–596, 2003 [21]
  • Atmospheric impact of the 1783–1784 Laki Eruption: Part II Climatic effect of sulphate aerosol E. J. Highwood and D. S. Stevenson Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 3, 1599–1629, 2003 [22]

Yellowstone[edit]

  • Four National Science Foundation-funded studies:
  • Morgan, Lisa A.; Cathey, Henrietta E.; Pierce, Kenneth L. (20 November 2009). "The Track of the Yellowstone Hotspot: Multi-disciplinary Perspectives on the Origin of the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain Volcanic Province". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 188 (1–3): v–vi. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.11.012.
  • Pierce, Kenneth L.; Morgan, Lisa A. (20 November 2009). "Is the track of the Yellowstone hotspot driven by a deep mantle plume? – A review of volcanism, faulting, and uplift in light of new data". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 188 (1–3): 1–25. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.009.
  • Leeman, William P.; Schutt, Derek L.; Hughes, Scott S. (20 November 2009). "Thermal structure beneath the Snake River Plain: Implications for the Yellowstone hotspot". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 188 (1–3): 57–67. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.034.
  • Manea, V.C.; Manea, M.; Leeman, W.P.; Schutt, D.L. (20 November 2009). "The influence of plume head–lithosphere interaction on magmatism associated with the Yellowstone hotspot track". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 188 (1–3): 68–85. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.12.012.
  • Graham, D.W.; Reid, M.R.; Jordan, B.T.; Grunder, A.L.; Leeman, W.P.; Lupton, J.E. (20 November 2009). "Mantle source provinces beneath the Northwestern USA delimited by helium isotopes in young basalts". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 188 (1–3): 128–140. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.12.004.
  • Perkins, Michael E.; Nash, Barbara P. (March 2002). "Explosive silicic volcanism of the Yellowstone hotspot: the ash fall tuff record". The Geological Society of America Bulletin. 114 (3): 367–381. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0367:ESVOTY>2.0.CO;2.
  • Puskas, C.M.; Smith, R.B.; Meertens, C.M.; Chang, W.L. (2007). "Crustal deformation of the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain volcanic system: campaign and continuous GPS observations, 1987–2004". Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (B03401). doi:10.1029/2006JB004325.
  • Christiansen, R.L. (2001). "The Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana". U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 729-G. Denver, CO: U. S. Geological Survey: 120.
  • http://www.mantleplumes.org/HighLavaPlains.html
  • High Lava Plains province (HLP) Yellowstone-Snake River Plain volcanic system (YSRP), Steens and Columbia River Flood Basalts
  • http://www.physorg.com/news179994313.html
  • Smith conducted the seismic study with six University of Utah present or former geophysicists - former postdoctoral researchers Michael Jordan, of SINTEF Petroleum Research in Norway, and Stephan Husen, of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; postdoc Christine Puskas; Ph.D. student Jamie Farrell; and former Ph.D. students Gregory Waite, now at Michigan Technological University, and Wu-Lung Chang, of National Central University in Taiwan. Other co-authors were Bernhard Steinberger of the Geological Survey of Norway and Richard O'Connell of Harvard University. Smith conducted the gravity study with former University of Utah graduate student Katrina DeNosaquo and Tony Lowry of Utah State University in Logan. four National Science Foundation-funded studies in the latest issue of the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. The studies were led by Robert B. Smith, research professor and professor emeritus of geophysics at the University of Utah and coordinating scientist for the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory.

Center for Geodynamics[edit]

Biographies[edit]

Biographies (scientists & librarians)[edit]

Biographies (economy)[edit]

Biographies (catholicism)[edit]

Geology experts[edit]

The Wilson Cycle[edit]

The Wilson Cycle describes the closing and opening of an ocean along the same plate boundary. For example, the Iapetus Ocean between the Norwegian margin of Baltica and the Greenland margin of Laurentia closed by subduction and collision around 425 million years ago. This led to the formation of the Caledonide mountains and the high-pressure rocks now exposed in western Norway. Extension caused break-up of the new continent and the formation of the North Atlantic Ocean from around 54 million years ago. In this project we investigate the dynamics of the different stages of a Wilson Cycle: closure of an ocean by subduction, the end of convergence by continental collision, and subsequent rifting.

  • Geodynamics group at the Geological Survey of Norway, Susanne Buiter, Trond Torsvik

Volcanic Explosivity Index[edit]

Reference March, 2010:

The Holocene epoch begins 11.700 ka (9650 BC, Tongariro and Jun 11, 2009, Sarychev Peak)

  • Caldera forming eruptions, of large, but unknown magnitudes: 13
  • Plinian eruptions, of large, but unknown magnitudes: 58
  • VEI 4, since Katla, 1500: 176 (one all 2.9 years)
  • VEI 4, Holocene: 420 (one all 28 years)
  • VEI 5, Holocene: 166 (one all 70 years)
  • VEI 6, Holocene: 51 (one all 230 years)
  • VEI 7, Holocene: 5 (+2 suspected, one all 1,950 years)
  • VEI 8, Holocene: 0

A total of 42 eruptions of VEI–8 magnitude or above, are known from the past 36 million years (one all 860 ka).[1]

  • Abstract; Pyle, David M. and Oppenheimer, Clive (2004)

A compilation and analysis of the size and frequency of the largest known explosive eruptions on Earth are presented. The largest explosive events are defined to be those eruptions yielding greater than 1E15 kg of products (>150 times the mass of the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo). This includes all known eruptions with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 8. A total of 47 such events, ranging in age from Ordovician to Pleistocene, are identified, of which 42 eruptions are known from the past 36 Ma. A logarithmic magnitude scale of eruption size is applied, based on erupted mass, to these events. On this scale, 46 eruptions >1E15 kg are defined to be of magnitude M8. There is one M9 event known so far, the Fish Canyon Tuff, with an erupted mass of >1E16 kg and a magnitude of 9.2. Analysis of this dataset indicates that eruptions of size M8 and larger have occurred with a minimum frequency of 1.4 events/Ma in two pulses over the past 36 Ma. On the basis of the activity during the past 13.5 Ma, there is at least a 75% probability of a M8 eruption (>1E15 kg) occurring within the next 1 Ma. There is a 1% chance of an eruption of this scale in the next 460–7,200 years. While the effect of any individual M8 or larger eruption is considerable, the time-averaged impact (i.e., erupted mass×frequency) of the very largest eruptions is small, due to their rarity. The long-term, time-averaged erupted mass flux from magnitude 8 and 9 eruptions is ~10–100 times less than for M7 eruptions; the time-averaged mass eruption rate from M7 eruptions is 9,500 kg s–1, whereas for M8 and M9 eruptions it is ~70–1,000 kg s–1. Comparison of the energy release by volcanic eruptions with that due to asteroid impacts suggests that on timescales of <100,000 years, explosive volcanic eruptions are considerably more frequent than impacts of similar energy yield. This has important implications for understanding the risk of extreme events.

Cripple Creek volcanic area

Thirtynine Mile volcanic area

Reference 1994[edit]

  • The VEI has some similarities to the Richter magnitude scale used to measure earthquakes. It has a simple numerical index of increasing magnitude of explosivity, with each interval representing an increase of about a factor of 10 in the volume of erupted tephra.
  • There are no known explosive events with a VEI larger than 8.
  • Volcanologists developed the VEI in order to help estimate the climatic impact of volcanic eruptions. They soon learned, however, that the amount of sulfur dioxide gas injected high into the atmosphere (which is not necessarily related to the size of an eruption) was a critical factor in determining the climatic impact of volcanic eruptions. Today, the VEI is primarily used to estimate the relative size of an explosive eruption.
  • Large explosive eruptions occur much less frequently than small ones. Through 1994, the record of volcanic eruptions in the past 10,000 years maintained by the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution shows that there have been 4 eruptions with a VEI of 7, 39 of VEI 6, 84 of VEI 5, 278 of VEI 4, 868 of VEI 3, and 3,477 explosive eruptions of VEI 2.

References

  • Newhall, C.G., and Self, S., 1982, The volcanic explosivity index (VEI): An estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism, Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 87, p. 1231-1238.
  • Simkin, Tom, and Siebert, Lee, 1994, Volcanoes of the World -- A regional directory, gazetteer, and chronology of Volcanism during the last 10,000 years: Tuscon, Geoscience Press, Inc., p. 349

Volcanic dimming[edit]

  • Jun 11, 2009, Sarychev Peak (?), Kuril Islands, 48°5'30"N, 153°12'0"E, 4 E8 tephra, VEI 4
  • Apr 2, 1991, Mount Pinatubo, Philipines, 15°8'0"N, 120°21'0"E, 1.1 ±0.5 E10 tephra, VEI 6
  • Mar 28, 1982, El Chichón, Mexico, 17°21'36"N, 93°13'40"W, 2.3 E9 tephra, VEI 5
  • Oct 10, 1974, Fuego, Guatemala, 14°28'22"N, 90°52'49"W, 4 E8 tephra, VEI 4
  • Feb 18, 1963, Agung, Bali, 8°20'30"S, 115°30'30"E, 1 E8 lava, more than 1 E9 tephra, VEI 5
  • ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION OF DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION AT MAUNA LOA, HAWAII

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/mloapt.html

External links[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Mason, Ben G.; Pyle, David M.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth". Bulletin of Volcanology. 66 (8): 735–748. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
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