User:Deisenbe/sandbox

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Voluntary return to slavery : https://www.newspapers.com/image/364956248

Hill Top Hotel[edit]

2022[edit]

  • Hill Top House project moving forward in Harpers Ferry

By Marsha Chwalik June 12, 2022 - 7:08 am https://wvmetronews.com/2022/06/12/hill-top-house-project-moving-forward-in-harpers-ferry/

  • VIDEO: Scenic Old Hill Top House Hotel in Harpers Ferry, W.V., May Finally Be Revived

THU JANUARY 20, 2022 - NORTHEAST EDITION WEST VIRGINIA METRONEWS NETWORK https://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/scenic-old-hill-top-house-hotel-in-harpers-ferry-wv-may-finally-be-revived/55111

2021[edit]

  • Hill Top House Hotel takes big first steps from $150 million concept to reality

By Brad McElhinny November 27, 2021 - 6:00 am https://wvmetronews.com/2021/11/27/hill-top-house-hotel-takes-big-first-steps-from-150-million-concept-to-reality/

  • Stone by Stone: Restoration of Historic Harpers Ferry Hotel Begins

"The history was so emotional, so meaningful. It got us stuck to it" By Mark Segraves, News4 Reporter • Published November 9, 2021• Updated on November 10, 2021 at 9:23 am https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/stone-by-stone-restoration-of-historic-harpers-ferry-hotel-begins/2876844/

  • WEST VIRGINIANOVEMBER 9, 2021 9:05 PMA Sneak Peek at Plans for the Historic Hill Top House Hotel

Restorations will soon begin on an historic hotel in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, that has sat empty and dilapidated for more than a decadehttps://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/a-sneak-peek-at-plans-for-the-historic-hill-top-house-hotel/2876864/

  • Harpers Ferry luxury hotel is a go, finally. A real estate giant will oversee the project.

By Michael Neibauer – Managing Editor, Washington Business Journal Nov 3, 2021 https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2021/11/03/the-journey-of-the-hill-top-house.html

  • Hill Top House project in Harpers Ferry moving ahead

By Christine Snyder, Reporter - April 14, 2021 10288 https://wvexplorer.com/2021/04/14/hill-top-house-harpers-ferry-construction-2021/

  • What is fate of Hill Top House Hotel?

After 13 years of neglect, nature has started to reclaim Hill Top House Hotel in Harpers Ferry, W. Va. RON MACARTHUR PHOTOS Ron MacArthur April 12, 2021 https://www.capegazette.com/blog-entry/what-fate-hill-top-house-hotel/218095

2020[edit]

  • It’s time to get real about a new Hilltop House Hotel

Chris Craig Harpers Ferry Mar 22, 2020 https://www.journal-news.net/journal-news/it-s-time-to-get-real-about-a-new-hilltop-house-hotel/article_0d2e448d-b9a2-5529-bacd-edfa2197e198.html

  • A chance to save a national historic treasure

The Washington Post 03 Mar 2020: A.22 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2369688955/8770A6F4D1454B94PQ/4?accountid=189667

  • Harpers Ferry hotel project gets jump-start

Jamison, Peter.  The Washington Post; Washington, D.C.[Washington, D.C]. 27 Feb 2020: B.4. https://www.proquest.com/results/8770A6F4D1454B94PQ/1?accountid=189667

  • checked Tourism bill may get Hill Top Hotel moving in July

By Tim Cook Feb 26, 2020 Updated Mar 4, 2020 http://www.spiritofjefferson.com/news/article_08f0a31e-5810-11ea-908d-17ae3d283418.html

  • W.Va. House overwhelmingly passes Harpers Ferry hotel project legislation

Matthew Umsteadmumstead@herald-mail.com Feb 24 2020 https://www.heraldmailmedia.com/story/news/local/2020/02/24/wva-house-overwhelmingly-passes-harpers-ferry-hotel-project-legislation/115864394/

Jamison, Peter

.  The Washington Post (Online), Washington, D.C.: WP Company LLC d/b/a The Washington Post. Feb 17, 2020.

  • An old town, newly embittered

Jamison, Peter.  The Washington Post; Washington, D.C. [Washington, D.C]. 17 Feb 2020: A.1. https://www.proquest.com/results/8770A6F4D1454B94PQ/1?accountid=189667

  • Bills aim to solve Harpers Ferry hotel impasse

Matthew Umsteadmumstead@herald-mail.com Feb 1 2020 https://www.heraldmailmedia.com/story/news/local/2020/02/01/bills-aim-to-solve-harpers-ferry-hotel-impasse/43684747/

2019[edit]

  • Harpers Ferry hotel project approved for $48.6 million in tourism development tax credits

Matthew Umstead mumstead@herald-mail.com

Dec 6 2019 https://www.heraldmailmedia.com/story/news/local/2019/12/06/harpers-ferry-hotel-project-approved-for-486-million-in-tourism-development-tax-credits/44332237/

  • Chef José Andrés’s ThinkFood­Group is another partner; it will run a restaurant and all food operations. Additional offerings at the 130-room resort—projected to open in 2022—will include an art-and-photography school, a spa, and a cooking school.

Correction: A previous version of this story incorrectly stated that ThinkFoodGroup would run the cooking school at the property. It has since been updated. This article appears in the September 2019 issue of Washingtonian. https://www.washingtonian.com/2019/09/27/10-new-ideas-for-fall-weekends-dc/

  • SWAN HILL TOP ANNOUNCES PARTNERSHIP WITH JOSÉ ANDRÉS’ THINKFOODGROUP FOR HILL TOP HOUSE HOTEL IN HARPERS FERRY, WEST VIRGINIA

May 07, 2019 09:20https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/05/07/1818502/0/en/SWAN-HILL-TOP-ANNOUNCES-PARTNERSHIP-WITH-JOS%C3%89-ANDR%C3%89S-THINKFOODGROUP-FOR-HILL-TOP-HOUSE-HOTEL-IN-HARPERS-FERRY-WEST-VIRGINIA.html

  • What Do We Mean by Calling the New Hill Top House Hotel an ideas place

Spirit April 3 2019 http://www.hilltophousehotel.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Spirit-of-Jefferson-4-3-2019.pdf

  • Honoring Harpers Ferry and Thomas Lovett, Part 1:

Historic Resources Shaping the new Hill Top House Hotel Concept Plan March 6 2019 Spirit of J http://www.hilltophousehotel.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SJ_A_20_3_6.pdf March 20 pt 2 http://www.hilltophousehotel.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SJ_A_20_3_20.pdf |title=Honoring Harpers Ferry and Thomas Lovett, Part 1: Page=20 |date=March 6, 2019 |newspaper=Spirit of Jefferson and |url=

2018[edit]

  • Narrative for Hill Top House Hotel Landscape Enhancement Plan With Fire Marshal Comments

By SWaN Investors Laurel Ziemianski Hill Top House Hotel Project Manager August 30, 2018 https://harpersferrywv.us/misc/hill_top_hotel/hth-ls-plan-narrative.pdf

  • Hill Top to honor African-American roots

By CHRISTINE SNYDER editor@spiritofjefferson.com Jul 23, 2018 http://www.spiritofjefferson.com/article_d65639a2-8e9c-11e8-a33d-2b1dcb6a9ea8.html

  • Public praise offered for Hill Top redevelopment

HARPERS FERRY—The Harpers Ferry Planning Commission heard universal praise during a public hearing Friday evening on a proposed redevelopment overview plan for the historic Hill Top House Hotel property. Nearly all of the 17 residents who spoke during the public hearing said the outline of the proposed hotel redevelopment was well done and fit the […] By Clarissa Cottrill Jun 16, 2018 https://www.journal-news.net/news/local-news/public-praise-offered-for-hill-top-redevelopment/article_17aae940-3f56-5fee-8d5f-5467741df160.html

  • april 13 2018 Hill Top House Hotel plans detailed

Richard Belislerichardb@herald-mail.com https://www.heraldmailmedia.com/story/news/local/2018/04/14/hill-top-house-hotel-plans-detailed/116630918/

Gerrit Smith[edit]

Recipients of aid from


Utica Psychiatric Center

Mary Brown[edit]

Chicago, Illinois 01 Sep 1882, Fri • Page 8 John Brown, Mary Brown, Luther Mills address

Chicago, Illinois 25 Aug 1882, Fri • Page 5

The Northern picture of slave treatment[edit]

In the South, the view of slavery evolved from "a necessary evil" to "a positive good". Slavery, according to this view, was good for the country and good for the enslaved. In the North the change was the reverse, as the country gradually became more and more polarized. About 1820, slavery was seen as a problem to be ended gradually, and with a seemingly elegant solution: sending the unwanted freed slaves "back to Africa". As the South became more pro-slavery, the North became progresively more anti-slavery. Where it had been perceived as, if not a necessary evil, then a problem to be solved, but without disruption, it came to be seen as the most evil of human practices: "if slavery is not wrong, then nothing is wrong", President Lincoln famously observed. It was an unqualified evil, a disgrace, an economic curse on the slave states, a sin against God. The campaign to export Blacks to Africa was a failure.


At the time of the American Revolution, chattel slavery was legal in every state except the future Vermont. Between then and 1865, when slavery was outlawed nationally by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, every Northern state outlawed slavery, usually gradually. 1840 census Although it was not planned as such, and was nearly forgotten as part of an old border dispute, the Mason-Dixon line became an informal divider between those states, all Southern, which permitted slavery, and those states, all Northern, that prohibited it.

Amos Dresser - had to talk in a hayloft

See "Moral emancipation of the negro" |volume=3 |year=1834 |page=26–27 (26-30) Signed F. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Western_Monthly_Magazine/ps0cAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Slavery |magazine=Western Monthly Magazine

Abolitionist activities[edit]

The changes in the Northern positions on slavery were gradual.

Speakers Publications Petitions D.c. campaign

Contrast with woman taken to England. Douglas and other speakers.

The South was una le to produce any slave writings or speakers on the pleasures of slavery. Faithful slave committee.

Border patrol[edit]

8d complaints, over many years, of Border Patrol agents mistreating migrants and exceeding their legal authority.[1] The Border Patrol refuses to have its agents wear body cameras.[2][3] Plagued by sexism and misogyny, the Border Patrol has the lowest proportion of female agents or officers of any federal agency.[4][5][6]

Most Border Patrol agents were enthusiastic about the 2016 election of President Donald Trump, with his anti-immigrant policy;[7] he is the only presidential candidate that the union of Border Patrol officers has ever endorsed.[8] Most agents supported President Trump's wall project.[9]

The 2020 victory of Joe Biden, who had promised immigration reform, left them feeling abandoned and bitter.[6]

Immigration policy[edit]

Proposed new section on History of United States immigration policyI'm going to add a section on the history of U.S. immigration policy, that being understood as what the laws or official decisions say. This is quite different from the history of inmigration, which studies what actually happened. The laws and policies were what was supposed to happen according to someone. It's a history of raciwt thinking, actually: who do you favor and who do you keep out? What is right and what is wrong? And the current immigration law is quite enlightened, it's just not being enforced properly. We are in the middle of an immigration crisis. There are plenty of reliable sources for all of this. I've thought about where this should be located. It isn't going to be very long and I'll try to keep it as a piece that could easily stand alone if and when the article is aplit. I'm thinking of making it the first section after the lede, before the history. This is not because it's so important, but because it's the only sequence

Darién province[edit]

1787 map showing the Provincia del Darién

The Provincia de Darién was an administrative unit of colonial Spain. Its borders extended on the north into what is today Costa Rica. On the south it extended to the "País o Provincia de Biruquete"0. All of this part is in the modern Chocó Department. However, the Darién Gulf was not the end of it; it extended east into the modern Antioquia and Córdoba Departments.


Istmo del Darién Photo

Province of Panama within Panama

Wikipedia is a language[edit]

See also: Wikipedia:Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country

[The following draws on the languages I know best, which are the Romance languages Spanish, Portuguese, French, and mutatis mutandis Latin, and to a much lesser degree the Semitic languages Arabic and Hebrew.]

What is a language? It's not necessarily something you speak. There is machine language, which used to be part of computer programming (see Autocoder) but is now limited to chip design. There is sign language. Two people in a love relationship will, without conscious effort, develop "their own language". This has been seen as a defining feature of a relationship: without the special or love language, there is no serious relationship. There are artificial languages, like Esperanto (Latin-based) and Loglan (more international).

A language is a system of communication. It is a system of symbols, in which the letters c-a-t and the sound of the spoken word represent or refer to the animal. It is also a way to organize the world, and different languages organize the world in different ways. In Spanish, those with whom one uses "tú" (English "thou", but in common use) and those one refers to as "usted" are two categories of people for which there are no English equivalents. There are untranslatable words, lkke the Portuguese saudade (nostalgia for a specific thing, place, or person). In Spanish, one can challenge someone to a duel (deafiar), but the English usage of challenge to oneself, as in "It's a challenge to stay happy given current conditions", has no translation in Spanish.

Soon one runs into the relation between language and national character: whether something significant can be concluded from such linguistic differences as German's ability to compound words (doghouse, windshield, setback), or the receptivity of English, for which there is no central linguistic authority, to foreign words, like pizza or maven: to what extent the language shapes the people, and to what extent the people shape the language.

Any language is by definition a code, and codes have rules. Languages organize time in different ways from English: the past—the definite, the fixed—and everything else, present or future. Numbers can be different: every European language has singular and plural nouns, but some also have "duals"—a form of the plural that means "two and only two". Some words in some languages have multiple plurals depending on details of meaning.

Languages existed before there were rules for them or dictionaries of them. Languages are constantly changing. Can be retarded, as national language academies and reference books attempt to do, but can't be stopped. Most linguistic innovation by children.


English open to foreign words. That's why we have cow and beef,

Wikipedia is a system of written communication. It requires that everything said, save obvious facts like "Washington DC is the capital of the United States", must be verifiable. Everything must be linked to something else: an article with no links to it is an orphan and is by definition problematic. Every article must belong to some category, and every category has to have articles in it. At a simpler level it can be handled

To use the Wikipedia language, you make a statement, you write a sentence. You can use any human language; placing what you write in that languages's Wikipedia. Rule: everything needs to be linked to something Anything you weite must have a name, a title. Links are good.

American Civil War

East west highway in ny stste[edit]

From pompey ny The hamlet of Pompey developed about 10.5 miles (17 km) south of the main east-west Native American trail across the state, used for generations. European-American settlers improved the trail and developed it as the Genesee Road (1794) and then the Seneca Turnpike (1800), running through the villages of Cazenovia, Manlius and Onondaga Hollow (south of Syracuse). The segment of modern U.S. Route 20 (US 20), which connects Cazenovia and Skaneateles by way of Pompey and LaFayette, was not built until 1934.

John Brown's Family[edit]

https://archive.org/details/midnightrisingjo0000horw_e1q1/page/282/mode/2up

Quarles says there were 1,000

Harpers Ferry[edit]

  • 1.

Interdisciplinary approaches to the meanings and uses of material goods...

Academic Journal

By: Shackel, Paul A. Historical Archaeology. 1994, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p3. 13p. 1 Black and White Photograph. DOI: 10.1007/BF03374196

  • Social dynamics and structure in lower town Harpers Ferry.

Academic Journal

By: Winter, Susan E. Historical Archaeology. 1994, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p16. 11p. 2 Black and White Photographs. DOI: 10.1007/BF03374197

  • 3

Changing the social and material routine in nineteenth-century Harpers Ferry.

Academic Journal

By: Lucas, Michael T,.; Shackel, Paul A. Historical Archaeology. 1994, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p27. 15p. 4 Charts. DOI: 10.1007/BF03374198

  • 4.

Floral history by the back door: A test of phytolith analysis in residential yards at Harpers Ferry.

Academic Journal

By: Rovner, Irwin. Historical Archaeology. 1994, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p37. 12p. 2 Charts. DOI: 10.1007/BF03374199


  • 5 5.

The health and sanitation of postbellum Harpers Ferry.

Academic Journal

By: Ford, Benjamin. Historical Archaeology. 1994, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p49. 13p. 1 Black and White Photograph. DOI: 10.1007/BF03374200


Sanitation and parasitism at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.

Academic Journal

By: Rienhard, Karl J. Historical Archaeology. 1994, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p62. 6p. 2 Charts. DOI: 10.1007/BF03374201.

  • 7.

A boardinghouse Madonna--beyond the aesthetics of a portrait created through medicine bottles.

Academic Journal

By: Larsen, Eric L. Historical Archaeology. 1994, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p68. 12p. DOI: 10.1007/BF03374202

  • 8. 8.

A la Russe, a la Pell-Mell,or a la practical: Ideology and compromise at the late...

Academic Journal

By: Lucas, Michael T. Historical Archaeology. 1994, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p80. 14p. 7 Charts. DOI: 10.1007/BF03374203


  • 9.

Diet and prehistoric landscape during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries at Harpers...

Academic Journal

By: Cummings, Linda Scott. Historical Archaeology. 1994, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p94. 12p. 1 Diagram, 1 Chart, 2 Graphs. DOI: 10.1007/BF03374204


  • 10.

There's trouble a-brewin': The brewing and bottling industries at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.

Academic Journal

By: Hull-Walski, Deborah A.; Walski, Frank L. Historical Archaeology. 1994, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p106. 16p. 2 Black and White Photographs, 1 Chart. DOI: 10.1007/BF03374205

Victor Hugo[edit]

Wikisource Not in the Daily News I looked at the Daily News (I assume that's what's meant by the London News) of December 1859 (on newspapers.com, which WP got me a subscription to), and did not find this text anywhere. The closest thing was on Dec. 9 where there is advertised a volumeSpeeches at the Reform Caucus, (https://www.newspapers.com/image/390849052/?terms=Hugo&match=1), which has "Victor Hugo on Old John Brown". Though it doesn't say so clearly, these seem to be newspaper pieces and the newspaper mentioned is Lloyd's Weekly London Newspaper". I went looking for thatand found Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, published in London, but it's not there.

The London Standard of December 9 has talk of it in a report from their Paris correspondent. (https://newspaperarchive.com/london-standard-dec-09-1859-p-5/)

The Janesville Morning Gazette of Janesville, Wisconsin (it came off the wire) has it on December 29, sauing it came from the London News of December 9.

former letter[edit]

{yo|R}} There is plenty of documentation of the importance of the Weld–Grimké relationship in the context of early or proto feminism; their love letters have been published. There is a parallel in a related article, the one on the Grimké sisters, which I personally had nothing to do with. Everything, at least theoretically, could go into the articles on the two sisters (Angelina, Sarah). But the two, as a team, get their own article. And if you can have an article on a team of two sisters, why not about a husband and wife team? But it seems strange to write an article on their relationship, their marriage, their partnership. But "wedding" is the traditional place to discuss the two together, and it was a most unusual wedding. It was capped by the worst case of arson in American history as of that date (except for the British burning the Capitol and the White House during the War of 1812). The grand new venue, in which Angelina was the last speaker, while the windows were being broken, whose inauguration all of these out of town visitors were there to attend, was burned to the ground, and rioters prevented firemen from saving the building.

Anyway, I've put Under Construction on it. As you probably know, that is deleted autonatically after inactivity, and I'm adking you to postpone any decision and action until I'm done, at which point I will take the Under Construction down. It won't be long. deisenbe (talk) 13:18, 17 June 2021 (UTC)

First Niagara Conference[edit]

Erie Beach Hotel, Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada. Destroyed by fire in 1975.

The First Niagara Conference was an influential meeting of 29 Black leaders that took place on July 11, 12, and 13 of 1905.[10]: 67 



Background[edit]

https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED467297/mode/2up The origin of the Niagara Movement is found in the dissatisfaction of W. E. B. Du Bois and other Black intellectuals with the approach of Booker T. Washington. In his Atlanta Compromise speech,

Forth, Christopher E. (Summer–Autumn 1987). "Booker T. Washington and the 1905 Niagara Movement Conference". Journal of Negro History. 72 (3/4): 45–56. doi:10.2307/3031507. JSTOR 3031507. S2CID 150352156.

Location[edit]

Original location: Buffalo, New York[edit]

At the last minute, advancing the cost out of his pocket, DuBois moved the convention to the former Erie Beach Hotel in Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada (not to be confused with the modern Erie Beach Hotel in Port Dover, Ontario). The location of the Conference was kept semi-secret, and [11] However, not one of the several newspaper articles on the Conference mentions Canada, Ontario, or Erie Beach; they uniformly say the Conference was held in Buffalo,[12][13][14][15][16] The Constitution of the Niagara Movement reads: "As Adopted July 12 and 13, 1905, at Buffalo, New York".[17] except for one that says it took place in Niagara Falls, New Yorkl[18]


The explanation for the secrecy was the concern about possible disruption from partisans of more conservative Booker T. Washington, Washington later made serious attempts to infiltrate, isolate, minimize, and starve the Movement.[19]: 94, 101  He sent Richard Greener to the Second Niagara Conference, in Harpers Ferry,[20]: 186  with the explocit charge to spy and report.

29 men attended.[21]

Du Bois wrote William H. Talbert June 13 looking for place outside the city.[21]

Second Niagara Conference[edit]

Gotto look at Quarles again -in Internet archive −

Rev. Reverdy C. Ransom, 1906

About 100 attended.[23] Dubois read Niagara Address

Followed pp. 669–670 }}

Publication: Cleveland Gazette Location: Cleveland, Ohio, United States Of America Issue Date: July 15, 1905 https://newspaperarchive.com/cleveland-gazette-jul-15-1905-p-1/

  • 190507115 Conclusion of Niagara Conference

"'Niagara Movement'—Started by Negroes under Lead of Prof Du Bois.—They Are Surprised at Recent Growth of Racial Prejudice". Boston Globe (Boston, Massachusetts). July 15, 1905. p. 5 – via newspapers.com.

  • 19050722 The Appeal. [volume], July 22, 1905, Image 5

About The Appeal. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn. ;) 1889-19?? https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016810/1905-07-22/ed-1/seq-5/#words=%22Niagara%2Bmovement%22%2B%22niagara%2Bmovement%22%2B%22niagara%2Bmovement%22

https://elephind.com/?a=q&r=1&results=1&sf=byDA&e=------190-en-10--11-byDA.rev-txt-txINtxCO-%22Niagara+movement%22----1905-----

by Stafford, Mark; Huggins, Nathan Irvin, 1927- Pp. 67-69

References[edit]

  1. ^ Sullivan, Eileen (Oct 21, 2021). "'It Should Not Have Happened': Asylum Officers Detail Migrants' Accounts of Abuse. More than 160 reports, obtained by Human Rights Watch, reveal details of mistreatment that asylum seekers described experiencing from border officials and while in U.S. custody". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Macaraeg was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Fox, Ben (December 21, 2021). "US Homeland Security agents to test use of body cameras". AP News.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Facebook was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Ripley, Amanda (Nov 14, 2017). "Federal law enforcement has a woman problem. Police agencies are the most male-dominated part of the federal government — and that undermines their mission". Politico. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  6. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Morale was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Del Cueto, Art (September 24, 2019). "A Conversation with a Border Patrol Agent". The New York Times.
  8. ^ New York Times Editorial Board (April 5, 2016). "The Border Patrol's Bizarre Choice". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 19, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  9. ^ Dinan, Stephen (April 2, 2018). "Border Patrol agents back Trump wall, survey finds". The Washington Times.
  10. ^ Stafford, Mark; Huggins, Nathan Irvin (1989). W.E.B. DuBois. New York: Chelsea House.
  11. ^ "Niagara Movement First Annual Meeting" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
  12. ^ "Niagara Movement". Boston Globe. July 15, 1905. p. 5 – via newspaperarchive.com.
  13. ^ "The Niagara Movement — New Organization for Race Weal Launched in Buffalo. — W. E. B. Du Bois at it's [sic] Head". The Broad Ax (Chicago, Illinois). August 5, 1905. p. 1–2 – via Illinois Digital Newspaper Collection.
  14. ^ "Niagara Movement. —New National Race Organization Launched at Buffalo". The Appeal. July 29, 1905. pp. 2, 4 – via Chronicling America.
  15. ^ "Colored Men Confer. — Teo Well Known Cambridge Men Attend Convention in Buffalo, N.Y." Cambridge Tribune (Cambridge, Massachusetts). July 29, 1905. p. 2 – via Cambridge Public Library.
  16. ^ "Niagra [sic] Movement". The Statesman (Denver, Colorado). July 21, 1905. p. 7 – via Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection.
  17. ^ Constitution and by-laws of the Niagara Movement: as adopted July 12 and 13, 1905, at Buffalo, N.Y. 1905.
  18. ^ "New Step for the Negro—Leaders of Race Start Niagara Movement—Fourteen States Represented at Their Convention—They Adopt an Address to the Country—Hampton Conference Discusses Important Problems". Boston Evening Transcript (Boston, Massachusetts). July 15, 1905. p. 14 – via newspapers.com.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Fox was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Rudwick, Elliott M. (July 1957). "The Niagara Movement". Journal of Negro History. 42 (3): 177–200. doi:10.2307/2715936. JSTOR 2715936. S2CID 150116928.
  21. ^ a b "Niagara Movement - Mystery Solved!". Uncrowned Community Builders. 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  22. ^ Ransom, Reverdy C. (October 1906). "The Spirit of John Brown". Voice of the Negro. 3 (10): 412–417.
  23. ^ Moyer Schackel p. 20
  24. ^ Quarles, Benjamin (1974). "John Brown's Day". [archive.org Allies for freedom : Blacks and John Brown]. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–10. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)

Slavery in Tennessee[edit]

Resistance to Slavery in Middle Tennessee Author(s): Richard J.M. Blackett Source: Tennessee Historical Quarterly , WINTER 2017, Vol. 76, No. 4 (WINTER 2017), pp. 300-341 Published by: Tennessee Historical Society Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26540299

Capt. Avis[edit]

Avis was a friend of Martin R. Delany, from Charles Town, had been playmates Quarles, allies for freedom, p. 111

Captain John Avis was deputy sheriff and in charge of the Jefferson County jail, in Charlestown, Virginia (today Charles Town, West Virginia. He was

"I visited the scene of his imprison- ment and execution, in the spring of 1875, and met his honorable jailer, John Avis, whose later portrait is here given. He had been a captain in the Confederate army under Dee, andhadceasedtobeprison-keeper; but was the same composed, friendly man that Brown had found him, in the six weeks he lived in that prison. So much was Brown affected by his kindness that when a rescue was proposed to him by friends at the North,

he refused to consider it saying that it would not be fair to Captain Avis to attempt aught of the kind.[1]

John Avis. JailerofJohnBrown. Takenabout1880.

https://www.newspapers.com/image/624712648/?terms=%22John%20avis%22&match=1

https://www.newspapers.com/clip/76198656/schoffer-withess-to-john-brown/

ref>Brown, John (December 10, 1859) [November 15, 1859]. "His Views of Death and Religious Hopes. Brown's Letter [to Rev. H. L. Vaill]". St. Joseph Weekly Free Democrat (St. Joseph, Missouri). p. 1 – via newspapers.com./ref>

https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=NATIONALANTISLAVERYSTANDARD.AS1859120303.00003

https://www.newspapers.com/clip/66112134/john-avis-obit/#


Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Sanborn, Franklin Benjamin. [https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/pdf/community.28478314.pdf?ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A80483bfac425763c73f8f709006a03f2 Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/community.28478314 John Brown and His Friends] (PDF). p. 23. doi:10.2307/community.28478314 (inactive 2022-06-11) – via jstor. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); line feed character in |url= at position 189 (help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2022 (link)

The Road (the parameter "via")[edit]

A parameter is a component of a description. In describing a book, one parameter would be the author, another the date, and so on.

A citation is a description of data. It describes a destination. where to go. God, the author, may be sending you on a journey, or just suggesting one, but here is a place you could go. And some of you will.

"Via", in a Wikipedia citation, gives the road to find the article or data you seek: where the article may be found, how to get to it. Some of this data is easy to find, as it grows (reproduces itself) as fast as it can. Much data is behind locked gates, castle walls, barricades. A toll may be demanded! You may have to identify yourself! Some destinations are off-limits to individuals altogether; the only access is via a subscriber, uusually a library. And no library subscribes to everything.

It all sounds very medieval to me. Our life is a journey. There is a path to follow. Stray from the path and difficulty or disaster will follow.

Unfortunately, if the history of publishing shows anything, it's that these paths can change, or disappear altogether. Already there are isolated islands, clouds of orphaned data, or writings, lost continents of data on pbsolere medis that an explorer needs to find and analyze.

Why do I want that data? Is it correct? Why am I on this road and not on a different one?

These are metaphysical questions. A superior being has created this world, and you.

Humanity's knowledge—really, our identity—lives in storage media, devices, powered manufactured memory. Will parts always be available for these devices? Will there be factories to produce these parts? Will raw materials be available?

Will this always be available? If that isn't an act of faith, I don't know what one is.

Jason Brown[edit]

https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=76818707&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjM0MzUzNDQ5LCJpYXQiOjE2MjAwNDU0MzQsImV4cCI6MTYyMDEzMTgzNH0.8wFOD1eehai18l0WCs0-fMLaTZiej4XKOpiUBl1ee60

Slavery in the United States[edit]

Pro-slavery

Underground railroad

Abolitionists Frederick Douglass Harriet Tubman

Pro-slavery, fire-eaters

Books

Slave traders[edit]

Franklin Armfield Lumpkin's jail

  • Zephaniah kingsley

Negro Fort

Native American slavery Black slave owners

Views of individual

List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves

Memorial to Enslaved Laborers

Pottawatomie massacre

Fugitive slaves

Compromise of 1850

  • Legal
  • Gag rule

D.C. Compensated Emancipation Act

Leon negro college[edit]

https://www.newspapers.com/image/298501892/?terms=%22Duval%20hall%22%20%2Bfire%20tallahassee&match=1 https://www.newspapers.com/image/133386162/?terms=%22Duval%20hall%22%20%2Bfire%20tallahassee&match=1 https://www.newspapers.com/image/245234134/?terms=%22Duval%20hall%22%20%2Bfire%20tallahassee&match=1 October 1923

https://www.newspapers.com/image/243914127/?terms=%22Normal%20and%20industrial%20college%22%20fire&match=1 1913

https://www.newspapers.com/image/81281226/?terms=Carnegie%20library&match=1 1905

Duval hall burned in 1923, but carnegie library opened 1905 on duval mansiin spot

https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/78000949.pdf 1906 fire helped getvfunding from Carnegie

1907 submit bids to build it. https://www.newspapers.com/image/81281695/?terms=Carnegie&match=1

To open: https://www.newspapers.com/image/46223971/?terms=Carnegie&match=1

Major's Hall[edit]

https://www.pantagraph.com/special-sections/news/history-and-events/article_e3438bbe-3180-11e0-abfb-001cc4c002e0.html

https://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln63.html

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Major%27s_Hall,_117_East_Front_Street,_Bloomington,_McLean_County,_IL_HABS_ILL,57-BLOOM,1-_(sheet_1_of_2).png

Soldier's Monument[edit]

The Soldier's Monunent, in Osawatomie, Kansas, is a modest obelisk commemorating those, including John Brown's son Frederick, who died in the Battle of Osawatomie.

Timeline of Bleeding Kansas[edit]

Timeline of the "Bleeding Kansas" period

"Bleeding Kansas" is a colorful name for the Territorial Kansas period.

1854

May 30: Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Establishes Kansas and Nebraska territories.

1856

May 2X–2X: Pottawatomie massacre.
June 2: Battle of Black Jack.

1861

January 29: Kansas enters the Union as a free state.

Atlantic slave trade[edit]

Revive atlantic slave trade tabled sfter bitter debate in SC his soul goes marching on p. 305 Where did I say these proposals never webt anywhere bug acaised alarm in the North?

Ransom picture[edit]

Caribbean slaves[edit]

Moya Pons, Frank Between Slavery and Free Labor: The Spanish-speaking Caribbean in the 19th Century. Baltimore; Johns Hopkins University Press 1985

The joy of primary sources[edit]

We waked up stark mad abolitionists Book made it up impnto woke How uch more emotion tgan in "the impact of X was abrupt." Wikipedia is uncomfortable with primary sources. They are acceptable only under certain conditions, and like drugs, can be easily misused.

Slavery in the District of Columbia

Original research

Get in garden and smell the earth, organic vegetables.


Compare https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lippincott_s_Magazine_of_Popular_Literat/s59FAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Lippincotts+September+1883&pg=PA232-IA1&printsec=frontcover

and https://www.newspapers.com/image/552360518

Rubin Stacy[edit]

free baptists[edit]

The American Baptist Free Mission Society was founded in 1843, in Boston, due to the founders' inability to get the larger Baptist Mission Societies to commit to opposing slavery. This dispute within the church would lead to the formation of the Southern Baptist Convention in 1845.

Among its distinguished members were William Henry Brisbane, Nathan Brown, John Duer, and Cyrus Grosvenor. The latter was very involved in the project for which the society is most remembered, the founding of New York Central College. It was the first college in the country which from its opening was committed to admitting all students (including blacks and women) on an equal basis. Un When active,the Society raised and spent $3,000 to $22,000 per year. Missionaries were sent to Haiti, Burma, Japan, and "Africa", However, most were missions to blacks in the United States, west of the Apallachians and especially in the American South.

Facts for Baptist churches. by Foss, A. T. (Andrew T.), b. 1803; Mathews, Edward, b. 1812

Publication date 1850

With the end of slavery in the U.S. in 1865, and by 1872 the Society had ceased active operations and transferred assets to other Baptist organizations. The Society sponsored the formation of New-York Central College,. Leland University

Central College[edit]

People's College[edit]

https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMM01138.html

https://www.crookedlakereview.com/articles/67_100/85apr1995/85bell.html

https://www.google.com/search?q=charles+cook+academy+montour&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwizwdn-3fnqAhXQhlMKHVtpA54Q2-cCegQIABAA&oq=charles+cook+academy+montour&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1CxMViTW2C4XGgAcAB4AIABbYgBpgqSAQQxNS4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=izslX_PPItCNzgLb0o3wCQ&bih=712&biw=1111


The pre-cornell set of books

https://archive.org/details/ASPC0002430500/page/n121/mode/2up?q=%22New+york+central+college%22

Louis Ransom's picture[edit]

In 1848, a slave rebellion on St. Croix, at that time part of the Danish West Indies, led to the end of slavery in that colony

The triangular Danish slave trade, taking enslaved laborers from west Africa to work on primarily sugar plantations in the Caribbean,[1] was outlawed in 1792, although the prohibition did not become effective until January 1, 1803. However, slavery itself continued. In 1833 the enslaved were freed in the British West Indies and the British Colony of Jamaica.

Peter von Scholten, who became Governor-General of the Danish West Indies in 1827, was a persistent advocate in favor of gradual abolition of slavery. In 1847, it was decided that slavery was to be abolished completely after 12 years. In the meantime, the children born to enslaved parents were born free.

Scholten was criticized for having exceeded his authority with these measures.

New Haven Excitenent[edit]

Students and other stuff on new york central college[edit]

The slave rebellion on St. Croix[edit]

Bust of Buddhoe in Buddhoe Park, Frederikstedg , St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

But that was too little and too late. In July 1848, a slave rebellion started on St. Croix. Big crowds of enslaved laborers from the town and the plantations took complete control of the small town of Frederiksted. One of the leading men among the rebels was the enslaved laborer John Gottlieb, called General Buddhoe.

The situation was critical. Von Scholten saw no other recourse than taking matters into his own hands in order to ward off avert a devastating rebellion. On July 3, 1848, he drove to Frederiksted, spoke to the rebels, and issued a proclamation saying that "all unfree in the Danish West Indies are from today emancipated". It has since been said[by whom?] that von Scholten and John Gottlieb entered into a secret prior agreement, but there is no evidence supporting this.

The Governor-General had no authority to abolish slavery. He came under severe attack for his decision, both by the members of the West Indian government and by slave owners. The owners had lost a large part of their wealth without knowing what compensation, if any, to expect. Von Scholten suffered a nervous breakdown because of the events and left the islands soon thereafter.

Commemoration in the U.S. Virgin Islands[edit]

The United States purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917. The United States Virgin Islands celebrates July 3, the date of Von Scholten's proclamation, as Emancipation Day, an official holiday.

See also[edit]


References[edit]

  1. ^ Gøbel, Erik (2011). "Danish Shipping Along the Triangular Route, 1671–1802: voyages and conditions on board". Scandinavian Journal of History. 36 (2): 135–155. doi:10.1080/03468755.2011.564065. S2CID 143440637.

Category:History of the Danish West Indies Category:Slave rebellions in North America Category:Slavery in Denmark


Amos Dresser[edit]

Amos Dresser (December 17, 1812 – February 4, 1904) was an abolitionist and pacifist minister, one of the founders of Olivet College. His name was well known in the antebellum period because of a well-publicized incident: in 1835 he was arrested, tried, convicted, and publicly whipped in Nashville, Tennessee, for possession of abolitionist publications.

− −

Early life[edit]

− Dresser was born in Peru, Massachusetts. He was a descendant of Robert Cushman, a Mayflower pilgrim. name=Necro

− |title=Sixty Years in the Min

Navbox Lane Debates[edit]

Lyman Beecher

  • Participants
    • Theodore Dwight Weld
    • James Bradley (former slave)


The Negro Problem[edit]

The phrase "The Negro Problem" was used before the Civil War, by prominent abolitionist Frederick Douglass along with many others, before the Civil War to refer to the national conundrum of what to do with slaves who became free.

Prior to the emergence of the proslavery movement, itself a response to the forceful emergence of abolitionism in the 1830s, everyone, at least in theory, was opposed to slavery. The national debate was on what opyions there were for ending slavery. Freeing slaves and turning them into voting citizens was at the time a radical idea, "far outside mainstream thinking". (See Radical Republicans.)

Free blacks were unwanted[edit]

Few wanted freed slaves, widely though not universally seen as inferior, lazy, licentious, dangerous men and women, incapable of or unwilling to work and support themselves. In the South free blacks were not wanted because they were thought to encourage slave escapes and rebellions, and to communicate to slaves information about escape routes and the Underground Railroad. Hostility to the freeing of slaves reached such a level that manumission was forbidden in South Carolina; therefore, a special act of the legislature was required to free any slave in the state. In North Carolina and some other states, newly freed slaves had to leave the state within 30 days. In Florida, in a practice sinilar to sex offender registration, free blacks had to register at the county courthouse and pay a tax of $1/year; each had to have a white sponsor who would be sued in case of misconduct by the black, since blacks could not be sued.

In the North free blacks were not wanted either; cases of mob violence against blacks, often involving "gentlemen of property and stsnding", were widespread in the North.[1] (They were rare in the South.) Free blacks were seen as unwanted immigrants, undercutting wages and stealing jobs that otherwise whitss could fill. Discrimination against African Americans was completely legal, and their conditions are almost inconceivable today (2020). They could not stay at hotels or eat at restsurants; if passengers on a riverboat, they had to stay on deck, regardless of weather, and could not enter the cabin. They could not ride in a stagecoach. They were excluded ftom schools they were taxed to aupport. This list could be greatly extended.

Given this situation, the logical conclusion of most whites was that the Blacks shoukd be encouraged, helped, or forced to emigrate, to leave the United States and go somewhere else. The Blacks themselves, many of whom had lived in the United States for generations, were overwhelmingly opposed to leaving the country. As far as Africa is concerned, they said repeatedly that they were no more African than the Americans were British.

The Republic of Maryland, Kentucky in Africa, Mississippi-in-Africa, and other colonies that combined to form Liberia are the only enduring result of this movement. However, there were a number of other proposals.

Proposals of places to send free blacks[edit]

A reservation for blacks[edit]

After the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, one idea was that Blacks could be assigned some part of these lightly-inhabited territories, to establish there their own polity, a predecessor of what happened with Native Americans in the 1830s. These proposals did not get beyond the talking stage.

Haiti and Cuba[edit]

The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1787-1863 (review) William H. Pease Civil War History, Volume 23, Number 1, March 1977, pp. 84-85 (Review) Published by The Kent State University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1977.0021

Central America[edit]

Mexico

President Lincoln's proposal was for Blacks to emigrate to Chiriquí, a remote province in Panama. In fact he appointed an Agent of Emigration, [[James Mitchell (Methodist minister)|James Mitchell]{, and Congress authorized $200,000 towards this project, which was never spent.

Liberia, Costa Rica

Tge American ColonuzTion Society and Liberia[edit]

The failure of colonization and the emergence of abolitionism[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Richards, Leonard L. "Gentlemen of property and staning" : anti-abolition mobs in Jacksonian America. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 657396011.

The joy of on Wikipedia[edit]

Wikipedia:POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields#OR by editors

I was Distinguished Research Professor at Florida State University, which you can verify [here] where there is a picture of the diplomazawarding me that honor. I gave also been editor of two legitimate scholarly journalss. One is the journal of the Cervantes Society of America, which you can verify here, the other is behind a wall that I am in the process of getting removed. In addition, I regularly taught a graduate course in Research Methods and Bibliography; the documentation of that is in the university archives, Special Collections, Strozier Library, Florida State University.

So I think I can validly claim to know how to handle primary sources in the areas I've been trained in (Western European and American history, literature, and linguistics.

The Greenwood, New York, insurrection of 1882 It's got nothing

New Haven Excitement[edit]

Moss, Hilary (2014) "'Cast Down on Every Side': The Ill-Fated Campaign to Found an 'African College' in New Haven". In Normen, Elizabeth J.; Harris, Katherine J.; Close, Stacey K.; Mitchell, Wm. Frank; White, Olivia (eds.). African American Connecticut Explored. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 148–154. ISBN 978-0-8195-7398-8 – via Project MUSEget from sarah harris f.
+cited in arthur tappan

also https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1124698 in same volume 

DID BLACKS NEED A BLACK COLLEGE?

pp. 161-180 (20 pages) DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv9b2x9d.15 https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv9b2x9d.15 Black Education in New York State: From Colonial to Modern Times, 1979 p. 162


Slavery and the domestic slave-trade in the United States. In a series of letters addressed to the Executive committee of the American union for the relief and improvement of the colored race https://archive.org/details/slaverydomestics00andr/page/12/mode/2up pp. 12-13 1836

Background[edit]

When the District of Columgia was created at the end of the 18th century, it used land taken from two slave states, Maryland and Virginia.

  • The black code of the District of Columbia : in force September 1st, 1848

by Snethen, Worthington G. (Worthington Garrettson)

Publication date 1848 https://archive.org/details/0823eecd-d5d9-4017-99b9-2d4a01141fbb/mode/2up

see https://archive.org/details/1862emancipation00will/page/4/mode/2up

mention Reuben Crandpll trial

Plácido[edit]


Augustus Wattles[edit]

Category:Lane Theological Seminary alumni

Pamphlet campaign of 1835[edit]

see https://www.jstor.org/stable/40067812

After its foundation in 1833, the American Anti-Slavery Society sought to carry the anti-slavery message by every means possible. With funding from the Tappans, it hired Theodore Weld to run workshops training anti-slavery agents, many of them ministers. It was in one of these training workshops that Weld and Angelina Grimké met; they would marry in 1838.

In the summer of 1835 the American Anti-slavery Society, with funding from the Tappans, began a campaign to print and mail large quantities of pamphlets and broadsides to people in the South.[1] This was because it was too dangerous to send human abolitionists into the South.[2] One, Amos Dresser, was publicly and officially whipped in Nashville, and barely got out alive. Reuben Crandall, brother of Prudence Crandall, was arrested in Washington, DC, and found innocent, but he died of a pneumonia contracted during months in jail.

This project — mailing large quantites of publications — was made possible by the relatively new steam printing press, which ran much faster than a manual press and thus brought the cost of printing down significantly — savings for the American Anti-Slavery Society were almost 50%.[3]: 229  At the same time, the United States had created a reliable postal system. Postmaster jobs were political bonuses to give out, and the Postal Service was expansionistic.


These mailings went to "politicians, clergymen, and other leaders whose names could be cribbed from city directories, proceedings of religious organizations, and other published lists."[3]: 290–291 

Charleston, South Carolina was the postal center of the South. The railroads were being built, but if you wanted to go from Washington DC to anywhere further south than Virginia, one traveled by ship. News of the mailing preceded it, so people in Charleston knew exactly what ship it was coming on, and there was no difficulty identifying just what bag it was in. It was taken to the Post Office.

The Mail brought by the steam Packet Columbia, arrived this morning, has come not merely laden, but literally overburthened [sic], with the newspaper called The Emancipator, and two Tracts entitled The Anti-Slavery Record, and The Slave's Friend, destined for circulation all over the Southern and Western Country. Now it is a monstrous abuse of the privilege of the public mail, to use it as the vehicle for conveying and scattering in every direction over the South and West the moral poison with which these publications are drugged.[4]

Accounts differ about whether any of the publications were actually delivered, and how much material there was. Some reports refer to "one bag" with abolitionist newspapers, but one bag would not make a bonfire watched by thousands. When Postmaster Albert Huger wrote New York Postmaster Samuel L. Gouverneur, asking for help, he said that the abolitionist publications had "literally filled" the post office.[5]: 74  Gouverneur in turn wrote to the Postmaster General, Amos Kendall, in the meantime detaining all the abolitionist mail. Kendall responded that what he had done, though illegal, had the administration's blessing, including that of President Jackson, the Secretary of State, Secretary of War, and Secretary of the Navy.[5]: 74 

Between the hours ot 10 and 11 o'clock, that night [July 29], a number of persons assembled about the Exchange, and without any noise or disturbance, but on the contrary, with coolness and deliberation, made a forcible entry into the Post Office, by wrenching open one of its windows, and carried off the packages containing the incendiary matter.[6]

[T]he pamphlets, &c. were burned at 8 p. m. the next evening [July 30], opposite the main guard house ["on the Parade ground in front of the citadel"], 3000 persons being present. The effigies of Arthur Tappan, Dr. Cox, and W. L. Garrison, were at the same time suspended. At 9 o'clock the balloon was let off, and the effigies were consumed by the neck, with the offensive documents at their feet.[7]

received at raleigh norfolk Richmond addressed to Methodist clergy some brought on stage https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43029805/receipt_of_abolitionist_publications/

Andrew Jackson referred to it in his annual message to Congress ("State of the Union") December 7, 1835 https://www.newspapers.com/image/54022916/?terms=Misguided

Reply from American Anti-Slavery Society https://www.newspapers.com/image/34584531/?terms=%22unconstitutional%2Band%2Bwicked%2Battempts%22

Biblio[edit]

Jennifer Rose, The Culture of Honor: How Slaveholders Responded to the Abolitionist Mail Crisis of 183

    • 289 Lynch Men
    • andrew jackson dec 7 1835
  • Frank Otto Gattell, “Postmaster Huger and the Incendiary Publications,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 64 (Oct. 1963): 194–95;
  • Leonard L. Richards, "Gentlemen of Property and Standing": Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970 ), chaps. 4, 5;

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Address to the American Anti-Slavery Society". Maryland Republican (Annapolis, Maryland). July 28, 1835. p. 2 – via newspaperarchive.com.
  2. ^ McNamara, Robert (March 6, 2017). "Abolitionist Pamphlet Campaign". ThoughtCo.
  3. ^ a b Wyly-Jones, Susan (2001). "The 1835 Anti-Abolition Meetings in the South: A New Look at the Controversy over the Abolition Postal Campaign". Civil War History. 47 (4): 289–309. doi:10.1353/cwh.2001.0062.
  4. ^ "Incendiary Tracts and Papers". The Liberator. Reprinted from the Charleston Patriot. August 15, 1835. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ a b Richards, Leonard L. (1970). Gentlemen of property and standing: anti-abolition mobs in Jacksonian America. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 923435787.
  6. ^ "Incendiary publications". The Liberator. Reprinted from the Charleston Courier. August 15, 1835. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. ^ "Attack on the Post Office". The Liberator. Reprinted from the Charleston Courier. August 15, 1835. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

Lost music[edit]

https://lostmediawiki.com/Category:Lost_music

magnetic tape

never written or recorded

archive of masters of some company

Hovhaness

Frontierland[edit]

https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/abandoned-frontier-town

Richmond exposition[edit]

https://books.google.com/books?id=tWTXAAAAMAAJ&dq=Maryland+Industrial+and+Agricultural+Institute+for+Colored+Youths&q=lyon#v=snippet&q=lyon&f=false

https://www.biblia.work/sermons/wilsonthomas-woodrow/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/355462376/?terms=%22negro%2Bhistorical%2Band%2Bindustrial%2Bexposition%22%2Brichmond

http://www.virginiamemory.com/reading_room/chronology_by_period/14

https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/08/42/49/02411/00354.pdf

https://www.newspapers.com/image/33453629/?terms=%22negro%2Bhistorical%2Band%2Bindustrial%2Bexposition%22%2Brichmond

https://www.newspapers.com/image/168566609/?terms=%22negro%2Bhistorical%2Band%2Bindustrial%2Bexposition%22%2Brichmond

https://www.newspapers.com/image/88995022/?terms=%22negro%2Bhistorical%2Band%2Bindustrial%2Bexposition%22%2Brichmond

https://newspaperarchive.com/denver-star-jun-05-1915-p-4/

https://newspaperarchive.com/tags/negro-historical-industrial-richmond/?pci=7&ndt=ex&py=1914,1915,1916&ob=1&ssdi=1&pr=50&psb=relevance&search=y/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/168571894/?terms=%22birth%2Bof%2Ba%2Bnation%22

Likenesses of Cervantes[edit]

There is no authentic, documented likeness of Miguel de Cervantes.

Since Cervantes is commonly held to be the greatest author in the Spanish language, author of a work which is undisputedly a classic, it is commonly assumed that a portrait of him must exist. A simple Internet search — such as https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=cervantes — will in fact produce many portraits of him. Historians of Spanish art unanimously agree that there is no documentation that any of them is of the famous author.

We know, from Cervantes' own words in his prologue to the Exemplary Novels, that he had been painted by Juan de Jáuregui. In the same passage, Cervantes complains that the publisher of his work was unwilling to pay to have it engraved, so that it could be used as frontispiece of the book.

An internet search for Jáuregui's portrait of Cervantes — such as https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=cervantes+jauregui — produces hundreds if not thousands of results. None of them are signed by Jáuregui, and there is no evidence that the person portrayed in any of them is Cervantes.

Flood of 1935[edit]

Hornell[edit]

go through Kan. hist newsletters=http://www.kanestiohistoricalsociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/KHSJan2012.pdf

pictures of Audrey Remchuk= http://hornellhome.com/AudreyRCanisteo.htm

tracks while subway built= https://www.newspapers.com/image/275914965/?terms=%22hornell-canisteo%22

Replacing wooden trestles: https://www.newspapers.com/image/370198201/?terms=%22hornell-canisteo%22

Kennedy gulch https://www.newspapers.com/image/275816670/?terms=%22hornell-canisteo%22

book Around Hornell by Kirk W. House - I have sample in Books

route 36 arterial[edit]

Hartford Bible Convention[edit]

The Hartford Bible Convention was held on June 2–5, 1853, in the Melodeon, a venue in Hartford, Connecticut. Its stated purpose was to examine the Bible's "origin, authority, and influence", which implied opposition toward traditional religion. As the hostile Hartford Courant pointed out, religious skeptics, spiritualists, and atheists were joined by abolitionists, concerned because the Bible was regularly quoted as endorsing slavery, and women's suffragists, concerned because the Bible was cited as endorsing male supremacy.[1] It was in essence a get-together of the left wing of the day, people opposed in one way or another to antebellum American society. There was no other such meeting during the period.

The call[edit]

An announcement of the convention and call for participation appeared in various American newspapers in April of 1853. It bore the names of Andrew Jackson Davis, William Green, Jr., and William P. Donaldson, "on behalf of a large number of persons." It invited "Clergymen and Laymen, without distinction of sect", as well as "philosophers, theologians, thinkers and religionists"...[2]

The "call" was reproduced at the beginning of the proceedings:

TO THE FRIENDS OF FREE DISCUSSION

The undersigned, solicitous for the advancement of the cause of Truth and Humanity, hereby invite all who are friendly to free discussion, to attend a Convention to be held at Hartford, Conn., on Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th of June next, for the purpose of freely and fully canvassing the Origin, Authority, and Influence of the Jewish and Christian Scriptures.

This invitation is not given to any particular class of Philosophers, Theologians, or Thinkers, but is in good faith extended to all who feel an interest in the examination of the questions above stated. There are many who believe that a supernatural Revelation has been given to man ; many others who deny this, and a large number who are afflicted with perplexing doubts — trembling between the silent skepticism of their reason and the fear of absolute denial. In issuing a call for a Convention, we have in view the correction of error, by which party soever entertained, and the relief of those who stand between doubt and fear, from their embarrassing position.

Abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison, "the great gun of Abolitionism", Henry C. Wright, Parker Pillsbury, and William Stillman were among the atendees.[3]

The meeting[edit]

The participants quickly and spontaneously divided themselves into pro- and anti-Bible factions; if there were participants who were confused and have their doubts resolved from the debate, they do not appear in the Proceedings.

Press coverage[edit]

Press coverage before, during, and after was uniformly derisive; the press called it the "anti-Bible convention" and the "atheist convention". According to the National Intelligencer:

The assembly was not numerous. There were not so many present as would ordinarily be found at a morning Methodist class-meeting in a country village. [The New York Times reported attendance of 200.[4]] The concourse was, however, motley, there being a sprinkling of blacks, persons with unshorn beards, women of a very quarter-of-a-dollarish air, and men of longing and enthusiastic aspects. There were those who seemed to be ambitious to play the Christ of the movement, in so far as it could be done by parting their hair on their foreheads, and leaving it uncut behind, and wearing beards to match.[5]

In the opinion of the New York Times, "No damage will result from such a Parliament of spiritual quacks, beyond the shame to which the members will be exposed."[2]

The New York Daily Herald reported:

The various organs and missionaries in the North, of socialism, abolitionism, atheism, spiritual manifestations, and amalgamation, have not been laboring in their ungodly and detestable work without success. They have gained some proselytes—they have picked up a considerable number, indeed, of crack-brained philosophers, sceptical teachers of religion, strong minded women, and poor, deluded negroes, and are leading them about as a Jack-o'-the-lantern leads a benighted traveller into the depths of a morass.[6]

The worst was from the local Hartford Courant:

It was an assembly of Abolitionists, Women's Rights believers, Spiritual Rappers and Atheists, gathered for the purpose of spitting out their venom against all that this community hold sacred...the Bible...Christ...God.... The Infidel repeated the stale and worn-out puerilities of Voltaire and Tom Paine, and called them arguments.... The opponents of the Bible filled the ears of the audience with the most revolting blasphemies, and made the Convention a miniature Hell, with Demons spitting out the concentrated malice of their hearts, in terms of "condensed damnation." The most revolting scene was when a specimen of the "fair sex" [Ernestine Rose] pronounced her tirades against the Deity and the Scriptures[,] said to be the most blasphemous stuff uttered in the Convention.... She refuses the Christianity of the New Testament because women were not allowed to speak in the churches! ...We trust that the soil of Connecticut will never be desecrated again, and her laws set at defiance, by such an assemblage, or the air of Connecticut polluted again by such blasphemy.[1]

Publication of the addresses delivered was planned from the outset, as the Call said "Measures have been taken to secure the services of a good phonographic [Pitman shorthand] reporter, to make a faithful record of the proceedings of the Convention. It is designed, as far as possible and agreeable to the individuals, to obtain a full and impartial report of the speeches made during the discussion, pro or con, for publication in a book form."[7]


    • Baltimore Daily Commercial (Baltimore, Maryland)

07 May 1845, Wed Page 2 ----NY Infidels convention


    • Anti-bible conference in Salem, Ohio The Ohio Organ, of the Temperance Reform (Cincinnati, Ohio)

18 Feb 1853, Fri page 4


    • The Liberator (Boston, Massachusetts)

14 Mar 1856, Fri Page 2


    • New-York Tribune (New York, New York)

29 Apr 1853, Fri Page 4


    • call The Liberator (Boston, Massachusetts)

20 May 1853, Fri Page 3


    • Hartford Courant (Hartford, Connecticut)

25 May 1853, Wed Page 2


    • Brooklyn Daily Eagle (Brooklyn, New York)

03 Jun 1853, Fri Page 2


    • The New York Times (New York, New York)

04 Jun 1853, Sat Page 1


    • New York Daily Herald (New York, New York)

05 Jun 1853, Sun Page 4


    • Hartford Courant (Hartford, Connecticut)

06 Jun 1853, Mon Page 2



    • Hartford Courant (Hartford, Connecticut)

07 Jun 1853, Tue Page 2


    • New-York Tribune (New York, New York)

08 Jun 1853, Wed Page 4


    • Hartford Courant (Hartford, Connecticut)

08 Jun 1853, Wed Page 2 broken up letter from student


    • The Liberator (Boston, Massachusetts)

10 Jun 1853, Fri nothing i teresting on the 3rd Page 2



    • Daily Delta (New Orleans, Louisiana)

15 Jun 1853, Wed Page 2


    • The Liberator (Boston, Massachusetts)

17 Jun 1853, Fri - nothing June 24 Page 3


    • Alton Weekly Telegraph (Alton, Illinois) - quotes Tribune

17 Jun 1853, Fri Page 2


    • The Liberator (Boston, Massachusetts)

01 Jul 1853, Fri Page 3 and 4


    • The Derby Mercury (Derby, Derbyshire, England)

13 Jul 1853, Wed Page 1


    • The Liberator (Boston, Massachusetts)

29 Jul 1853, Fri Page 3 and 4


    • The Liberator (Boston, Massachusetts)

12 Aug 1853, Fri Page 1


    • The Liberator (Boston, Massachusetts)

26 Aug 1853, Fri Page 4



    • Reply to harpers The Liberator (Boston, Massachusetts)

09 Sep 1853, Fri Page 4


    • review of published book The Liberator (Boston, Massachusetts)

16 Dec 1853, Fri Page 2 and 3

nothing but ad 23 30


    • Bradford Inquirer (Bradford, Vermont)

31 Dec 1853, Sat Page 2


    • Buffalo Daily Republic (Buffalo, New York)

03 Jan 1854, Tue Page 2 ended "in much apparent disorder". Book received


    • The Liberator (Boston, Massachusetts)

14 Mar 1856, Fri Page 2


References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Anti-Bible Convention". Hartford Courant. June 7, 1853. p. 2.
  2. ^ a b "A Bible Convention". New York Times. April 19, 1853. p. 4.
  3. ^ "The Anti-Bible Convention". Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (Wheeling, West Virginia). June 11, 1853. p. 2. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  4. ^ "The Bible Convention". New York Times. June 3, 1853. p. 1.
  5. ^ "Anti-Bible Convention". Weekly National Intelligencer (Washington, D.C.). June 11, 1853. p. 2. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  6. ^ "The Infidel Convention at Hartford". New York Daily Herald. June 5, 1853. p. 4.
  7. ^ Published by the Committee (1854). Proceedings of the Hartford Bible Convention, reported phonographically, by Andrew J. Graham. New York: Partridge & Brittan.

I, 13–32 mr. dean then adjourn to 2:30 pm

afternoon I, 34–59 Mr. Barker zi, 59 George Storrs The testimony is on the Bible breaking what laws? 61-66 Henry C. Wright answers 66 Turner inquires about time for pro bible speakers 67 procedural resolution adopted

The Clansman play[edit]

"In most cases, Dixon's adaptation of a novel for the stage was merely intended to present his message to a larger audience, for his avowed purpose as a writer was to reach as many people as possible."[1]: 107 

To spread his views to more people, Dixon decided to turn The Clansman into a play, enrolling in a course on dramatic technique.[1]: 101  The play "followed very closely the novel."[1]: 101  Four horses were used on stage, for the Klansmen to ride.

Dixon took the care to hire "a well-organized, hard-working press bureau" to generate publicity and engagements for the play.[2]

When it opened in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1905, the local newspaper called it "a tremendous success". "The receipts for the first week not only paid the entire course of producing the play but also made a prophet [sic] of fifty thousand dollars."[1]: 102  "Everywhere the play appeared, it created a sensation and, as it moved through Charleston, Atlanta, Birmingham, and other Southern cities, people fought madly over seats; and policemen stood ready with fire hoses to drive back the crowds.[1]: 102  It opened in New York in 1906 "to the largest crowd ever to attend a performance at the Liberty Theatre."[1]: 103  "For three years after the opening two companies toured the country simultaneously to sell-out crowds, creating a fortune for the author", who was now "a weslthy and famous man".[1]: 104  There were 75 people plus the 4 horses in the touring company.[3]

"Mr. Dixon argues that the Ku Klux Klan was a basically a meritorious organization and that it performed a great and virtuous service in restraining the attempted domination of the blacks in the south in the troublous [sic] carpetbagging days."[4]

The Traitor[edit]

The Birth of a Nation[edit]

"Its drama is so intense that it brings the audiences to their feet as no theatrical play has in many, many years."[5]

"For nearly two decades after its release in 1915, the film remained immensely popular. Never before had the public been exposed to cinematography in a way that so successfully stirred emotions and reinforced racial prejudices. Moreover, many viewers were convinced that the film was not a mere exercise in fiction. Having muted many of the excesses found in Dixon’s novel, Griffith argued that The Birth of a Nation was solidly grounded in historical fact. As the New York Times would favorably note in 1916, Americans in all parts of the country were “being taught to idealize the Klan.'"[6]

President Wilson[edit]

Wilson introduced Dixon to the editor of the Baltimore Sun, where he was briefly employed as a drama critic. Slide 20 Dedication of 1915 book The Southerner. A Romance of the Real Lincoln Dedicated to our first Southern-born president since Lincoln, my friend and collegemate Woodrow Wilson

It was only after he was "chafing under the criticism", involving "many letters protesting" and visits to the White House by two prominent African-Americans, that the President's Secretary, J. P. Tumulty, issued a statement that "the President was entirely unaware of the character of the play" and "Its exhibition at the White House was a courtesy extended to an old acquaintance."[7][8] Prior to the showing, "the President's interest in the play...is due to the great lesson of peace it teaches. ...Dixon was a schoolmate of President Wilson and is an intimate friend."[9]


Dixon sent Wilson afterwards clippings of all the reviews save one. The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America By Wyn Craig Wade p. 133 https://books.google.com/books?id=6O_XYBMhNYAC&pg=PA59#v=snippet&q=wilson&f=false

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Cook, Raymond A. (1974). Thomas Dixon. Lexington, Kentucky: Twayne. ISBN 9780850702064. OCLC 878907961.
  2. ^ "West Rejects 'The Clansman'". New York Age. October 22, 1908. p. 6.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Advert was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ "More New Plays". News-Democrat (Paducah, Kentucky). February 3, 1906. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  5. ^ "Biggest of the Movies". Washington Herald. March 14, 1915. p. 18.
  6. ^ Lay, Shawn (2008). "Second Klan". Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Thomson Gale.
  7. ^ "'Birth of a Nation'Brings Wilson Worry". Washington Herald. May 1, 1915. p. 6.
  8. ^ "Dixon's Play Is Not Indorsed [sic] by Wilson". Washington Times. April 30, 1915. p. 6.
  9. ^ "President to See Movies [sic]". Washington Evening Star. February 18, 1915. p. 1.

Eritaña[edit]

http://www.galeon.com/juliodominguez/2007/eritana.html

Laurens riot[edit]

https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel05unit/page/1304 https://archive.org/details/negroinsouthcaro00tayl/page/116 https://muse.jhu.edu/book/472 https://archive.org/details/prostratestates01pikegoog/page/n58 The Laurens riot took place on October 20, 1870, the day after elections, the federal troops overseeing the electoral process having withdrawn. At the time racial tensions in South Carolina were high; blacks were given the right to vote, for the first time, in the Constitution of 1868, but much conflict over a the electoral process took place, especially in the upland counties. South Carolina's governor, Robert Kingston Scott, was a former Union general. As in other former Confederate states, blacks were organized by the Republican governments into "black militias", since without them, blacks were defenseless against actions by angry former (white) Confederates.

https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/01/the-many-black-americans-who-held-public-office-during-reconstruction-in-southern-states-like-south-carolina.html

vol. 3, p. 1302 vol. 3: (to 597) https://archive.org/details/insurrectionstate03goverich/page/xviii

vol. 4 598- https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel04unit/page/598

Crews: https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel04unit/page/1144

vol. 5 1283- https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel05unit/page/n5

https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel05unit/page/1304

1317: standing on a volcano

In Laurens,

Men https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28966632/racial_conflict_in_laurens_south/ Sat, Oct 22, 1870 – Page 2 · The Daily Phoenix (Columbia, Richland, South Carolina, United States of America) AFFRAY IN LAURENS.-SENSA? TIONAL REPORTS.-Pr?yate letters receiv? ed in thia city, yesterday, from New? berry, Btnte that a difficulty ocenrred in Laurens, on Thursday, while members of tho State Constabulary were attempt? ing to arrest a Teuueaseean. Shots were exchanged, and it is rnmoredover that thc two constables were killed and othci parties wounded-Joe Crows among them. There are many rumors afloat, and ranch excitement. Several colored persons, who had arrived in Newberry, report thnt four of their race bad been killed. Tho conductor of thc freight train, which left Newberry at 4 o'clook, report? that a crank car bad arrived at Helenf from Laurens, with young Crews aboard, who asserted that ono whito and fonr co lorcd men had been killed, and that bi: father had disappeared. Constable Hubbard has been fnrnishec with the following information by on< of his deputies: "About half-past ll o'clock, on Thurs day, a party of about 100 armed met proceeded to the residence of Mr. Jos Crews, in Laurens, where a number o arms belonging to the colored militii were deposited, and carried them oil Deputy Constables Tyler and Halo, win were in charge, were killed. It is ro ported that Volney Perrott, another do puty, was wounded. Deputy Constabl F. D. Lchey is said to have been hun/ on the roadside. Crows ran off, but wa pursued. The arms were carried off." PncsNrxiANA.-Persons

https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28966768/racial_conflict_in_laurens_ Oct 22, 1870 – Page 1 Charleston Daily News REIGN OF WINCHESTER RIELE LAW. \IJ f J \ FIVE WHITE MEN AND THREE NEGROES KILLED. JOE CREWS WOUNDED IN THE LEG. .GOVERNOR SCOTT APPEALING TO THE UNITED STATES FOR AID. INTENSE EXCITEMENT IN COLUMBIA A REFORM NEGRO BURNED OUT BY" RADICALS. Fact? and Kamora About the Election?. [SPECIAL TELEGRAM TO TBS STTWS.] COLUMBIA, October 21. . "*L?nrens will giveforty majority for Scott, but st least eiohi hun^rfl fraudulent votes were cast by boys aad repeaters. The day of election in Laurens passed off quiet? ly enough, but a row occurred on Thursday, after the United States troops had left the place. It | that the constables tried to arrest a Ten nesseean named Johnson, wt o resisted the arrest. This caused a fight. A messenger wu o brings the news to Governor Scott says that five white 'inca and, three negroes were soiled. The-white mear are named Tyler, Lowry, Frost, Leahy and K&ihoe. Several or the persons reported killed, if not all of them, were constables. Rumor says that Joe Crews was snot in the leg, but escaped into the woods. A man named Powell was wounded, and ls supposed to have been killed. The Governor ls trying to get the United states soldiers to return to Laurens. If they cannot do so, the Governor will send op the white militia from Columbia. The negro militia aie assembling to-night at this place. Tae Governor has telegraphed to the Secretary of War, and to General ferry, for troops. There | intense excitement here. ~ Last night, & Reform n?gro, living ten miles from Columbia, was burnt out by the Radicals. Iiis house with his crop in it was burned, and his family barely escaped with their lives. United States Commissioner Janney issued to day five warrants for fraudulent voting ia Colombia, also one yesterday. The accused are all negroes. Fifty-three other cases are ready Tor him, and 'many others will be found to-night. In Spartanburg the total vote was 3500, of which 2250 are Reform-giving a Reform majority of twelve hundred ana. fifty. COSJXIR. ELECTION

https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28967092/racial_confluct_in_laurens_south/ Sun, Oct 23, 1870 – Page 2 · The Daily Phoenix (Columbia, Richland, South Carolina, United States of America) · Newspapers.com</a>

October 23,1870. ! ' j J al l' .-. ? . - ? 1 ?' ,, r 1 - Tb* AJTklr at laurene Court House. The nows received here Friday even? ing, of troubles at Laurens Court House, produced deep feeling in the community. The report that Governor Scott designed to send up the two negro companies have created much excitement, which was increased by the unusual display of colored uniforms and guns on tho street. About 9 o'clock P. M., a gentleman from Governor Scott's office brought the assurance that no colored companies would be sent from Columbia. This led to public quiet. We learu that Messrs. H?ge and Hobbard went up to Newberry, Friday night, and remained an hour or two. We have heard of several inflammatory remarks which should be brought to notice. One case we intend to bring forward. A gentleman informed us that he heard Mr. J. B. Dennis, otherwise known as "General," say to a crowd of colored men, in reference to the affair at Laurens, that they onght io take their Winchester rifles, and go and kill these people off, &o., ?C. Mr. Donuts, we believe, has some official connection with tho Adjutant General's office here. As he is so belligerent, we hope that Governor Scott will seud him, at least, to the front. , mm ? We leam that the excitement hus subsided at Laurens, and that all is quiet. It is reported that five white and three oolored men were killed in the difficulty i occurred; and that the firing, which ! in the death of these men, com- i between a citizen and a member of the State constabulary. Oar infor? mant states that the United States troops sont to Laurens will be received with satisfaction, as the community desire law and order. The whole difficulty, it is claimed, resulted from the armiug of th? oblored people. This led the whites, in self-defence, to arm themselves, i the firing, and the result ' ? ^ .???? A

https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28977511/review_of_the_conflict_in_laurens/

Oct 24, 1870 – Page 1 · The Charleston Daily News (Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina) · Newspapers.com

E? LAURENS. CAUSE A]\'l> RESULT OF THE FRAY. Governor Scott Take* Timely Warning. [FROM OCR OWN CORRESPONDENT.] COLUMBIA, Saturday, October 22. That the election ls over with so little excitement is, to the highest degree, gratifying. Tbe quiet resulted from mutual agreement-concert without coherence-*! the two parties. All over the State the Scott Radicals felt that the beam of fortune was nearly balanced, and a disturbance would probably turn lt sadly against them. Quiet being assured, they carried their intimida? tion of the poor negroes to an astonlshlag extent. In their leagues new oaths were exacted, among the conditions of which was the requirement fha t they get their votes from particular individuals, and these were designated. As Pickett was frightened into withdrawing by threats, thousands were made to vote for their political masters by threats if they did not. I write what I get from the poor fools themselves. WHAT IS THOUGHT OP CREWS, The United States officer who was sent to Laurens, a short time ago, to report upon the disturbances there, freely _expressed the oplnion that Crews ls the great?jtjnlschl?f maker' in.thc up? country, and^eflnej hlTchiracter 90 apuy that the officer has risen largely m the esteem of. thi3;corni munlty. He says Crews is a compound of craft* and cowardice, cunning and servility. THE TROUBLES IN LAURENS. Upon the recent difficulties in Laurens-those of the 20th Instant-General Dennis, (a clerk in the office of the Adjutant and Inspector General,) was heard by some of our citizens to tell Wlmbush, this morning, near the Pqstomce, that a company of about eighty (the number of the United States troops sent up this morning) men, with winchester rifles, was cent to kill every man in Laurens, and burn every house there. Myinfomant'aname, (who knows his hst of witnesses,) is at the service or parties interested. SENDING THE SOLDIERS. This momiug. by direction of General Terry, Governor Scott sent one company or United States infantry up to Laurens. They would have been sent last night, but the general commanding did not answer la time. The Governor last night express?d the determi? nation to send United States troops if he could get them; If not, to send Captain O'Ne ale's com? pany or white volunteer militia of this city. He had no Idea or sending his negro militia up there, ror the reason that that would on y Increase the trouble. j THE KILLED IND WOUNDED. The casualties in Laurens, reported by last night's telegraph, were received from a gentle? man In the official family or the Governor. To? day's news gives about the same number of deaths. A citizen Just down from there thinks the whole difficulty anne from the negroes Im? prudently going to the polia vlth their arms. Joe Crews ls said to be in town to-night, wound? ed In the leg. ? " Last night the dwelling house or Ur. Edmund Davis, In this city, was burnt, probably by an In? cendiary, although Mr. Davis ls not known to be obnoxious in any special way to any class or party. Insurance $2500. PRESENTMENT OF THE GRIND JURY OF LAURENS COUNTY. The following was submitted to the Governor this (Saturday) night: , The State of South Carolina, Laurens County-In the General Sessions. The grand Jurors for said county and State, by. virtue of their authority in the discharge of then* duty as such, respectfully present: The County of Laurens has always been distin? guished for Us adherence to good order; and the disturbance of the peace which occurred during the present term of this conn, m broad daylight, almost nuder the eaves of the courthouse, whilst the court wa* In sexsion, ls greatly to be regretted. We have not been able, arter every exertion, to ascertain all the circumstances or the case, or learn who were active In the affair. It seems that a member or the constabulary force cursed a citizen as -'a tallow-faced son of a bitch," whereupon the two commenced lighting. - The armed cons abai arv, wlih a number or colored militia, having possessed themselves or the State arms, made demonstrations or assistance to their associate engaged. A pistol in the coat pocket or some one standing by was accidentally discharged, whereupon the armed body within the constabu? lary quarters and armory delivered a volley, and the firing extended to others m the vicinity of the disturbance. So far as we have learned, two white men and a tittie white boy were wounded, and one negro killed instantly, and two others severely wounded. The sheriff finally succeeded in commanding the peace. The grand Jury or the county, m the Interest or peace, commend that the public arms here, which have been directed by his Honor the Judge to be J by the Bherlff Into his possession, be re? tained by the sheriff, or returned to the armory of the State at Columbia. They feel bound to ex? press, in the strongest terms, their apprehension of the consequences if these arms and ammuni? tions are placed in the hands of one class of our citizens whilst the rest of the community is left in an unarmed and defenceless condition. It is believed that the announcement of the In? tention to put public arms into the possession or one race In the community and to leave the other unarmed has created tue restless and uneasy reeling In the community which, no doubt, was the underlying cause or th* people being armed, and, therefore, or the late lamentable disturbance of the peace. The grand Jury would urge la the mose earnest manner, situated as our community ls, that thc public arms now here be cudected and deposited by the authorities of the 8t?te in .the armory at Columbia. The grand Jury cannon but express their com? mendation that Hie Hon. Jud-re Vernon presiding, hus taken rlgorus steps, through the peace officer or the county-"he sheriff-to repro? all lawless? ness, and to preserve and promote the peace and good order of the community.. The grand Jury would earnestly recommend all persons, white and b ack, to returu to their homes, unless they have business In court. Let every good citizen lend his efforts for peace and order, and we may hope to quiet down after a most ex? citing and extraO "dlnery election, and the persist? ent efforts of some, for their own selflHh purposes, to embroil the two ra?es occupying this county as citizens. No civilize 1 eommuolty can exist, much less prosper, without law and order. This we respectfully preaeaL (Signed) SAMUEL AUSTIN, Foreman. A 

Oct 23, 1870 – Page 5 · The New York Times (New York, New York, New York, United States of America) · Newspapers.com</a>

rawn-Tka lawte- tax at Cahmbia. B. C-virew ?rk COUTMSIA. Oct. IraaA iiuniul. a Tunnssaiifian who reaia ted- rtatols were tbaa drawn and a itot sasaed. daring wbieb Bve white faea and tbeas aegreas are reported to have beea killed. Tbe Barnes of tbe whites are TTLRB, (T) LowBT, Fbost, LbaBIT and Baahobd. A taaa named PowBlX wss wounded la tbe melee, and Crows, b member of tbe Legislature, was pursued and wounded. Tbe United States troops recently sent from Laurens County are bere. and Gov. Scott Is trying to have tbem sent back there. He will not send negro troops, as tbe case of Holdeb M before bis eyes. The exeltement la intense, and tbe negro militia are being called out in companies under arms. Il is said there was do politics in the riot.

a,iuircns County Kiot--EiBht Stale Coa- tnblc9 Killed--Tlio Elaction--targo Democratic Gaius. COLCVCIA, Oct. 23, 1870. There is no further intelligence received here of not in Laurens on Thursday last- The special whs brought the news of it to Governor reports the lisht had no political bearing; that was the result of resistance to the State Constabu- and thai several of the eight persons who ir not all of tbem, were constables. The Jovernor telegraphed to thft Secretary ol War and Terry, tccjuejling Item to order tlic United troops bacK lo Laurcns, but if his request is comnlied ·with he will send ihe while militia, are under anus her--. Uiiofiicial election reports i-'tate that the radicals ·epeated votes ana easi hundreds ol Iruudulent votes nearly every county in th : State, bill, notwith- tln«, the radical majorities are largely dc- Fiuccn counnes ii ard fiom in the State' a reform maiorlty ol lu.ono. McKls'lck, the rc- ciindidato for OoP.si'f-s^, I 1 * cunsidered elected In the Fourth distinct. The nidical candidates Ore cl-ctcd in the rcmai'ilu!; three districts by uiajoriiic-:. The reloniu-rs cUilm torty-fivc Uep- tlves and eicveu Senators elected--an increase or thirty In the House and live In the Senate the hibt Ceiieral Assembly. Tlild Rives a, minority which overpowers a two-third:! radical vote ihe House. Official

The New York Times (New York, New York) 24 Oct 1870, Mon Page 1 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28978595/another_report_on_racial_conflict_in/

" Oct 24, 1870 – Page 1 · The New York Times (New York, New York, New York, United States of America) · Newspapers.com</a>

OUTBREAK. Cf SOUTH C A ROUS A f j -(t Gov.SooTT.ofxBoulh Oiina. tolog phe tn the Secretary of Tar that outbreak had occurred at Laurens Court-Uoaee -mm Thursday laat. A band of ex-rebel whites, tn the lnl of the ao-eelied (tefona Party, attacked and atroved tbe ballot-boxe of t the of . the day previous . and shot three cere of the State Police, Gov, Scott aaka for support freq ths United Btatea, and Gen. Trrrt being ppnaed of ithe facta, j re-pliea that he will support the Executive ef thn 8 tate with any military aid be may require to restore order. . Tba. result of the: recent election will be made known en Tuesday, j t ? -,r - ' 'j r . v i

the New York Herald (New York, New York) 24 Oct 1870, Mon Page 3 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28978388/more_on_the_racial_conflictlaurens/ 

Oct 24, 1870 – Page 3 · The New York Herald (New York, New York, New York) · Newspapers.com</a>

3 tae SOCTII CAKOUXA PISTITRBAXCES.-- Further advices from South Carolina indicate that the riot i. Laurens county was the. result political differences, although ths telegraph ·rcould iiK}ress a different belief.' It appears that the State constables were endeavoring to the laws, when they were resisted by mob and eight officars killed. Governor Scott has asketi that United Si ates troops be to the scene of the disturbances; but in case his request cauooi be granted he send the white militia, who are under arms in Columbia. The Governor, evidently, is determined to give the malcontents no cause another outbreak, and to avoid further collision he sends only white troop« to assist the in restoring order. power

" Oct 27, 1870 – 2 · Camden Journal (Camden, South Carolina, United States of America) · Newspapers.com</a>

AFFAIRS IN LAURENS. Freaks of Joe Crews?lie stirs up Strife and Beats a Retreat?Rumors and Reports?Six Men Killed. Correspondence of the Charleston Courier. Columbia, October 22,1870. Two companies of United States Troops went up to Laurens and New berry to-day. The lust intelligence from the eccnct>f action is that seven men were killed. Two of the consiab alary and four negroes were killed in the streets of Laurens. The difficulty, has been brewing for some time, fannaA tlrh fanatfAal breath of Joe "J ? Crews. It came very near bursting' forth on the day of election. Crews called on his militia to get their arras, they got .them, but by the time they had done so, there. were as many Winchesters in the hands of the whites.? At this juncture, when ^ collision j seemed inevitable, Col Smith, alone, came into the Public Square^ ordeied the negroes to put away their arms, to voto and go homo. They obeyed him, when the Whites did likewise at the request of tho Sheri-ff. Col. Smith's command left next day, when the constabulary started to arrest a mun named Johnson, a Tennesseean, cursed and abused him, and thus the smoldering embers were fanned into a blaze. Ttie gallant Crews, after bringing on the difficulty on tho day of election, cowardly sought the protection of the United States troops. Having set the miselnef afloat, he intended to take precious care of his cowardly carca33. lie started the row to make innocent and ignorant men suffer. They went for him, however, scoured tho whole country; so far he is scill missing.? There arc various reports coneerniog him; some say he and and his son were lad in the woods, anotner mat ne was pursued to the Saluda River?fired upou and wounded whilst swimming the river. We don't believe that either of the reports is true. "A man boru to bo hung need nut fear bullet or water." There has been immense excitement in the Ring here. Rumors of assassinations were rife. Guards were placed out, the colored militia sentineled their armory. Apropos, two White men ran off the sentinels and captured the militia armory oi l 50 rifles at Clinton. Yesterday, and the day before, the telegraphic wires have been kept in incessant vibration to carry the news to Washington and to General Terry, in Georgia,, so as to get more troops. The big rob. ain't dead yet; he is kicking again, and there must be more troop< to finish him. If Governor Scott will arm the negroes and will not arm the whites; if he will uphold such Bcoundrels as Crews in their incendiary and inflaming speeches to the negroes; if he will appoint such men to position and place, he will hear of lynch law so far as those men are concerned, for the law of the land won't reach them, and they will be reuched; and the sooner Governor Scott learns this, and learns, too, that South Carolinians are not to bo treated as barbarians and tyranizedovcr by such outlaws as Joe Crews and his bunds of ruffiians, the better -it will be for the prosperity and adva'nfcetneHit of the State. The house of Mr. Edmund Dsfvis was entirely consumed Just' night by fire, at about two o'clock. The fire was first seen issuing from the back piazza, and was, undoubtedly, the work of incendiaries. Nothing was saved. He was insured for-?2,500?loss $4,000. The militia are still guarding their 'armory here. It is ireediess to say that our citizens have no design up >n them. We understand there "will be Over two hundred cases of illegal voting sent up from this county. 'Persons from Newberry, 'Kershaw and North Carolina, voted in our county. There are five hundred cases from Edgefield, and any quantity occurred at Laurens " " Eugene. ... . Vater. .. 1 * ? The 'heVs received here. Friday evening (says 'the'Coluttibia Phoenix,)' of '.troubles 'it Laurens Court 'Hohse, procTtfctfd deep feeling'in'tht community. The report 'that Gov. Scott designed up the two negro companies produced much excitement which was increased by the unusual display of colored uniforms and guns on i the streets. About 9 o'clock P. M.f a gentleman from Governor Scott's office brought the assurance that no colore'! companies would be seDt from Columbia. This led to public quiet.? We-learn that Messrs. Hoge and Hub bard went up to Newberry Friday night and remained an hour or two.? We have heard of several inflauimato ; ry remarks which should be brought to .notice. . One cage we intend to bring forward. A gentleman informed us that he heard Mr. J. B. Dennis, otherwise known as "Jencral," say to a crowd of colored men, in reference to the affair at Laurens, that they ought to take their Winchester rifles, and go and kill these people off, &c , &c. Mr. Dennis, vre believe, has some official conocction with the Adjutant General's office here. As he is so belligerent, wc hope General Scott will send him, at least, lo the front. The I'Jioenixud&a-: We learn that the excitement has subsided at Lauren's, -and that all is quret. it is n ported that five white and three colore! wefe killed io the difficulty that occurred ; and that the firing, 'Which resulted in the death of those mon, commenced between a citi zen and a member of the State constat)-' ulary. "Our iuformant statos fhat-the' Uniced States troopfc 'sent to Laurens will be received with satisfaction, as the community desire law aid order The whole difficulty, it is claimed, resulted from the arming of colored people.?. This led the whites, in self-defdnce, to artn themselves. Hence, the firing and the result. * Present and Future of Provisions.


Springville Journal (Springville, New York) 29 Oct 1870, Sat Page 4

Your member photo danielbeisenberg SUBSCRIBER The Charleston Daily News (Charleston, South Carolina) 31 Oct 1870, Mon Page 2 

Nov 3, 1870 – Page 2 · The Daily Phoenix (Columbia, Richland, South Carolina, United States of America) · Newspapers.com</a>

Answer. Tho Charleston Republican says: "The Colombia PHOENIX says it is timo to let the negro 'severely alono* and put forth all energies to secure white emigration. "How docs that journal think that tho barbarous murder of the white immi? grant, Powell, at '-Laurene!, will affect such of bis forhior neighbors HR might be inclined to roovo to onr State? The very first step in our efforts for white immigrants is to guarantee them full freedom of political opinion-full free? dom of speech and fall freedom of the baiiot-and oomplete proteotion in i he exercise, of that freedom. Will tho PIKE KXX help Laurena to take thal slop?" We shall answer the Republican. We have no concealment to moko of our views. They ore tho same in the closot 83 in the field. As usual, the Republi? can, as the supporter of radicalism in South Carolina and the ready apologist for all its outrages and extravagances, does the white people of Laurens and of South Carolina foul injustice in its re? marks given above. In the first place, we know nothing of Powell, who was killed in the outbreak nt Laurens. But we do uot nnderstand that ho was an "immigrant." Wo have understood that he was brought from Ohio to be ouo of the constabulary in South Carolina. But whethor au immigrant or one of thc State police, ho fell in an affray, that occurred nt Laurens Court House. Thc livos lost are a matter of regret. But where does tho responsibility rest? Wo charge it upon those who brought about that state of feeling, which accident caused to break forth in riot and blood. We charge it upon the Executive, who armed one race and denied arms to thc other race. We charge it, further, upon the local aiders and abettors of tho Exe? cutive. So far as the whites were con? cerned, they went into the Reform move? ment, which was based upon the idea of conciliating the blacks. And had the colored people not been arrayed with arms in hands against the whites, and had it not been for radical incendiary harangues, we believo that no outbreak would have occurred at Laurens, and no lives would have been lost. This is our deliberate judgment. As for white immigrants, Laurens as well as all South Carolina do cordi? ally welcome them, and in spite of tho systematic effort of such journals as the Charleston Republican to cast odium upon the whites of South Carolina, there is guaranteed to white immigrants "full freedom of political opinion-full free? dom of speeoh-full freedom of the bal? lot, and complete protection in the ex? ercise of thnt freedom." The only offset to this is the case of the anti-radical negro voter. Experience shows, that in many places in South Carolina, a negro voter votes against radicalism at thc peril of his life. We have this to say to the Republican: Laurens needs no help from the PIICKNIX to take tho step the Republican speaks of. The immigrant will receive in Laurens the same reception accorded to him else? where in the State. Humau life is ns Baf e in South Carolina as in nny other S tate of the Union. It is only herc as else? where. Tho honest settler is welcome. But there is no love for the schein i u g demagogue, the political trickster, the vile incendiary and the mid-night plo? ter. Turning now to general principles, we have this to say: lu the solution of the serious questions and the vexed problems pending in South Carolina, our course has boen consistent. We prefer and wo advocate moral agencies, and wo desire to see these problems worked out by peaceful means. We dare not advocate other than God-approved methods of action. But, subjected as our people have been, to the most outrageous treat? ment to which civilized communities havo ever been exposed, it is not to be expeoted that the oommnnity will be en? tirely free from thoso outbreaks that spring from the heated passions of par? ties arrayed against each other, nov is it to bc deemed au unreasonable thing that a public opiuiou should exist which, whilst ifc deplores violence, holds thal so/nothing should bo pardoned to thc spirit of outraged feelings and violate" rights. When South Carolina (shall have just and impartial government-whey the era cf public thieves and pluudoreri shall have x>assed away-when "seurv; politicians" shall coasc to array tho Wael man against tho white, wo shah proba bly haye complete peace in this State. This is "tho step" that the Jic?>uUtca> may well help its party to take. .The order subscribe which next. TELE Wise, Point told them."

https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28966943/letter_to_the_editor_about_racial/ 

Dec 6, 1870 – Page 2 The Daily Phoenix (Columbia, Richland, South Carolina,

EDITOR: I havo beou traveling extensively iu Laurens within a week. Went there the day aftor the Govern? ment troops arrived, and returned to Abboville several days after they left. I was at Laurens Court House on two successive days, and h wing heard that "Tin Pot" was literally riddled by the "rebels," by firing upon tho Jo CJIEWITES contained in it, I examined that fortress closely, aud could not find whore a soli? tary ball hod entered that ic ill-be. relic of Toryism. I understand, Mr. Editor, by quite a number of reliable citizens, that tne officer in command of tho troops referred to had learned, and really ex? pected to find at lea3t 2,000 armed rebels ready to meet him at his coining; but on his arrival, finding nothing but ponce, quiet and good order, ho was perfectly indignant at the slanderous lies that had been perpetrated by Jo Crews and his myrmidons, upon a peaceful, law-abi? ding community. That officer, with his troops, left, and I have no doubt but his visit to Laurens will prove eminently useful to the cause of good order and pure Democracy. ABBEVILLE C. H. LBGIBIiATIVB

John Brown's constitution[edit]

thousands in harpers ferry

John Brown, with flag believed to be that of his Subterranean Passage Way

John Brown intended to create a new country to which slaves could escape and live safely. His raid on Harpers Ferry was to have been the first step.

Brown never used the name Nova Africa; so far as is known, he had no name for the new country. The name is taken from a novel about Brown, Fire on the Mountain, by Terry Bisson.

https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/tony-horwitz-john-browns-constitution/

http://www.wvculture.org/history/journal_wvh/wvh20-2.html

https://rbgstreetscholar.wordpress.com/2008/11/29/a-history-of-the-republic-of-new-afrika-and-related-people-organizations-2/

Spanish article[edit]

Daniel Eisenberg (Long Island City, New York, 1946–) is an American Hispanist and Cervantist.


(Nueva York, 1946) es un hispanista y cervantista[1] estadounidense.

Biografía[edit]

Biography[edit]

Eisenberg was born in Queens, New York, Oct. 4, 1946, but moved to Canisteo, New York as an infant, and completed elementary and high school there. He received a B.A. in Romance Languages from Johns Hopkins University in 1967, after spending his junior year in the es:Curso para extranjeros at the University of Madrid. He received an M.A. (1968) and Ph.D. (1971) in Hispanic Studies from Brown University, with a dissrttation on the Mirror of Knighty Deeds (es:Espejo de príncipes y cavalleros), a Spanish romance of chivalry (es:libro de caballerías)

Caballero del Febo de Diego Ortúñez de Calahorra, editada posteriormente en la colección de «Clásicos Castellanos» (Espasa-Calpe).

In 1976, Eisenberg founded the Journal of Hispanic Philology,sfn|Sánchez|1994|pp=97-98 which he published and edited until 1992.

He studied with, at Johns Hopkins, es:Elias L. Rivers y Francisco Rico (visiting profesor), and at Brown with es:A. David Kossoff, es:Alan S. Trueblood, es:Juan López-Morillas, José Amor y Vásquez, es:Sergio Beser, and es:Frank Pierce. To some extent Martín de Riquer was his sponsor (maecenas), since he had his dissertation, an edition of the es:Espejo de príncipes y caballeros, published in the "Clásicos Castellanos" series, wrote the prologue to a book of his, and nominated him as Corresponding Member of the Royal Spanish Academy of Letters (es:Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona), after his book on the alleged fragment of the Weeks in the Garden (es:Las semanas del jardín) of Cervantes.

He was a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, City College of New York, Florida State University, where he was named Distinguished Research Professor, and Northern Arizona University. From 2000 a 2008, Eisenberg was the editor of Cervantes, journal of the Cervantes Society of America. At the time of his retirement in 2003, he was Assistant Dean at Excelsior College (Albany, New York, Nueva York).[citation needed] He has published on romances of chivalry and Cervantes, and also on Federico García Lorca, especially Poet in New York.

Obras[edit]

  • «Introducción» a Espejo de príncipes y cavalleros [El Cavallero del Febo] de Diego Ortúñez de Calahorra, Clásicos Castellanos, Madrid, Espasa-Calpe, 1975.
  • Poeta en Nueva York: Historia y problemas de un texto de Lorca, Barcelona: Ariel, 1976.[2][nota 1]
  • Romances of Chivalry in the Spanish Golden Age, Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta-Hispanic Monographs, 1982.[4][5]
  • Thomas Percy and John Bowle: Cervantine Correspondence, Exeter Hispanic Texts, XL. University of Exeter, 1987.
  • A Study of 'Don Quixote', Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta-Hispanic Monographs, 1987.[6][7][nota 2]
  • Las semanas del jardín de Miguel de Cervantes: Estudio, edición, y facsímil del manuscrito. Diputación de Salamanca, 1988.
  • Estudios cervantinos, Barcelona: Sirmio, 1991.
  • Cervantes y Don Quijote, Barcelona: Montesinos, 1993.[1][8]
  • Con M.ª Carmen Marín Pina, Bibliografía de los libros de caballerías castellanos, Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2000.[9]
  • La biblioteca de Cervantes: Una reconstrucción [versión preliminar de 2002].
  • «Introducción» a la edición facsimilar del Quijote de John Bowle. Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta, 2006.

Notas[edit]

Referencias[edit]

  1. ^ a b Sánchez 1994, pp. 97–98.
  2. ^ Adams 1978, pp. 106–108.
  3. ^ Adams 1978, p. 106.
  4. ^ Cravens 1982, pp. 191–192.
  5. ^ Cozad 1983, pp. 127–131.
  6. ^ Urbina 1989, pp. 110–112.
  7. ^ Larson 1991, pp. 103–105.
  8. ^ Jones 1995.
  9. ^ Lucía Megías 2002, pp. 407–419.

Bibliografía[edit]


Enlaces externos[edit]

Eisenberg, Daniel Eisenberg, Daniel Eisenberg, Daniel Eisenberg, Daniel Categoría:Filólogos del siglo XX Categoría:Profesores de la Universidad Estatal de Florida Categoría:Alumnado de la Universidad Brown Categoría:Alumnado de la Universidad Johns Hopkins Categoría:Profesores de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill Categoría:Alumnado de la Universidad de Madrid Categoría:Profesores de la Universidad de la Ciudad de Nueva York

Randolph Abbott Shotwell[edit]

https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/shotwell-randolph http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p249901coll22/id/448259/show/447731 https://edb.pbclibrary.org:2073/news/docview/2120408508/DB22C2ED47224FD9PQ/4?accountid=47374 Obituary via pbcpl

The Klan in the Southern Mountains: The Lusk-Shotwell Controversy GORDON McKINNEY Appalachian Journal Appalachian Journal Vol. 8, No. 2 (WINTER 1981), pp. 89-104

JOURNAL ARTICLE THE PRISON EXPERIENCES OF RANDOLPH SHOTWELL: 1. Point Lookout J. G. De Roulhac Hamilton The North Carolina Historical Review The North Carolina Historical Review


The Ku Klux Klan: A Study of the American Mind John Mecklin Read Books Ltd, Apr 16, 2013 - History - 256 pages Originally published in new York 1924.

David Schenck and the Contours of Confederate Identity Rodney Steward Univ. of Tennessee Press, May 15, 2012 - History - 184 pages

Western North Carolina: Its Mountains and Its People to 1880 Ora Blackmun. 1977

Winston[edit]

The Winston-Salem Race Riot, an inaccurate name,[1] took place on Sunday, November 17, 1918. The preceeding evening a black man, or a white man wearing blackface, shot Jim Childess and raped his wife, Cora. During unsuccessful efforts tht evening to locate te perpetrator, Sheriff Flynt was shot in the face and hand.[2]

The following day, news of the attack was in local newspapers.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Forsyth County Public Library (2013). "The great 1918 "race riot"…part one…". Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  2. ^ Gutierrez, Bertrand M. (Nov 17, 2013). "Riot is unforgettable part of city's early history. An infamous anniversary". Winston-Salem Journal.

Texas Confederate Museum[edit]

The '''Texas Confederate Museum''' is a former museum in [[Austin, Texas]], run by the [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]] and the [[Daughters of the Republic of Texas]], each of which had a separate collection in the museum.<ref name=SPB>{{cite web |title=History of the Capitol Visitors Center |author=State Preservation Board of Texas |url=https://www.tspb.texas.gov/prop/tcvc/cvc-history/index.html |accessdate=August 4, 2018}}</ref> Its first location, from 1903, was in the northwest room on the first floor of the [[Texas Legislature]].<ref name=Daffan /> In 1920 it moved to a permanent home in the [[Old Land Office Building]] on the Capitol grounds, where it would remain until 1988,<ref name=MuseumsUSA>{{cite web |title=Texas Confederate Museum. Fort Worth, Texas |url=http://www.museumsusa.org/museums/info/1167515 |publisher=MuseumsUSA |date=February 2, 2012 |accessdate=August 3, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Daffan>{{cite news |title=Texas Confederate Museum Is Valuable and Interesting |first=Katie |last=Daffan |newspaper=[[Bryan Weekly Eagle]] |date=August 6, 1925 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/bryan-weekly-eagle-aug-06-1925-p-7/ |page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Historic General Land Office Photographs |publisher=Texas State Preservation Board |url=https://www.tspb.texas.gov/prop/tcvc/cvc-glo/index.html |accessdate=August 4, 2018}}</ref> when the state told the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Dsughters of the Republic of Texas to vacate.<ref name=MuseumsUSA /> After repair and renovation, the building was given a new function as the Capitol Visitors Center.<ref name=SPB /> (The Visitors Center does not publicize that the building was for 71 years a Confederate museum, longer than it housed the [[Texas General Land Office|Land Office]]. It receives one sentence in the history of the building, and the only appearance of the word "Confederate" is in the name "United Daughters of the Confederacy" who, with the Daughters of the Republic of Texas, "housed their two museum collections in the former Land Office".<ref name=SPB/> An accompanying page of historical photographs shows only a "GLO [General Land Office] exhibit room 1961", although the General Land Office had left the building for good in 1920. Nowhere does it refer to the Texas Confederate Museum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic General Land Office Photographs |accessdate=August 4, 2018 |url=https://www.tspb.texas.gov/prop/tcvc/cvc-glo/index.html |publisher=Texas State Preservation Board}}</ref>) The Museum never reopened as it never found a new permanent home; its collections were passed from one institution to another like a hot potato that nobody wanted. From 1988 to 1990, its materials were stored in a warehouse of the [[Texas State Library and Archives]] Center. From 1990 to 1992 the collection was held by the [[Helen Marie Taylor Museum]] in [[Waco, Texas|Waco]],<ref>{{cite news |title=The Texas Confederate Museum is moving to Waco in July |first=Cynthia L. |last=Harriman |newspaper=[[Waco Citizen]] |date=March 2, 1990 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/waco-citizen-mar-02-1990-p-9/ |page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Local Members Travel for Museum Opening |newspaper=[[Lockhart Post-Register]] |date=August 2, 1990 |page=8 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/lockhart-post-register-aug-02-1990-p-8/}}</ref> but returned to temporary storage for two years. In 1994, an agreement with [[Hill College]] in [[Hillsboro, Texas|Hillsboro]] placed the collection on display at the [[Texas Heritage Museum]] (formerly the Confederate Research Center) until 2000, when the agreement terminated.<ref>{{cite news |title=UDC [United Daughters of the Confederacy] |page=23 |newspaper=[[New Braunfels Herald Zeitung]] |date=November 6, 1994 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/new-braunfels-herald-zeitung-nov-06-1994-p-23/}}</ref> The collection returned to temporary storage at [[Baylor University]] in Waco, where it was inventoried and catalogued. It then was stored in [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]]. During this time, items from the collection were loaned to a number of museums.<ref name=Handbook>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Handbook of Texas Online |first1=Retta |last1=Preston |first2=Hilda Kelly |last2=Bell |first3=Cynthia Loveless |last3=Harriman |title=Texas Confederate Museum |accessdate=August 2, 2018 |url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lbt06}}</ref> In 2002, the [[Haley Memorial Library and History Center]] in [[Midland, Texas|Midland]] agreed to house and make available to researchers the Museum's paper collection.<ref>{{cite Web |title=The Texas Confederate Museum Collection Index |author=Nita Steward Haley Memorial Library & J. Evetts Haley Research Center |accessdate=August 4, 2018 |url=https://haleylibrary.com/the-texas-confederate-museum-collection-index/}}</ref> The rest of the collection is housed at the [[Texas Civil War Museum]] in [[White Settlement, Texas]], which opened in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visit the Museum |author=Texas Civil War Museum |date=2006 |url=http://www.texascivilwarmuseum.com/visit-the-museum/collections/ |accessdate=August 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |author=Texas Civil War Museum |date=2006 |url=http://www.texascivilwarmuseum.com/about-us/about-us/ |accessdate=August 3, 2018}}</ref> The United Daughters of the Confederacy holds permanently one of the three seats on the Museum's [[Board of Directors]].

References[edit]

    • Category:American Civil War Museums in Texas]]
    • Category:United Daughters of the Confederacy]]
    • Category:Defunct museums in Texas]]
    • Category:Museums in Austin, Texas]]
    • Category:Lost Cause of the Confederacy]]

4567[edit]

    • Template:American frontier}}

db-copyvio|url=https://independentmediainstitute.org/make-it-right-project-announcement/ }}

    • NPOV|date=October 2018}}

==Make It Right Project== {{distinguish|Make It Right Foundation}} The '''Make It Right Project''' was formed in 2018 to encourage and advance the removal of Confederate monuments. It is a project of the [[Independent Media Institute]]; director is [[Kali Holloway]]. According to the group's statement, they are "dedicated to working with multiple groups—activists, artists, historians and media outlets—to remove Confederate monuments and develop post-removal protocols to properly historicize and contextualize these markers.... The point of the initiative is to do more than just 'raise awareness' or 'start a national conversation,' and instead aims to genuinely move the needle, creating measurable, visible change."<ref name=Announce>{{cite web |title=Announcing the Launch of the Make It Right Project |first=Kali |last=Holloway |date=June 3, 2018 |accessdate=September 10, 2018 |url=https://independentmediainstitute.org/make-it-right-project-announcement/ |publisher=[[Independent Media Institute]]}}</ref> In a later statement, "contextualize these markers" has become "to tell the truth about history".<ref name=Neo/> The group has compiled a list of 10 monuments it is targetting: # [[Confederate War Memorial (Dallas)|Confederate War Memorial]], Dallas, Texas. "Includes a statue of General [[Robert E. Lee]], who waged war to preserve slavery and was so violent toward those he personally enslaved that they described him as 'the worst man I ever see'. Also represented is Confederate President [[Jefferson Davis]], who sought to expand slavery to new territories and described blacks as 'inferior [and] fitted expressly for servitude'.<ref name=Announce/> # [[Silent Sam]], [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]]. The group's first activity was the erection in July, 2018, of two billboards in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]], depicting Silent Sam covered by a red X and the words "North Carolina needs a monumental change". The stated audience the billboards were intended to reach — thus the Raleigh locations — were the members of the [[North Carolina Historical Commission]], under the impression, which others as well had until August 2018, that a controvedsial 2015 North Carolina law allowed it to approve the removal of Confederate monuments.<ref>{{cite news |title=National group joins fight over Silent Sam, buying Raleigh billboards |first=Joel |last=Brown |newspaper=[[WTVD]] |date=July 3, 2017 |url=https://abc11.com/politics/national-group-joins-fight-over-silent-sam-buying-raleigh-billboards/3700940/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Keep Confederate monuments in Raleigh, state commission recommends |first=Lynn |last=Bonner |newspaper=[[News & Observer]] |date=August 22, 2018 |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article217124550.html}}</ref> The Project responded: "The only way to truly contextualize racist monuments and white supremacist statues is to take them down from their lofty positions of public reverence.... The Commission and study committee had an opportunity today to correct the historical record and help bring an end to the era of [[white supremacist]] [[Lost Cause of the Confederacy|Lost Cause]] mythmaking. Instead, they chose moral ambivalence and hostility to historical truth. The vote was yet another example of the frustrating institutional decisions that have led community outrage to boil over."<ref>{{cite web |title=Make It Right Project Responds to the North Carolina Historical Commission Vote to Keep Confederate Monuments Standing |first=Kali |last=Holloway |date=August 22, 2018 |publisher=Independent Media Institute |accessdate=October 3, 2018 |url=https://independentmediainstitute.org/make-it-right-project-responds-to-the-north-carolina-historical-commission-vote-to-keep-confederate-monuments-standing/}}</ref> At about the same time, the Project printed posters with a picure of Silent Sam, an X over him, and the words ”We need REAL heroes", and students put them up on the campus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Activists Boosted by Make It Right Project Posters to Remove ‘Silent Sam’ Confederate Monument |first=Kali |last=Holloway |date=August 8, 2018 |publisher=[[Independent Media Institute]] |url=https://independentmediainstitute.org/make-it-right-project-posters-boost-activist-campaigns-to-remove-silent-sam-confederate-monument/}}</ref> # [[Robert Edward Lee (sculpture)|Robert E. Lee]] and [[Thomas Jonathan Jackson (sculpture)|Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson]] Statues, Charlottesville, VA. In September of 2018 the group erected a billboard depicting the two monuments, and between them the words "Monumental Change Needed". They also prepared [[lawn sign]]s saying "Monumental Lies", with pictures of the two monuments; these have been seen in a number of [[yard]]s in the city. "Neo-Confederates made a grotesque parody of the Make It Right billboard in response. And then put it on a truck and drove around town with it."<ref name=Neo>{{cite web |title=Neo-Confederates Parade an Offensive Parody of a Make It Right Billboard in Charlottesville — and Lawn Signs Against Racist Monuments Sprout Up in the City |first=Kali |last=Holloway |date=October 2, 2018 |publisher=[[Independent Media Institute]] |url=https://independentmediainstitute.org/neo-confederates-parade-an-offensive-parody-of-a-make-it-right-billboard-in-charlottesville-and-lawn-signs-against-racist-monuments-sprout-up-in-the-city/}}</ref> # [[Spirit of the Confederacy]], [[Houston, Texas]]. This monument is located in one of Houston’s major city parks. The winged, muscular, 12-foot-tall avenging angel clad in palm fronds leaning on a sword suggests the “spirit of the Confederacy” remains fiercely unrepentant in its dedication to the cause of black enslavement. # [[John C. Calhoun]] Monument, [[Charleston, South Carolina]] Though Calhoun died in 1850, he contributed greatly to the Southern position by advancing the theory that black enslavement was “a positive good.” According to Calhoun, white people profited off black labor, and the enslaved were civilized by the brutality of bondage. Charleston’s History Commission has spent several months quibbling over the language for a plaque to acknowledge Calhoun’s racist positions, but protesters continue to fight for complete removal. # [[Oak Woods Cemetery]] Confederate Mound Statue, [[Chicago, Illinois]]. There is a bronze Confederate soldier at the top of a 30-foot granite column overlooking a mass grave. The Cemetary also has the graves of several notable African Americans, including journalist and anti-lynching activist Ida B. Wells. # [[Shepherd Heyward]] Memorial, [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia]] # [[Denton Confederate Soldier Monument]], [[Denton, Texas]]. Every Sunday afternoon since 1998, Willie Hudspeth—a Vietnam War veteran and president of the Denton NAACP—has staged a one-man protest at the site of this monument to the Confederacy. In February 2018, a town committee decided not to remove the structure, but instead to provide “context” with the addition of a video kiosk and plaques detailing the history of slavery. Hudspeth has vowed to continue protesting until the monument comes down. The town committee has yet to commit to a date for the proposed additions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/Group-Targets-North-Texas-Confederate-Monuments-492903861.html |title=Group Targets North Texas Confederate Monuments for Removal. One Denton resident has tried to persuade the city to remove a statue for nearly 20 years |first=Seth |last=Voorhees |date=September 10, 2018 |newspaper=[[KXAS]]}}</ref> # [[United Confederate Veterans Memorial]], [[Seattle, Washington]]. The protesters of this monument include Heidi Christensen, former president of the Seattle chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Though it sits on private land in Lake View Cemetery, those pushing for the memorial’s relocation argue that it is located in a “publicly visible location and therefore should fall under current ordinances to remove offensive markings visible to the public.” # [[Florida's Tribute to the Women of the Confederacy]], [[Jacksonville, Florida]]. An ode to the many white Southern women who, according to the inscription, “sacrificed their all” for the Confederate cause. ===References=== {{reflist}}

THe politics of Silent Sam alamance[edit]

https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/orange-county/article205786789.html https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/orange-county/article210111429.html According to the New York Times, "Few state governments in America have been as divided in recent years as the one in North Carolina.... Partisan rancor...has come to define the state’s politics."[1]

Old Colored Cemetery[edit]

The Old Colored Cemetery, a 3 acres (1.2 ha)

http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/broward/deerfield-beach/fl-deerfield-memorial-park-20180621-story.html Once forgotten, 'Old Colored Cemetery' turns into a place of honor

by ANNE GEGGIS, sun-sentinel.comJune 23, 2018 05:30 AM They were buried in a patch of land that was left unmarked and largely forgotten for decades.

But now the “Old Colored Cemetery” is on its way to becoming a Branhilda Richardson Knowles Memorial Park. It’s now under construction.

Its centerpiece will be a statue of Knowles, a midwife to many blacks in Deerfield and beyond who were born at home before Jim Crow laws ended. A committee chose Knowles for the honor because of her impact on the community — the only area midwife for much of her career that spanned more than 40 years, when the nearest hospital accepting black people was in Fort Lauderdale.

The pose of her holding a baby aloft resonates with Commissioner Gloria Battle, whom Knowles delivered, as well as her mother and four other siblings.Created by the same artist who makes the deer statues around city, it is now ready for installation.

“It’s breathtaking,” Battle said.

Her great-great grandfather likely lies in the park.

The 3-acre parcel at Southeast Second Avenue and Fourth Street had once been a privately owned churchyard. Records show burials took place there from 1897 to 1937, with some possibly as late as the 1940s.

Among the approximately 300 who are buried there: veterans of both world wars, a Union soldier and a freed slave.

The property was sold and, in 1974, the new owner bulldozed the headstones. Whether it was really a cemetery was cast into doubt when two archaeological studies, one in 1986 and another in 2005, failed to find human remains. Outcry over proposed development from the city’s African-American community derailed those development proposals.

But the cemetery seemed destined to be bulldozed into further obscurity when a developer in 2015 won approval to build 69 townhouses there and a majority of the City Commission agreed.

As a condition of approval, a third archaeological study was ordered.

That’s when gold-capped teeth and skull fragments turned up. The townhouse development was scaled back and the city applied for state grants.

The state appropriated nearly $1 million in 2016 to buy the former cemetery parcel from the developer.

Further grants paid for the design and construction of the park, named for Knowles but which will also honor Deerfield’s veterans.

“There were no models to go by,” Miller said, explaining that his research didn’t turn up any other forgotten cemeteries that were turned into parks.

The first phase of construction scheduled to be finished in a few weeks.

“It’s going to be a place of reverence, reflection and honor,” Miller said

Journla of Hispanic Philology[edit]

El Journal of Hispanic Philology apareció en 1976, intento de fomentar entre los anglohablantes los estudios filológicos españoles, en imitación de la Revista de Filología Española y la Nueva Revista de Filología Española. Su fundador fue Daniel Eisenberg, que lo dirigió hasta el tomo 16, 1992, cuando fue tomado por un colega suyo, Jorge Román-Lagunas, sin su bendición, llevándolo a temas hispanoamericanos. La última fecha conocida de su publicación es 1996–1997.

Colaboraron en el consejo editorial hispanistas de relieve, como Alan Deyermond, Juan Bautista Avalle-Arce, Edward Riley, y Keith Whinnom

Long Reviews -America8is hard to see[edit]

7 reviews: https://www.show-score.com/off-off-broadway-shows/america-is-hard-to-see Includes trailer on Vimeo 6:18. Includes clothing designer. Attendee: “There is something compelling by this work that attempts to demonstrate the humanity of sexual abusers sentenced to a life of being outsiders, often unable to get jobs or unable to travel or live where they may like, by focusing on an actual community in Florida designed for former sex offenders. They may be unredeemable in society's eyes, but the play shows how their needs, dreams, and wishes resemble everyone else's. The actors convey the characters' own self-loathing and frustration as well as their yearning to connect and not be alone, and a few cases in which people do open their minds and hearts to them, sometimes with great difficulty.“

interviews (texts)[edit]

interviews (recordings)[edit]


Interview with Travis Russ on podcast Podcast dec 20, 2017 “Your program is your ticket” Hour start at 8:00. In-depth interview with scores of people, thousands of pages, Priscilla talking. Real verbatim text. It’s so rich.” “It’s the obstacles (in reintegration. Religion plays a huge roll. The limits of forgiveness “fate” Audience before : surprised how complicated the issue is. We’re conditioned to see it - he himwelf felt enotuonal confusion. Surprised became friends with some 14:30 Pris people moved by the experience. T anger to ... people who stumbled upon the place, including new pastor. Drama therapist, other therapist, analytical voice for audience. Many truths out there. Sometimes talk to audience. Play with music, not a musical Made a hymn someone took for Methodist... mentioned spirituals 33.00 Vomep https://vimeo.com/253230968. Official music video 1:21

Dont use >*YouTube: https://floridaactioncommittee.org/america-is-hart-to-see/ 3:51 i was definitely nervous

Official trailer 1:00 this is a map of our village https://www.yesbroadway.com/archivefeed/americaishardtosee



-->


From Here theater: http://here.org/shows/detail/1927/ Includes video


From Life Jacket: http://www.lifejackettheatre.org/america-is-hard-to-see/. Includes Vimeo

Press Kit: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57606cf32b8ddea046415b36/t/5b0853078a922d37c7a10fb9/1527272217318/AMERICA+Press+Kit.pdf

https://www.yesbroadway.com/archivefeed/americaishardtosee

Not much new: https://www.flumc.org/newsdetail/1097382


Twitter WATCH: @lifejacketnyc - 07/04/2018 03:18pm "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming s� https:// https://www.broadwayworld.com/shows/America-is-Hard-to-See-332519.html

civil commitment[edit]

http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/america-tonight/articles/2014/4/5/florida-becomes-theharsheststateforsexoffenders.html

on sex offenders[edit]

on miracle village[edit]

http://latterlymagazine.com/sex-offender-redemption/. Was in Florida Magazine Same:



The centrality of slavery[edit]

In the first years of the 19th century there was intense interest in absorbing in some way Florida into the United States. The term "manifest destiny" did not appear until the 1840s, but the American colonies were expansionist from the beginning; the Revolutionary War had just put it on a back burner for a few years. The War over — even more so after the War of 1812 was over — the expansionism could be put back into practice. Somewhat to the Americans' surprise, Canadians were not very interested in becoming part of the U.S. But Florida was ripe for the taking. Most residents of Florida — maroons and their descendents, the number of whites was small — did not want to be part of the U.S. either. The negros would have been enslaved, or reenslaved, so by 1821 every one that could got out of Florida, to Cuba or an English colony.

Slaves are in fact central to Florida's change in nationality.

Nevertheless, the decision was to be made by the Spanish crown

Puerto Rico[edit]

There are two big elephants in the room, which discussions off Puerto Rico’s status usually ignore.

  • The first is that Spanish is Puerto Rico's official language, and its status has been getting stronger as a result of legal changes. English is no longer a second official language, or even a second language. Spanish is Puerto Rico’s language, full stop. All of its legal documents (Constitution, laws) and legal proceedings are in Spanish. Not everyone knows English.
For Puerto Rico to become a state, Congress must approve it. That Congress would officially accept a state with a different language is unlikely, and a substantial block of citizens — just how many is unknown — would not want it.
  • Under their present status, Puerto Ricans do not pay federal income tax, which they would have to pay if Puerto Rico becomes a state. (They do pay Medicare, Social Security, and some other taxes.) Whether this would be readily accepted by Puerto Ricans remains to be studied.
  • Puerto Rico would be heavily Democratic. Republicans can be counted on to oppose another two Democratic senators.

David Letterman[edit]

Rebellious us. Never had politicians or really big wtars as guests. Instead, he’d have little people like th nut lady Sided with Writers Guild during their now-forgotten 1985 strike

Insecure Stopped in at hairpiece mkker Attacked GE for buying Uin BC. Had president in audience once From Indiana, from a university which was not Indiana's most prestigious Scholarshil for C students

Very privatebabout his private lite. Lost his license had to be chaufered Lived in Ct. (show never visited) shafer an apt in Manhattan

Sent mom to Norway Helped young people get stTted, Jay Leno 4 yrs younger Musicall

Disambiguation page[edit]

− − District of Columbia may refer to

−

−

− − X==District of Columbia==

This page is about the history of the District of Columbia as a separate legal entity. For the history of the District of Columbia after 1871, when it merged with Washington, see History of Washington, D.C.

District of Columbia (until 1871)[edit]

This page is about the history of the District of Columbia as a separate legal entity. For the history of the District of Columbia after 1871, when it merged with Washington, see History of Washington, D.C.


The District of Columbia, or sometimes the Original District of Columbia, was until 1871 something other than the City of Washington. They were separate political entities. The district came into existence, with judges and marshals, in the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801; previously it was the Territory of Columbia. The small cities of Alexandria, VA and Georgetown, MD already existed; the remainder was farmland. Two new counties were created in the 1801 Act: Washington County, D.C. and Alexandria County, D.C. (today Arlington County, Virginia's smallest county, and the independent City of Alexandria). Although Pierre L'Enfant's plan for the city of Washington was created in 1791, and both the White House and the United States Capitol were completed and in use by 1800, the City of Washington was not legally created (chartered) until 1802.

Choice of location[edit]

Main article: History of Washington, D.C. § Establishment

Congress determined, in the Residence Act of 1790, that the nation's capitol be on the Potomac, between the Anacostia River and today's Williamsport, Maryland, and in a federal district up to 10 miles square. The exact location was to be determined by President Washington, who knew the area better than any other of the major politicians of the period, because his residence was in nearby Mt. Vernon, Virginia. Its trans-state location reflected a compromise between the Southern states and the Northern ones, neither of which blocs would agree to the nation's capitol being in the other.

Virginia fancied itself the most modelic of the states, the largest state (including West Virginia), the state of Washington, of Jefferson, primary author of the Declaration of Independence, and of rising political figures and future presidents Madison and Monroe. (Four of America's first five presidents were from Virginia.) Virginia's House of Burgesses was the clearest predecessor of Congress. Virginia was where the national capital, in their opinion, should be. Virginia was supported by all the states to the south of it.

The capitol of the U.S. in Virginia? The New England states would have none of that. Neither would New York nor Pennsylvania, both of which had previously housed the nation's capital. So Maryland, whose State House was older than that of Virginia, and like Virginia was a slave state, was settled on as a compromise. At Washington's request the City of Alexandria was included in the District, though with the provision that no federal buildings could be built there. The new capitol district was at about the center of the country, actually closer to New Hampshire than to Georgia. (What we now think of as the middle of the country at that time, the Mason-Dixon line, was an obscure boundary dispute, that only came into the national discourse, and was given its name, with the Missouri Compromise of 1850.) About 2/3 of the original District was in Maryland and 1/3 in Virginia, and the wide Potomac in the middle. The future district was surveyed in 1791–92; 24 of its surviving stone markers are in Maryland, 12 in Virginia. (See Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia.) Washington decided that the capitol's location would be between Georgetown and the Anacostia River, which was as high as the river could be navigated by ships.

Retrocession of 1847[edit]

Residents of Alexandria were soon unhappy about being in the District, which meant they had no representation in Congress. Also Alexandria was a center of the profitable slave trade – the largest slave-trading company in the country, Franklin and Armfield, was located there – and Alexandria residents were afraid that if the District banned the slave trade, as seemed likely, this industry would leave the city.

To prevent this, Arlington held a referendum, through which voters petitioned Congress and the state of Virginia to return the portion of the District of Columbia south of the Potomac River (Alexandria County) to Virginia. On July 9, 1846, Congress retroceded Alexandria County to Virginia, after which the District's slave traders relocated to Alexandria.[2] The District's slave trade was outlawed in the Compromise of 1850,[3] although ownership of slaves in the District would remain permitted until passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865. Until secession in 1861, Southern states refused to permit setting a precedent, through the Compromise of 1850 or any other legislation, by banning slavery in the District altogether.

Organic Act of 1871[edit]

The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 merged the District of Columbia and the City of Washington into a single entity, Washington, D.C..

References[edit]

  1. ^ Blinder, Alan (SepBold texttember 29, 2018). "Florence Silenced North Carolina's Political Rancor. But for How Long?". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ Historical Society of Washington, D.C. (2004). "Get to know D.C. – Frequently Asked Questions About Washington, D.C." Archived from the original on January 2, 2019. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 6, 2007 suggested (help)
  3. ^ Compromise of 1850 Heritage Society. "Banning Slave Trade in Washington DC".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Patriots War[edit]

On it see p. 4 of Stowells book on Kingsley

The Patriots War, sometimes Patriots' War, was an unsuccessful attempt to have the United States annex part of East Florida, at the time Spanish territory, before the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 transferred Florida from Spain to the United States. It included the (self-)creation of the Republic of Florida, planned to last one day. It was informed by the short-lived 1810 Republic of West Florida on Florida's western border, which became part of Louisiana, about to become a state in 1812.

The underlying issue was the availability of vast amounts of land suitable for farming in northern Florida, some of which, in the northeast and western Florida, already had a number of American farmers. Spain was not interested in developing farms or plantations. Furthermore, the Spanish force in the peninsula was small, effectively governing only the small areas around Spain's four forts, St. Augustine, St. Marks, and Pensacola, and Fuerte Carlota (Mobile). These settlements provided naval support to Spanish ships. Florida's northern border with the United States they cared little about, and certainly did not have the forces to defend it. It is the same situation that would emerge later on Florida's western border, producing the short-lived Republic of West Florida (1810), all of which was in today's Louisiana (the Florida Parishes), the longer-lived Republic of Texas, and finally the Mexican-American War. The predecessor of these was the East Florida venture.

The war began with an invasion, called the Patriot Invasion, of East Florida. An informal gathering of armed Americans succeeded in conquering Fernandina and Amelia islands.[1]: 35 

(Central Florida was at the time inhabited by Native Americans.)

kilgallen[edit]

Ny post jan 2017 is on Pocket https://nypost.com/2017/01/29/manhattan-das-office-probing-death-of-reporter-with-possible-jfk-ties/ Through pbcpl: Gossip Never Dies; Learning of Paris Hilton's latest woes-a $10 million slander suit, harassment charges, and a stash of private videotapes reportedly sold at auction-the author had some advice when he saw the heiress's mother Dominick Dunne Vanity Fair. 48.4 (Apr. 2006): p140. Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2006 Conde Nast Publications, Inc.. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of The Conde Nast Publications Inc. http://www.vanityfair.com/

http://www.reddirtreport.com/rustys-reads/books-two-books-tie-two-noteworthy-women-and-their-deaths-jfk-assassination Review

http://www.reddirtreport.com/red-dirt-grit/x-marks-jfk-files On Shaw jones https://arapahoenews.com/12462/uncategorized/dorothy-kilgallen-reporter-cloaked-in-controversy/ 11/18/2017

https://nypost.com/2008/07/27/forging-a-new-livelihood/ Lee Israel

http://ew.com/movies/2018/03/16/melissa-mccarthy-can-you-ever-forgive-me-trailer/ on Israel


https://nypost.com/2016/12/04/dorothy-kilgallens-tell-all-on-a-mafia-don-might-have-got-her-killed/ On Shaw’s book https://nypost.com/2017/01/29/manhattan-das-office-probing-death-of-reporter-with-possible-jfk-ties/ https://nypost.com/2017/09/02/da-no-evidence-reporter-investigating-jfk-assassination-was-murdered/ refused to discuss findings http://www.newsandtimes.com/2016/12/seeking-justice-amid-the-conspiracies/

https://nypost.com/2017/09/02/da-no-evidence-reporter-investigating-jfk-assassination-was-murdered/ https://www.google.com/search?aq=f&hl=en&gl=us&tbm=nws&btnmeta_news_search=1&q=Dorothy+kilgallen&oq=Dorothy+kilgallen&gs_l=news-cc.3..43j0j43i53.1784.8722.0.9580.17.6.0.11.11.0.160.582.4j2.6.0...0.0...1ac.1.NTKGUNkkxM0

Gossip Never Dies; Learning of Paris Hilton's latest woes-a $10 million slander suit, harassment charges, and a stash of private videotapes reportedly sold at auction-the author had some advice when he saw the heiress's mother

http://edb.pbclibrary.org:2048/login?qurl=http://go.galegroup.com%2fps%2fretrieve.do%3ftabID%3dT002%26resultListType%3dRESULT_LIST%26searchResultsType%3dSingleTab%26searchType%3dBasicSearchForm%26currentPosition%3d6%26docId%3dGALE%257CA168632283%26docType%3dEra%2boverview%252C%2bEssay%26sort%3dRelevance%26contentSegment%3d%26prodId%3dAONE%26contentSet%3dGALE%257CA168632283%26searchId%3dR1%26userGroupName%3dd0_mlpbcls%26inPS%3dtrue

http://www.midtod.com/dorothys.pdf

Neamathla[edit]

Douma, Michael J. "Slave maroon communities in the Atlantic world." Journal of American Ethnic History, vol. 35, no. 4, 2016, p. 93+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A456276194/ITOF?u=d0_mlpbcls&sid=ITOF&xid=5b0344a1. Accessed 13 Apr. 2018.

Woodbine[edit]

George Woodbine was a merchant from Jamaica3}} Documents Relating to Colonel Edward Nicholls and Captain George Woodbine in Pensacola, 1814

Stuff on him in the Nicoll’s outpost book Read online free: The Florida Historical Society Quarterly Vol. 10, No. 1 (Jul., 1931), pp. 51-54 Published by: Florida Historical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30150119 Page Count: 4 Topics: Slavery

Neamathla and, probably, his family were at Nicolls' Outpost.[2]: 67 

Neamathla had always been active in those depredations on the frontiers of Georgia which had brought vengeance and ruin on the Seminoles.

"Perryman was involved in the plot to flog Neamathla during a council at Fort Scott in August 1817. He believed that the Fowltown chief was endangering all of the towns of the area by confronting the army. Neamathla failed to appear for the conference and Maj. David E. Twiggs, who then commanded the fort, did not learn of the plan until after the fact." http://exploresouthernhistory.com/mobile/2017/12/13/perryman/

Christopher Rage[edit]

Link to Sandbox version on Christopher Rage User:Deisenbe/sandbox/Philip_H._Cummings. / honeysuckle divine United Faculty of Florida. Paddles Sutro Baths. Lorca assasination &#x0308;

moriae[edit]

The usual translation of the title, In Praise of Folly, is misleading. Folly is an unwise action, that accomplishes nothing at best. There are suggestions of mental illness, as that was understood centuries ago, causing the subjecy to do unreasonable skills

A closer translation is stupidity; the English cognate of "moriae" is moron. So what is being praised is stupidity, which is the topic of the book. The moronic woman explains her role in society: if your parents hadn’t been stupid, you wouldn’t be here.

There is also a pun in the title, which can also be read as “In Praise of [Sir Thomas] More, England’s Catholic hero Sir Thomas More

References[edit]

  1. ^ Millett, Nathaniel (2013). The Maroons of Prospect Bluff and Their Quest for Freedom in the Atlantic World. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813044545.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Fowltown was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


Subject of a raiding party by "Captain Miller" who took a bunch pf negroes and held them at Fort Mitchell, Creek agency. Cox, fort wcott, 220

Video Many blacks escaped from the Suwannee settlement to the Tampa Bay region and joined the small maroon community that existed on the Manatee River. Throughout the recent chapters, Tampa Bay has constantly been alluded to as a safe-haven for black fugitives. Some of the refugees had arrived there after the Revolutionary War. Others retreated after the Patriots had decimated the Alachua communities. In January 1813, shortly before the Patriots made the final assault on the Alachua settlements, Benjamin Hawkins reported that the Seminoles and blacks were fleeing to South Florida in anticipation of the attack:

“I received from an Indian of note…the following information…Paine is dead of his wounds…the warring Indians have quit this settlement, and gone down to Tellaugue Chapcopopeau, a creek which enters the ocean south of Moscheto river, at a place called the Fishery. Such of their stock as they could command have been driven in that direction, and the negroes were going the same way. The lands beyond the creek towards Florida point, were, for a considerable distance, open savannas, with ponds; and, still beyond the land, stony, to the point." 20

Hawkins was definitely describing Southwest Florida, particularly the area between Tampa Bay and present-day Ft. Myers. The “Fishery” he alluded to was the Spanish fishery located on Charlotte Harbor. Hawkins later reported: “The negroes now separated and at a distance from the Indians on the Hammocks or the Hammoc not far from Tampa bay,” after they fled the Patriots invasion. In 1815, after Nichols left the “Negro Fort,” some of the blacks no longer felt secure without the British presence. Woodbine left the “Negro Fort” with about two hundred blacks to establish a plantation south of Tampa Bay. Still more had fled after the U.S. military had destroyed their settlements around the “Negro Fort.” According to historians William S. Coker and Thomas D. Watson, “other slaves joined the blacks on the Suwannee and some fled as far south as Tampa,” after the fort’s obliteration. 21 There they built an autonomous community and cultivated the fields along the Manatee River, present day Bradenton. This community would be termed “Angola,” the last remaining stronghold for the free blacks in Florida. The term “Angola” was ascribed because many of the blacks were West African slaves who had escaped from the Carolinas. They applied an assortment of African agricultural techniques to cultivate vast acres of plantation land. A large number of Seminoles were also in the vicinity. In 1821, a South Florida Expeditionary mapped out the region. The map chart was entitled: “A draft of Sarrazota, or Runaway Negro Plantations.” 22 Various black, Seminole, Red Stick Creek, and Spanish settlements were spread out from Tampa Bay all the way down to present-day Ft. Myers. The Angola community, approximately located at present-day Sarasota, was a refuge for blacks escaping the onslaught of white slave raiders. Its population varied between 750 and 900 residents. Considering the accounts of the Creek raid on Angola, it appears that the combined number of refugees, black and Seminole, with those taken in the raid, amount to six or seven hundred at the time of its destruction. A settlement of Red Stick Creeks resided forty miles away on the Peace River. Woodbine chose to relocate the blacks from the “Negro Fort” to Tampa Bay because of its extremely fertile lands and optimal trading location. According to one report: “This is an extensive bay, and capable of admitting ships of any size, contiguous to which are the finest lands in East Florida, which Woodbine pretends belong to him by virtue of a grant from the Indians.” 23 In 1817, there were reports that Woodbine was amassing a large band of Seminole and black allies in Tampa Bay for the purpose of invading and seizing St. Augustine. This was essentially to prevent the United States from taking acquisition of the territory rather than any outright hostility against Spanish rule. The rumors never materialized though. 24 Arbuthnot and Ambrister, the two British officials executed under Jackson’s orders, supported the blacks at Angola with weapons and trade. Robert Ambrister was commissioned to ensure that the blacks that Woodbine left at Angola were secure. A witness at his trial reported: “I frequently heard him say he came to attend to Mr. Woodbine’s business at the bay of Tamper.” The same with Arbuthnot: “The prisoner was sent by Woodbine to Tampa, to see about those negroes he had left there.” 25 In 1837, John Lee Williams made observations of ruins left behind from the Angola community as he extensively explored the Manatee River: “The point between these two rivers is called Negro Point. The famous Arbuthnot and Ambrister had at one time a plantation here cultivated by two hundred negroes. The ruins of their cabins, and domestic utensils are still seen on the old fields.” 26 The Manatee River was not only an extremely fertile, easily defensible location but an optimal site for communication with the British Empire and Spanish Empire in Cuba. After the battle of Suwannee, blacks from Seminole territory found a refuge there and prepared for U.S. reprisal. Captain James Gadsden, aide to Jackson in his Florida campaign, reported back to Jackson about the importance of establishing Tampa Bay as a maritime depot: “It is the last rallying spot of the disaffected negroes and Indians and the only favorable point from whence a communication can be had with Spanish and European emissaries. Nichols it is reported has an establishment in that neighborhood and the negroes and Indians driven from Micosukey and Suwaney towns have directed their march to that quarter.” 27 In some retrospect, Angola could have been a potential last stand for the Seminoles and blacks. They began arming themselves through their Spanish and British trading partners. With reports of Spanish provision of armaments, General Gaines offered to “do what can be done with the limited means under my control, and strike at any force that may present itself.” 28 According to Gaines, the Spanish “furnished hostile Indians, at the bay of Tampa, with ten horseloads of ammunition, recommending to them united and vigorous operations against us.” 29 Jackson focused on establishing and increasing the military force in Tampa with five hundred regulars. This would be to “insure tranquility in the south.” The detachment was intended to destroy “Woodbine’s negro establishment.” 30 Col. Robert Butler reported that the blacks were fortifying themselves at Tampa Bay in anticipation of a U.S. attack. 31 Jackson had remained consistent in his goal to obliterate independent black settlements throughout the peninsula. Secretary of War Calhoun failed to authorize Jackson the use of direct military force. He knew that any further incursions into Florida would possibly put a damper on negotiations with Spain for its acquisition. Angola had secured itself for the time-being. This was until Jackson was granted governorship of the Florida territory early in 1821. On April 2, 1821, Andrew Jackson requested instruction from Secretary of State John Quincy Adams on the removal of the Red Stick and black settlements in the Tampa Bay region. 32 Before he received an answer, Jackson would take action into his own hands. Geopolitical intrigue in Florida intended to kill two birds with one stone: defeating insubordinate natives and preventing fugitive slaves from finding safe-haven. In late April 1821, William McIntosh, Jackson-appointed brigadier general, ordered a war party of Coweta Creeks into Florida to eliminate the Red Stick Creek settlements and enslave the blacks at Angola. A force of two hundred Coweta Creeks was commissioned under the command of William Weatherford and Charles Miller, pro-white Creek chiefs who were closely associated with McIntosh. An “eye-witness,” possibly a participant in the incursion, described the purpose of the raid in the columns of the Charleston Gazette:

“Towards the end of the month of April last, some men of influence and fortune, residing somewhere in the western country, thought of making a speculation in order to obtain Slaves for a trifle. They hired Charles Miller, William Weatherford [and others], and under these chiefs, were engaged about two hundred Cowetas Indians. They were ordered to proceed along the western coast of East Florida, southerly, and there take, in the name of the United States, and make prisoners of all the men of colour, including women and children, they would be able to find, and bring them all, well secured, to a certain place, which has been kept a secret.” 33

Indian Agent John Crowell wrote about the raid in a letter to Secretary of War John Calhoun:

“Some short time previous to my coming into this agency, the chiefs, had organized a Regt. of Indian Warriors, and sent them into Florida in pursuit of negroes that had escaped from their owners, in the Creek nation as well as such as had run off from their owners in the States; this detachment has recently returned, bringing with them, to this place fifty nine negroes, besides about twenty delivered to their respective owners on their march up.” 34

The raiders wrecked havoc throughout Florida until they launched a surprise attack on Angola and devastated the settlement. The Creek raiders captured over three hundred inhabitants, plundered their plantations, and set fire to all of their homes. Afterwards, the war party made its way south and plundered the Spanish fisheries on the Caloosahatchee River. Most of the three hundred prisoners taken in the raid disappeared as the Creek party made their way back to the United States. The “eye-witness” in the Charleston Gazette detailed the raid of Angola:

“They arrived at Sazazota, surprised and captured about 300 of them, plundered their plantations, set on fire all their houses, and then proceeding southerly captured several others; and on the 17th day of June, arrived at the Spanish Ranches, in Pointerrass Key, in Carlos Bay, where not finding as many Negroes as they expected, they plundered the Spanish fishermen of more than 2000 dollars worth of property, besides committing the greatest excess. With their plunder and prisoners, they returned to the place appointed for the deposit of both.” 35

The aftermath of the Coweta Creek raid was chaotic for the free blacks and Red Stick Creeks in the Florida territory. Settlements were scattered, refugees fled into different areas, and others, having grown tired of the constant terror, escaped the country. While some remained behind under the protection of Spanish gunboats, about three hundred refugees left on canoes to the Florida Keys and escaped to the Bahamas through British wrecking vessels. The “eye-witness” detailed the aftermath of the assault:

“The terror thus spread along the Western Coast of East Florida, broke all the establishments of both blacks and Indians, who fled in great consternation. The blacks principally, thought they could not save their lives but by abandoning the country; therefore, they, by small parties and in their Indian canoes, doubled Cape Sable and arrived at Key Taviniere, which is the general place of rendezvous for all the English wreckers [those who profited from recovery of shipwreck property], from Nassau, Providence; an agreement was soon entered into between them, and about 250 of these negroes were by the wreckers carried to Nassau and clandestinely landed.” 36

A Florida observer wrote that some the blacks from the “Negro Fort”, along with runaway slaves from Florida and other Southern states, “formed considerable settlements on the waters of Tampa Bay. When the Indians went in pursuit of these negroes, such as escaped made their way down to cape Florida and the reef, about which they collected within a year and a half upwards of three hundred; vast numbers of them have been at different times since carried off by the Bahama wreckers to Nassau.” 37 After the assault, some blacks armed themselves and remained isolated in the southwest region of the state under the protection of Spanish traders. Some Florida residents petitioned the President to “retain their property” that escaped to an island or cluster of islands off the Florida west coast and were “protected by an armed banditti.” 38 In July, a small party of destitute Seminoles made their way to St. Augustine, informing Capt. John R. Bell that “very recently a party of Indians (Cawetus) said to be headed by McIntosh came into their neighborhood and had taken off a considerable number of negroes and some Indians, that the commander of party had sent them information that in a short time he should return and drive all the Indians off.” 39 Bell denied that the party was authorized by Jackson or any higher authorities, but failed to note that William McIntosh was Jackson’s close ally. A mass exodus of blacks took place from the Keys to the Bahamas. James Forbes reported that runaway blacks were amassed at Cape Florida: “At this key, which presents a mass of mangroves, there were lately about sixty Indians, and as many runaway negroes, in search of sustenance, and twenty-seven sail of Bahaman wreckers.” 40 Florida officials were not merely satisfied with the blacks taken during the Coweta raid. In 1823, Governor Duval wrote to Calhoun in apprehension of fugitive blacks escaping to the Bahamas: “I have been informed by Gentlemen upon whom I can rely, that there are about ninety negros, fugitives from this Province and the neighboring States, on St. Andrews Island one of the Bahamas, & about thirty more on the Great Bahamas & the neighboring Islands, those Negros went from Tampa Bay, & Charlotte Harbour, in boats to the Florida Keys from whence they were taken to the Bahamas by the Providence Wreckers. The slaves might be obtained, if Com. Porter be ordered to demand them from the authorities at those Islands.” 41 James Forbes also wrote a letter to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, claiming that the Seminoles “apprehend some disturbance from the Cowetas. These last are said to have been at Tampa about 200 strong and taken from thence about 120 Negroes after destroying four Spanish settlements there.” 42 Calhoun shouldered the blame of the illegal incursion onto “rogue” Creek chiefs, shifting any responsibility from Andrew Jackson. He purposely avoided mentioning Jackson as the possible culprit for organizing it, his avid determination to destroy “Woodbine’s negro establishment,” or his close association with the Creek leaders who led the incursion. Jackson’s involvement was behind the scenes and there was nothing to directly implicate him. Calhoun reprimanded the Creeks in a letter to Indian Agent John Crowell:

“The expedition to Florida was entirely unknown to this Department. I have to express my concern at, and most decided approbation of, the conduct of the chiefs; that they should seize upon the very moment when that country was about to pass from the possession of Spain to that of the United States, and when everything was in confusion, to use the superior force of the Creek nation over the weakness of the Seminoles, to impose on and plunder them.” 43

Calhoun was actually more interested in the fate of the blacks taken in the raid, the most controversial aspect for Southern slaveholders. He cared nothing for the free blacks who had been seized from their lands and sold as slaves. If hundreds of fugitive slaves were indeed captured in this raid, where did they go? Crowell’s letter to Calhoun, attempting to justify the raid, indicated that this is where the Secretary of War’s main concern lied:

“Special orders were given to Col. Miller not to interrupt the person or the property of any Indian or white man & he declares that he did not take from the possession of either red or white person a single negro except one from a vessel belonging to the celebrated Nichols, lying at anchor in Tampy Bay. The negroes he took, were found and acknowledged by the inhabitants of the country to be runaways.” 44

It was presumed that most of the blacks seized in the raid were sold by the Creek mercenaries to Florida planters as they made their way back to the United States. Crowell gave a list of 59 slaves that had made it to the United States, titled a “Description of the Negroes brought into the Creek nation by a detachment of Indian Warriors under the command of Col. Wm. Miller a half breed Indian.” In turn, Calhoun gave the list to Capt. John R. Bell of St. Augustine in hopes that some Florida slaveholders could retrieve their property: “I furnished you with a list of negroes taken from the Seminole Indians by a party of Creeks; by which it would seem that many of them belong to the Inhabitants of Florida.” 45 Slaveholders attempted to retrieve the blacks taken in the raid and the black refugees who escaped to the Bahamas. The “eye-witness” in the Charleston Gazette rhetorically concluded his editorial column on the Creek incursion:

“Now all these Negroes, as well as those captured by the Indians, and those gone to Nassau, are runaway Slaves, from the Planters on St. John’s River, in Florida, Georgia, Carolina, and a few from Alabama. Cannot those Planters who have had their Negroes missing recover them by means of these chiefs I have named, and who are so well known by the parts they have been playing for some time past in the late Indian wars, and discover who are those speculative gentlemen who now hold their Negroes, and if they were lawfully their slaves? Could not all those Negroes unlawfully introduced into Nassau be also recovered by an application to the English governor, backed by a formal demand from the Government of the United States?” 46

When it came to catching the refugee blacks, Governor Duval’s hands were tied. Duval instructed Horatio S. Dexter to bring in the runaway slaves he found in the vicinity of Tampa Bay. Duval could not pursue the black refugees from Angola until he received permission from Bahaman authorities nor call out a militia against the blacks in Florida territory until given Presidential authority. Duval received information that a “considerable number of slaves” had established themselves at Pine Island on the mouth of the Charlotte River after fleeing from Tampa. They were “well armed with Spanish Muskets” and “refuse to permit any American to visit the Island.” They maintained their allegiance to the Spanish traders, cutting timber and fishing for the Havana market. In turn, the Spaniards gave them protection with several small gunboats armed with one to three guns each. Duval could not comply with the wishes of slaveholders until he received Presidential authority to which he would commission sixty mounted militiamen under the command of Col. Humphreys to apprehend the blacks. 47 The blacks and Seminoles of Middle Florida also felt the effects of the Creek incursion. The black and Red Stick Creek settlements in Middle Florida scattered into even more remote locations. In 1822, Dr. William Simmons travelled to a black settlement in the Big Swamp “accompanied by an Indian Negro, as a guide.” In his route, he witnessed “the sites of Indian towns, which had been recently broken up, and the crops left standing on the ground. These were chiefly settlements of Lower Creek Indians, who, after their defeat by General Jackson, in the late war, came down among the Seminoles, and supposing themselves peculiarly obnoxious to the Americans, dispersed themselves in the woods, or retired to remote situations, as soon as the transfer of the Province took place.” 48 Simmons also found that his black Seminole hosts had recently fled from their settlements in apprehension of Coweta slave raiders, impoverished and unable to provide him with any form of hospitality: “These people were in the greatest poverty, and had nothing to offer me; having, not long before, fled from a settlement farther west, and left their crop ungathered, from an apprehension of being seized on by the Cowetas, who had recently carried off a body of Negroes, residing near the Suwaney.” 49 U.S. imperialism in Florida meant the decentralization of black and native settlements. Ironically this would make things very difficult two years later when they attempted to concentrate them within a tight reservation. Native and black people who had once flourished on the Alachua savannah for almost a century were broken up by the Patriots invaders. Native and black people who had once cultivated the fertile banks of the Appalachicola River were broken up by a U.S. incursion that slaughtered hundreds at the “Negro Fort.” Native and black people who cultivated fields along the Suwannee River were broken up by Andrew Jackson’s incursion two years later. Native and black people who lived off of the fertile lands and abundant hunting grounds in the vicinity of Tampa Bay were broken up by a pro-white Creek incursion detached by Jackson. In four separate incursions over the span of a decade, the U.S. made it clear that its Florida policy was to subjugate its free black residents in order to make it safe for slavery to flourish.

References:

20. ASPIA 1: 838; Hayes, Louis F. Letters of Benjamin Hawkins, 1797-1815. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Archives and History, 1939. 198-200. 21. Coker, William S. and Watson, Thomas D. Indian Traders of the Southeastern Spanish Borderlands: Panton, Leslie & Company and John Forbes & Company, 1783-1847. Pensacola: University of West Florida Press, 1986. 309. 22. For a complete illustration of the Angola community see Brown, Canter, Jr. “Sarrazota, or runaway Negro plantations”: Tampa Bay’s First Black Community.” Tampa Bay History 12 (Fall-Winter): 5-19. 23. ASPFA 4: 603. 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid. 604; ASPMA 1: 731. 26. Williams, Territory of Florida, 299-300. 27. “The Defenses of the Floridas, Report of Capt. James Gadsden to Gen. Jackson, 1818.” Florida Historical Quarterly. April 1937. 249. 28. ASPMA 1: 753. 29. Ibid. 30. Ibid. 752-753. 31. Carter, Territorial Papers, XXII, 167. 32. ASPFA 4: 755. 33. “Advice to Southern Planters” in Charleston City Gazette, c. November 1821, reprinted in Philadelphia National Gazette and Literary Register, December 3, 1821, cited in Brown, “Sarrazota, or Runaway Negro Plantations.” 34. John Crowell to John C. Calhoun, January 22, 1822, in T. J. Peddy, “Creek Letters 1820-1824.” (typescript in Georgia Department of Archives and History, Atlanta), 22.2.22.C.C. 35. Brown, “Sarrazota, or Runaway Negro Plantations,” 12-15. 36. “Advice to Southern Planters” in Charleston City Gazette, c. November 1821. 37. Vignoles, Charles B. Observations upon the Floridas. New York: E. Bliss & E. White, 1823: 135-136. 38. Carter, Territorial Papers, XXII, 763. 39. Ibid. 126. 40. Forbes, Sketches, historical and topographical, of the Floridas, 105. 41. Carter, Territorial Papers, XXII, 745. 42. Ibid. 119. 43. “J.C. Calhoun to Col. John Crowell, Indian Agent.” Creek Letters 1820-1824. Georgia Dept. of Archives & History, Atla

Yvette Lucas filmmaker[edit]

Patrick Bresnan and Yvette Lucas are a married couple who make films about Palm Beach County. They live in Austin, Texas.[1]

Ivete Lucas (Director/Producer/Editor) was born in Brazil and holds an MFA in Film Production from the University of Texas at Austin. She started her career in Mexico with a grant from the Mexican Film Institute (IMCINE) to direct the short film Asma, which was shortlisted for an Ariel (the Mexican equivalent of the Academy Award.) Her short documentary The Send-Off co-directed with her partner Patrick Bresnan (see below) premiered at Sundance in 2016 and won jury awards at SXSW, AFI Fest and the San Francisco International Film festival. She is the producer and editor of the multiple award-winning short The Rabbit Hunt (2017), directed by Bresnan. The duo were named among Filmmaker Magazine’s 25 New Faces of Independent Film in 2016. Patrick Bresnan (Director/Producer/Cinematographer) is a visual artist and filmmaker who holds a Master’s Degree in Sustainability from the University of Texas at Austin. After a formative period working for prominent Mission School artists Barry McGee (aka Twist) and Clare Rojas, he co-directed the short documentary The Send-Off (2016) with his partner Ivete Lucas (see above). His short The Rabbit Hunt world-premiered at Sundance in 2017 before competing at the Berlinale,and has won nine awards including Best Short Documentary at four Academy-qualifying events.

Films by Bresnan and Lucas[edit]

Look at Miracle village history for a PB Post article


http://www.mistermotley.nl/en/art-everyday-life/redefining-narrative-united-states

http://moveablefest.com/patrick-bresnan-ivete-lucas-roadside-attraction/ http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/local-education/how-film-about-pahokee-landed-glades-teens-sundance/KvnIV91ANnjUDanS5kG5iO/ Ivanhoe. 2011 https://vimeo.com/12597657 http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/entertainment/the-sundance-film-festival-putting-pahokee-the-moviemaking-map/UFirhvjm8YZR0RGWX5AewN/

  • The Curse and the Jubilee (2011) both ok The Curse and The Jubilee is a collective voice of survival in the postindustrial, cursed mining town of Ivanhoe VA. The film engages the people as they are reconstituted through the Jubilee, a July 4th celebration where the scattered families return to their forsaken lands and stand in solidarity against the scars left by the mines, racism, poverty and abandonment.
  • One Big Misunderstanding (2016) a feature 76 minutes documentary about a Vietnam War reenactor http://www.onebigmisunderstanding.com premiere at Toronto Film Festival

When 23-year-old Bubba, who comes from a long lineage of military service, is rejected by the Army for his physical and mental health, he seeks camaraderie in the world of war re-enacting. But when he and a group of enthusiasts stage the first-ever public Vietnam War reenactment in Philadelphia, they unintentionally reignite the past traumas of the veterans they seek to honor and raise greater philosophical questions about their own fascination with guns, the realities of warfare, and mental illness.

Before release was called Vietnam Appreciation Day

http://www.otislucas.com/video-art/2017/8/6/roadside-attraction-trailer-tiff

  • The Send-Off premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 2016. won jury awards at SXSW, AFI Fest and the San Francisco International Film festival. Called "a svelte and gripping short documentary about Pahokree prom night, is a work of sophisticated vérité".[1]
  • Chasing Rabbits (2017) also premiered at Sundance 2017.
    • Jury Award Winner at the SXSW (South by Southwest) film festival.
    • Best documentary short at the San Francisco Film Festival
    • ShortvFilm Award at the BFI Lindon Film Festival
    • Grand Jury Award for Best Documentary Short at the Florida Film Festival, 2018
  • Roadside Attraction (2017) http://moveablefest.com/patrick-bresnan-ivete-lucas-roadside-attraction/. After a very famous airplane arrives at Palm Beach International Airport, an otherwise ordinary stretch of Florida highway attracts an avid cluster of excited onlookers and selfie-takers.


  • Meanwhile, The Send-Off will become a section of a 10-part feature about a year of life in Pahokee. Five more shorts are yet to be shot.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). In 2017 it staged the world premiere of Naked Bears: The Musical

Negro fort[edit]

|newspaper=The Farmer and Mechanic (Raleigh, N.C.) |date=October 27, 1881 |title=The Story of Negro Fort |first=George Cary |last=Egglston |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042098/1881-10-27/ed-1/seq-2/

Same story The Bossier banner., December 08, 1881. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85034235/1881-12-08/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1789&index=5&date2=1949&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Fort+Negro&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=Negro+fort&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1

Seminoles of Florida https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042757/1922-05-03/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1789&index=1&date2=1949&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Fort+Negro&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=Negro+fort&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1

https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022687/1839-04-20/ed-1/seq-2/ocr/ Americans, Blush I Extracts from the new work of Judge Jay, entitled ' A View of the Action of the Federal Government in behalf of Slavery.' FUGITIVE SLAVES IN- CANADA. The presence of British armed vessels in our southern waters April 20, 1839 Montpelier


References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Rizov, Vadim (July 25, 2016). "Ivete Lucas and Patrick Bresnan". Filmmaker. 25 New Faces of Film 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2018.


Character[edit]

A term used to describe an individual, largely but not exclusiively male, whose behavior is colorful and/or well beyond typical in a given circumstance, someoone with multiple traits or practices. Sometimes said with admiration, more often that the behavior is harmless at worst and possibly amusing; rarel, a designation as character can be negative

Sutro baths[edit]

Sutro Baths was at 1015 Folsom (http://www.sfweekly.com/culture/feature-culture/folsom-and-jetsam/?utm_source=SF+Weekly%27s+Newsletter&utm_campaign=dd1b935365-SFW_Edit_2017_09_21&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8e041be16f-dd1b935365-260912493

fetcon[edit]

Fetcon, from Fetish Convention, is a weekend meeting which takes place at the Bayfront Hilton, St. Petersburg, Florida. It is the oldest of the "sex industry" shows which are now held once a year at various cities nationwide and abroad. Toys costumes for sale, much video shooting.

Australian porn star Morgana Muses https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/jul/27/from-suburban-housewife-to-porn-star-at-52-the-emancipation-of-morgana

Jim Lassiter[edit]

A silent loop with Lassiter is found on the collection Bob Mizer: Military Films 1958-1971.[1] He appears on the documentary Beefcake (1998). The IMDB reports him as having an uncredited appearance on the television show Telephone Time (1957)..[2]

England[edit]

In England, which had abolished slavery in its Caribbean colonies in 1838, Confederate diplomats found little support for American slavery, cotton trade or no. It was in London that the first World Anti-Slavery Convention had been held in 1840. A string of eloquent and sometimes well-educated Negro abolitionist speakers criss-crossed not just England but Scotland and Ireland as well. In addition to exposing the reality of America's shameful and sinful chattel slavery—some were fugitive slaves—they put the lie to the Confederate position that negroes were "unintellectual, timid, and dependant",[3] and "not equal to the white man...the superior race," as it was put by Confederate Vice-President Alexander H. Stephens put it in his famous Cornerstone Speech : Frederick Douglass, Henry Highland Garnet, Sarah Parker Remond, her brother Charles Lenox Remond, James W. C. Pennington (fugiyive), Martin Delany Samuel Ringgold Ward, and each spent years in the United Kingdom, where, William G. Allen said, there was an "absence of prejudice against color. Here the colored man feels himself among friends, and not among enemies".[4] One speaker alone, William Wells Brown, gave more than 1,000 lectures on the shame of American chattel alone, William Wells Brown, gave more than 1,000 lectures on the shame of American chattel slavery.[5]: 32 


Cite error: There are <ref group=nota> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=nota}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ https://store.bobmizerfoundation.org/products/bmf001, consulted March 29 2017.
  2. ^ http://www.imdb.comq/name/nm0489878/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t108, retrieved March 29, 2017.
  3. ^ Flanders, Ralph Betts (1933). Plantation slavery in Georgia. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 289.
  4. ^ Allen, Wm. G. (22 July 1853). "Letter from Professor Wm. G. Allen [dated June 20, 1853]". The Liberator. p. 4 – via newspapers.com. Reprinted in Frederick Douglass' Paper, August 5, 1853.
  5. ^ Quarles, Benjamin (January 1954). "Ministers Without Portfolio". Journal of Negro History. 39 (1): 27–42. doi:10.2307/2715643. JSTOR 2715643. S2CID 149601373.
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