User:Maunus/RIdraft

Background

Colonial scientific racism and claims of white superiority, Galton and intelligence testing

History of Research

• • The Army Tests (a short paragraph)
    • Yerkes/Terman/Brigham/Shuey - Boas/Myrdal/Benedict&Weltfish/Bond - civil rights and desegregation
  • Arthur Jensen (a short paragraph)
    • How much can we boost - Jensenism debates - emergence of London school of IQ difference research vs. social constructionist psychology - G/Spearman vs. multiple intelligences, , Shockley, Pioneer fund,
  • The Minnesota Adoption study (a couple of paragraphs)
    • Findings + critiques (lack of control of environmental factors (prenatal environment and role of race phenotype on life experience))
  • Mismeasure of Man (not more than a line)
    • Arguments + critiques (ideologically motivated and misrepresenting data)
  • The Bell Curve debates (a couple of paragraphs)
    • Arguments + critiques - APA report, "mainstream science"
  • The Flynn Effect(a couple of paragraphs)
    • Findings by Flynn + differing explanations (Flynn, Neisser, Rushton/Jensen)
  • National IQ studies (a paragraph)
    • Findings/Claims by Lynn/Vanhanen + critiques (Wicherts et al.)

Main Concerns and Questions

• • What do IQ tests measure?
    • What is intelligence and IQ?: Spearman's hypothesis/G, multiple intelligences, cross-cultural intelligence, Jensen, Hunt, Sternberg
    • Fluid/Crystallized,
  • What is race? Social construction, genetic ancestry: Kaplan, Hunt/Carlson, Tang et al.
  • What are the genetic influences on IQ?: individual within-group heritability high (but of variable size in different groups), difficult to correct for environmental effects, no gene/race/intelligence links discovered, hardly any known relations between polymorphisms and intelligence in normal range
    • Adoption, admixture - problems with both (not correcting for environment)
  • What are the environmental influences on IQ?
    • Nutrition & Health, SES/class, Stereotype threat, literacy/education/prior experience, stress, all have been shown to affect the gap in different ways.
  • What are the relative contributions of genes and environment to the IQ gap?
    • 80% genes (because of high individual heredity) (Rushton/Jensen/Lynn), 50/50(or agnostic) (Hunt? Deary? Loehlin? Neisser? Ceci? who else?), probable 100% environment (Flynn, Nisbett, Aronson, Dickens, Turkheimer, Halpern, Fagan, Marks (Sternberg?))
  • Is it ethically defensible to study Race and IQ?
    • Rose/Kamin/Lewontin/Flynn/Hunt/Jensen

Current research agendas

• • Finding environmental causes for the gap
  • Finding links between genes and intelligence, and between genes and populations

Bibliography

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Brace, C. Loring (2005). Race is a four letter word. Oxford University Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-19-517351-2.

Ceci, SJ; Williams, WM (2009). "Darwin 200: Should scientists study race and IQ? Yes: the scientific truth must be pursued". Nature. 457 (7231): 788–789. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..788C. doi:10.1038/457788a. PMID 19212385.

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Nisbett, Richard E.; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William; Flynn, James; Halpern, Diane F.; Turkheimer, Eric (2012). "Intelligence: new findings and theoretical developments" (PDF). American Psychologist. 67 (2): 130–159. doi:10.1037/a0026699. ISSN 0003-066X. PMID 22233090. Retrieved 22 July 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)

Nisbett, Richard E.; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William; Flynn, James; Halpern, Diane F.; Turkheimer, Eric (2012). "Group differences in IQ are best understood as environmental in origin" (PDF). American Psychologist. 67 (6): 503–504. doi:10.1037/a0029772. ISSN 0003-066X. PMID 22963427. Retrieved 22 July 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)

Plotnik, Rod; Kouyoumdjian, Haig (2011). "Intelligence". Introduction to Psychology. Cengage Learning.

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Schaefer, Richard T., ed. (2008). "Race". Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society. Vol. 2. SAGE. p. 1091.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

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Sternberg, R. J.; Grigorenko, E. L. (2007). "The Difficulty of Escaping Preconceptions in Writing an Article About the Difficulty of Escaping Preconceptions: Commentary on Hunt and Carlson (2007)". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (2): 221–223. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00040.x. PMID 26151963.

Tang, H; Quertermous, T; Rodriguez, B; Kardia, SL; Zhu, X; Brown, A; Pankow, JS; Province, MA; Hunt, SC (February 2005). "Genetic structure, self-identified race/ethnicity, and confounding in case-control association studies". American Journal of Human Genetics. 7 (2): 268–75. doi:10.1086/427888. PMC 1196372. PMID 15625622.

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Tucker, William H (2002). The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02762-0.

Suzuki, Lisa A.; Short, Ellen L.; Lee, Christina S. (2011). "Chapter 14: Racial and Ethnic Group Differences in Intelligence in the United States". In Sternberg, Robert J.; Kaufman, Scott Barry (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 273–292. ISBN 9780521739115. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)

Weiss, Lawrence G.; Chen, Hsinyi; Harris, Jossette G.; Holdnack, James A.; Saklofske, Donald H. (2010). "Chapter 4: WAIS-IV Use in Societal Context". In Weiss, Lawrence G.; Saklofske, Donald H.; Coalson, Diane; Raiford, Susan (eds.). WAIS-IV Clinical Use and Interpretation: Scientist-Practitioner Perspectives. Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional. Alan S. Kaufman (Foreword). Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-375035-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)

Loehlin, John C. (2000). "Chapter 9: Group Differences in Intelligence". In Sternberg, Robert J. (ed.). Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–193. ISBN 978-0-521-59648-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)

Hunt, Earl; Carlson, Jerry (June 2007). "Considerations Relating to the Study of Group Differences in Intelligence". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (2): 194–213. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00037.x. PMID 26151960.

Wicherts, Jelte M.; Dolan, Conor V.; van der Maas, Han L. J. (2010). "A systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans" (PDF). Intelligence. 38 (1). International Society for Intelligence Research: 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.05.002. Retrieved 22 July 2013.

Neisser, Ulrich; Boodoo, Gwyneth; Bouchard, Thomas J.; Boykin, A. Wade; Brody, Nathan; Ceci, Stephen J.; Halpern, Diane F.; Loehlin, John C.; Perloff, Robert; Sternberg, Robert J.; Urbina, Susana (1996). "Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns" (PDF). American Psychologist. 51 (2): 77–101. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.77. ISSN 0003-066X. Retrieved 22 July 2013.

Hunt, Earl (2011). Human Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70781-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)

Mackintosh, N. J. (2011). IQ and Human Intelligence (second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958559-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)