User:ChyranandChloe/Workshop 17

Some of my online notes. Source.[1]

Uses the four tier hierarchy explained in User:ChyranandChloe/Workshop 15. Major conclusions by the Surgeon general on the health effects of tobacco consumption and:

Sufficient

• Lung cancers, laryngeal cancers, oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers, esophageal cancers, pancreatic cancers, bladder and kidney cancers, cervical cancers, endometrial cancers, stomach cancers, and acute myeloid leukemia
• subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm
• acute respiratory illnesses
• smoking during pregnancy and a reduction of lung function in infants
• active smoking and impaired lung growth during childhood and adolescence
• early onset of lung function decline during late adolescence and early adulthood
• active smoking in adulthood and a premature onset of and an accelerated age-related decline in lung function
• respiratory symptoms in children and adolescents, including coughing, phlegm, wheezing, and dyspnea
• smoking and asthma-related symptoms
• all major respiratory symptoms among adults, including coughing, phlegm, wheezing, and dyspnea
• poor asthma control
• chronic obstructivepulmonary disease morbidity and mortality
• reduced fertility in women
• premature rupture of the membranes, placenta previa, and placental abruption
• maternal active smoking and a reduced risk for preeclampsia
• preterm delivery and shortened gestation.
• maternal active smoking and fetal growth restriction and low birth weight
• sudden infant death syndrome and maternal smoking during and after pregnancy
• diminished health status that may manifest as increased absenteeism from work and increased use of medical care services
• increased risks for adverse surgical outcomes related to wound healing and respiratory complications
• in postmenopausal women smoking, low bone density
• smoking and hip fractures
• nuclear cataract
• peptic ulcer disease in persons who are Helicobacter pylori positive

Suggestive

• colorectal cancers, prostate cancer, liver cancer
• acute respiratory infections among persons with preexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
• maternal smoking during pregnancy and an increase in the frequency of lower respiratory tract illnesses during infancy
• maternal smoking during pregnancy and an increased risk for impaired lung function in childhood and adulthood
• poorer prognosis for children and adolescents with asthma
• increased nonspecific bronchial hyper-responsiveness
• maternal active smoking and ectopic pregnancy
• maternal active smoking and spontaneous abortion
• maternal smoking and oral clefts
• In older men smoking and low bone density
• root-surface caries.
• erectile dysfunction.
• smoking cessation reduces the risk of nuclear opacity
• exudative (neovascular) age-related macular degeneration
• atrophic age-related macular degeneration
• ophthalmopa-thy associated with Graves’ disease
• risk of peptic ulcer complications, although this effect might be restricted to nonusers of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Inadequate

• Ovarian Cancer
• in people with asthma: acute asthma exacerbation
• physician-diagnosed asthma in childhood and adolescence
• asthma in adults
• lower machine-measured cigarette tar and a lower risk for cough and mucus hypersecretion
• idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
• sperm quality.
• maternal smoking and congenital malformations in general
• maternal smoking and physical growth and neurocognitive development of children.
• reduced bone density before menopause in women and in younger men
• fractures at sites other than the hip
• coronal dental caries
• glaucoma
• peptic ulcer disease in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users or in those who are Helicobacter pylori negative
• treatment and recurrence of Helicobacter pylori-negative ulcers

Suggestive of no causal relationship

• adult brain cancer, breast cancer
• retinopathy in persons with diabetes