User:Piotrus

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Welcome, traveller, to the Wikipedian Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus' user page

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On this beautiful day of

Monday

March

21:25 UTC

Wikipedia has 3,889,933 articles.

“	→ We'll leave the light on for you!	”
—Today's Motto of the Day

News:

Personal

Public

2012-02-27

Top stories News and notes: Finance meeting fallout, Gardner recommendations forthcoming Recent research: Gender gap and conflict aversion; collaboration on breaking news; effects of leadership on participation; legacy of Public Policy Initiative Discussion report: Focus on admin conduct and editor retention WikiProject report: Just don't call it "sci-fi": WikiProject Science Fiction Featured content: By plane, by ship, and by stagecoach: Featured content goes trekking this week Arbitration report: Final decision in TimidGuy ban appeal, one case remains open Technology report: 1.19 deployment stress, Meta debates whether to enforce SUL
About · Archives · Newsroom · Single-page · Suggestions

My best work

Total Featured

At modern FA standards: 7

Former featured articles in need of updating: 15

Out of that written mostly by me: 17 (7

/ 10

)

Max Weber Nov'04 Sep'06 (review) Sep'10 41kb
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Dec'04 43kb
Witold Pilecki Dec'04 25kb
Battle of Warsaw (1920) Jan'05 25kb
Stanisław Koniecpolski Feb'05 25kb
Władysław Sikorski Mar'05 37kb
Polish-Soviet War Apr'05 47kb
May Constitution of Poland Apr'05 30kb
Polish September Campaign May'05 49kb
Sociocultural evolution Aug'05 57kb
History of Poland (1945-1989) Jul'05 / Revised: Apr'07 75kb
Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618) Nov'05 46kb
Katyń massacre Jan'06 50kb
History of Solidarity - Aug'06 Dec'06 60kb
Soviet invasion of Poland (1939) - July'07 60kb
Józef Piłsudski - Jun'06 Oct'06 Jan'08 122kb
Polish culture during World War II - Apr'08 Apr'09 Jun'09 81kb

Minor (I wrote less than half): 5 (0

/ 5

)

Warsaw Uprising Aug'04 30kb
Blitzkrieg May'05 35kb
Virtuti Militari Jul'05 38kb
History of the Jews in Poland Nov'05 60kb
Warsaw Uprising (1794) Aug'06

FACandidates

Total A-class

At current A-class standards: 3

Former A-class articles promoted to FA class: 2

Józef Piłsudski, Polish culture during World War II

Former A-class articles in need of updating: 0

Out of that written mostly by me: 5 (5

/ 0

)

Minor (I wrote less than half): 0 (0

/ 0

)

Total GArticles

At current GA-class standards: 25

Beyond current GA-class standards: 7

Former GA-class articles promoted to FA class: 3

Katyń massacre, Józef Piłsudski, Polish culture during World War II

Former GA-class articles promoted to A class: 4

Smolensk War, History of Solidarity, Armia Krajowa, Kiev Expedition (1018)

Former GA-class articles in need of updating: 0

Out of that written mostly by me: 28 (28

/ 0

)

Kiev Offensive (1920) (Jul'06)
Polish legislative election, 1957 (Aug'07. Delisted and passed again on Jun'11

Poznań 1956 protests (Aug'07)
Polish October (Oct'07)
Łódź insurrection (1905) (Apr'08. Delisted and passed again on Jun'11
Minority Treaties (May'08)
Vilna offensive (June'08)
Battle of Kostiuchnówka (Jun'08)
First Partition of Poland (Jan'09)
The Holocaust in Lithuania (Feb'09)
Żydokomuna (March '09)
Lech Wałęsa (Jan'10)
Sociology of leisure (Jan'10)
Nouvelles Extraordinaires de Divers Endroits (Jan/March'10)
Stanisław Koniecpolski (March'11)
Juliusz Słowacki (March'11)
Józef Światło (April'11])
Max Weber (April11)
Karl Marx (April'11)
Polish Underground State (May'11)
Paweł Jasienica (June'11)
Émile Durkheim (June'11)
Battle of Bautzen (1945) (August'11)
Władysław IV Vasa (August'11)

Minor (I wrote less than half): 3 (3

/ 0

)

In addition: 9 articles improved by my students to Good Article class

To do

GACandidates

Peer Review

B-class

Start-class

Stub-class

To translate:

To create:

Economic history of Poland from various
Sociology in Soviet Union
parent article to Template:Campaignbox Poland 1944-1945
military fiction from [1]
for Category:Diplomatic missions of Poland from pl:Kategoria:Polskie placówki dyplomatyczne i konsularne
Any bios missing from [2]
missing articles in Administrative division of Poland#Historical
Museums of Katowice from pl:Kategoria:Muzea w Katowicach
Hugenot refuge, based on Huguenots#The Netherlands
Missing Enlightnment by country articles: Dutch Enlightenment, French Enlightenment (now a redirect), Italian Enlightenment, British Enlightenment
Boris Tsankov (Bulgarian media figure)
1991 coup d'état in Haiti
Spectators (media)
Battle of Sochi (part of the Russian – Circassian War)
Sociology of everyday life
Abolition of serfdom in Poland
Cambridge Keynesians
Intellectual property activism
Polish Antarctic Expedition
Katyn Museum ([3])
Missing articles from pl:Kategoria:Radziecka okupacja Kresów Wschodnich II RP 1939-1941
Wikipedian Protester
Giedroyc Doctrine
Kolejka [4]
Mikołaj Cebulka from [5]
Mieczyslaw Haiman
Finnish Relief Fund
Emblem of Good Will from [6]
Ferdinand Flocon from [7]
Weber's prophecies: Ethical prophecy, Exemplary prophecy, Messianic prophecy (now red or redirects)
cosplay masquerade
1892 strike in Łódź
Polish 1946 protests
Kali's morality from pl:Kali (postać literacka)?
campus protest
Baltic grain trade (source: [8])

A picture is worth a thousand words. Myself, wearing a żupan.

Tip of the day...

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produces this link:

pear

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which will look like this:

pears

pl	Polski jest językiem ojczystym tego użytkownika.

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fr-2	Cet utilisateur peut contribuer avec un niveau intermédiaire en français.

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[edit] A word from the editor

Non nobis solum

Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus^[1] (born in Katowice, 1980) - Short story: I am a geek, otaku, a net freelancer, Mensa member, Singularitarian, Magister Artium in economics since April'04 (Top 10 in my year) and in sociology since April'07, one of Top 50 (or Top 0.0001%) of most active Wikipedians (42nd in March'08 is my best record); as of September'09 I was one of the 59 editors who have over 100,000k edits to English Wikipedia. I registered on Wiki on 10 Apr 2004 (User ID 59,002) but I have been editing since December 2003 as an anon. Oh yes, I am a Pole so read on how to deal with Poles! :>

I love sharing my knowledge and the idea of telecommuting, so Wiki is a 'home quite close to home' for me, also illustrating the truth in saying if you find work you like, you will never work again. Working on Wiki gives me this great feeling of doing something good and useful *now* - anybody can access my work anytime they wish, there are no delays in article publications, no restriction on who has enough money to pay for my work (hmmm, I can see a problem with this in the long run though... :>). I have now seen Wikipedia grow for years, and it is amazing. I am sure that in the near future Wiki will rival Google as the best tool on the web. And, of course, if it is, it should be on Wiki.

My interests concentrate around history (including counterfactual history), political sciences, communication, technological singularity, sociology, economics, and finally, as perhaps a bit more trivial a hobby, all things related to good science fiction. Oh, and games. I am a founding member of the Polish Ludology Association, after all :)

In real life I am a grad student, finishing my PhD, looking at the impact of changes in communication technology on our lives. I would like to do some historical research as well, regarding Golden Freedoms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and its impact on development of democracy worldwide. And I also want to look at the social institution of hobby shops, as I find the omission of gaming communities from Putnam's Bowling Alone quite shocking. A lot of my published research so far has been on - ta - dumm! - Wikipedia (and wikis in general), as I am becoming more and more fascinated by the often asked question: 'how does this thing work?!' :) This means I am framing myself as a sociologist of the Internet, with a tad of social movement and organization expertise. On a related note, I am also working on using Wikipedia as a teaching tool.

Here are some of my published papers you may find interesting:

Wikis and Wikipedia as a Teaching Tool
Teaching with Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation wikis (workshop slides)
Governance, Organization, and Democracy on the Internet: The Iron Law and the Evolution of Wikipedia (sadly, this one is non-free)
Wikipedia: Community or Social Movement?
Adhocratic Governance in the Internet Age: A Case of Wikipedia

If for some bizarre reason you need to know more about me, just ask. I don't believe anonymity is good for this project.

^ Why Prokonsul? Because of this poem. And Piotrus is a latinization, not a diminutive (of Piotr).

[edit] Interesting article list

Daily FA Reading:

The Battle of Barrosa (5 March 1811) was an unsuccessful French attack on a larger Anglo-Portuguese-Spanish force attempting to lift the siege of Cádiz in Spain during the Peninsular War. Cádiz had been invested by the French in early 1810, but in March of the following year a reduction in the besieging army gave its garrison of Anglo-Spanish troops an opportunity to lift the siege. A large Allied strike-force was shipped south from Cádiz to Tarifa, and moved to engage the siege lines from the rear. The French, under the command of Marshal Victor, were aware of the Allied movement and redeployed to prepare a trap. Victor placed one division on the road to Cádiz, blocking the Allied line of march, while his two remaining divisions fell on the single Anglo-Portuguese rearguard division under the command of Sir Thomas Graham. Following a fierce battle on two fronts, the British succeeded in routing the attacking French forces. A lack of support from the larger Spanish contingent prevented an absolute victory, and the French were able to regroup and reoccupy their siege lines. Graham's tactical victory proved to have little strategic effect on the continuing war, to the extent that Victor was able to claim the battle as a French victory since the siege remained in force until finally being lifted on 24 August 1812. (more...)

Recently featured: Rutherford B. Hayes – Kevin O'Halloran – Murder of Julia Martha Thomas

Archive – By email – More featured articles...

Some interesting articles which I created or significantly contributed to (update). Did you know...

... that Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński, a high-ranking commander of the Polish Army, a veteran of World War I, Polish-Ukrainian War and the Polish-Soviet War, was executed by the Soviets during the Polish Defensive War of 1939?
... that the main languages of Renaissance in Poland were Polish and Latin, and that the leading Polish poet of that period, Jan Kochanowski, is regarded as a great Slavic poet?
... that in the Battle of Gdynia during the Polish September Campaign, the German armed forces captured Gdynia, an important port and industrial center of the Second Polish Republic?
... that French-born artist Jan Piotr Norblin is famous in Poland for illustrating many important historical moments of the last years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and is considered one of the most important painters of the Polish Enlightenment?
... that during the Battle of Hel, one of the longest battles in the 1939 Polish September Campaign, Polish forces temporarily separated the peninsula from the mainland, forming an island?
... that the Merton Thesis claims that Protestant religion had significant influence on the course of the scientific revolution?
... that firing of Anna Walentynowicz, a Polish free trade union activist, was one of the events that led to the giant wave of strikes in Poland and eventually the creation of Solidarity?
... that throughout the development of science, many ideas have been obliterated by incorporation?
... that in the aftermath of the Defence of the Polish Post in Danzig, in the Polish September Campaign of 1939, all the Polish civilians who had held out for 15 hours against the SS-led assault were executed?
... that in the Polish legislative election, 1947, the communist-controlled Polish government, advised by specialists from Soviet Ministry for State Security, ensured its victory by vote rigging?
... that Wojciech Bartosz Głowacki, a peasant, became a Polish national hero after he captured a Russian cannon with his hat during the Battle of Racławice?
... that A Perfect Vacuum, a 1971 book by Polish author Stanisław Lem, is an anthology of imaginary reviews of nonexistent books?
... that Jakub Uchański, a 16th-century primate of Poland and interrex, was suspected of heresy by the Pope?
... that the 1635 Treaty of Sztumska Wieś between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden was of much interest to contemporary European diplomacy?
... that a 17th century Polish politician Mikołaj Sienicki held the office of marshal of the Sejm recordary nine times and was called a 'Polish Demosthenes' for his oratory skills?
... that manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions are sociological concepts for understanding the hidden reasons for actions and customs?
... that in the Bezdany train robbery of 1908, led by the future Polish dictator, Józef Piłsudski, the revolutionaries stole over 200,000 rubles?
... that Stanisław Warszycki, a wealthy 17th-century Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth magnate, gave rise to many legends about his cruelty, and several places in Poland claim sightings of his ghost?
... that Henryk Zieliński, a modern Polish historian who studied in the underground university in his youth, died in mysterious circumstances?
..that in the 1930 Polish election, due to government censorship, opposition papers were reduced to using images of Nietzsche, because he resembled dictator Józef Piłsudski?
... that Aleksander Krzyżanowski, commander of Polish resistance in the Vilnius region, was arrested by the Soviets after his unit helped them liberate Vilnius from the Germans?
... that science fiction and fantasy in Poland traces its origins to the Polish Enlightenment, and that many Polish science fiction and fantasy writers are translated into foreign languages - with the notable exception of the English language?
... that Henryk Woliński, Polish resistance Armia Krajowa member, was responsible for the creation of Żegota and saving the lives of thousands of Polish Jews in WWII?
... that Aleksandra Piłsudska, a Polish revolutionary and second wife of dictator Józef Piłsudski, helped plan the Bezdany train raid?
... that Union for Active Struggle was a secret paramilitary organization dedicated to reclaiming Polish independence, with support by Austria-Hungary against the Russian Empire?
... that Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki, creator of the National Bank of Poland and author of many economic reforms in Congress Poland, has also laid foundations for the industrialization of the city of Łódź?
... that the Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland abolished the office of the President of Poland, replacing it with the State Council of Poland?
... that His Master's Voice, one of the most acclaimed science-fiction novels of Stanisław Lem, is also one of Lem's strongest critiques of the science-fiction genre itself?
... that Henryk Iwański, member of Armia Krajowa Polish resistance in WWII, commanded several incursions into the Warsaw Ghetto in support of the Warsaw Ghetto fighters?
... that student development theories are tools used by scholars and teachers in understanding how students gain knowledge?
... that parasocial interaction is a one-sided social relationship between the audience and the performers?
... that Perfect Imperfection, a 2004 science fiction novel by Polish writer Jacek Dukaj, raises the issues of technological singularity, transhumanism and the anthropic principle, and presents a unique model of human evolution?
... that Józef Kossakowski, bishop and writer, was one of several prominent Polish politicians sentenced to hanging as traitors in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising?
... that the Grodno Sejm of 1793, last Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, passed the Second Partition of Poland with deputies bribed or coerced by the Russian Empire's army?
... that the Worek Plan, a submarine operation by the Polish Navy in the early days of the Polish September Campaign, was a failure as the submarines did not manage to sink a single German vessel?
... that Piotr Włostowic, a 12th century voivode of the Kingdom of Poland, managed to break the alliance between Władysław II the Exile and Rus' princes while blinded, muted and exiled?
... that in the Battle of Węgierska Górka, one of the first battles of the Second World War, four unfinished and undermanned Polish bunkers held out against an assault of an entire German division for two days and two nights?
... that Other Songs, an award winning novel by Jacek Dukaj, a Polish science fiction writer, describes a unique world in which the ideas of Aristotle and Hegel replace the laws of physics?
... that although the Polish-Romanian Alliance, an important alliance of the 1920s, was still in force when the Second World War began, it had little impact on the German invasion of Poland in 1939?
... that although the last game in the Battle Isle series was released in 2001, there is an open source project, Advanced Strategic Command, to recreate the series?
... that life chances is a probabilistic concept introduced by sociologist Max Weber to determine the likely outcomes of an individual's life, on the basis of certain underlying factors?
... that Wojciech Bobowski was one of the most important musicians of the Ottoman Empire, and the author of the Bible translation into the Ottoman Turkish language?
... that Flying University was the secret educational conspiratorial enterprise that existed in Warsaw, Poland, in various forms in the 19th and 20th century to provide education outside of the dominating ideology?
... that in the late 18th century, Russian ambassadors to Poland had power that rivalled and even exceeded that of the Polish king or parliament?
... that Jacek Dukaj's Black Oceans, a Polish science-fiction novel, received the Janusz A. Zajdel Award Polish award for sci-fi literature in 2001?
... that the history of communication was dependent on the acquisition of the FOXP2 gene in humans, which facilitated the development of speech 200,000 years ago?
... that the fictional goat Koziołek Matołek has been a popular Polish children's literature character since first appearing in 1933?
... that Walerian Łukasiński, a 19th century Polish Army officer, was sentenced to 14 years of imprisonment by the Russian Empire, and died in prison after 44 years, becoming one of the martyrs of the Polish struggle for independence under the partitions?
... that in their 1956 book Union Democracy, social scientist Seymour Martin Lipset and his colleagues describe how the International Typographical Union once defied Michels' iron law of oligarchy?
... that Henry of Masovia, 14th century bishop of Płock, might have been poisoned by his wife, sister of Grand Duke of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great?
... that Mikołaj Trąba, first primate of Poland, took part in the Battle of Grunwald and might have been a papal candidate during the Council of Constance?
... that Bolko II of Świdnica was the last independent duke of the Piast dynasty in Silesia?
... that Tadeusz Hołówko became one of the first victims of the assassination campaign carried out by the members of the radical Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists despite his relatively moderate stance in the Polish-Ukrainian conflict?
... that Fighting Solidarity, created in response to the martial law in Poland of 1982, was among the most radical splinters of Solidarity?
... that Mury, a protest song by Jacek Kaczmarski about events in Catalonia, became the unofficial anthem of Solidarity?
... that among the editors of Robotnik, an underground newspaper of the Polish Socialist Party, were Józef Piłsudski, future dictator of Poland, and Stanisław Wojciechowski, future president of Poland?
... that Michał Dymitr Krajewski wrote the first Polish science fiction novel in 1785, during the period of Enlightenment in Poland?
... that the cry For your freedom and ours, one of the unofficial mottos of Poland, has been popularized by Polish soldiers, exiled from the partitioned Poland, who fought in various independence movements all over the world?
... that the Polish capture of Wilno in 1919 set the stage for the future Polish-Soviet and Polish-Lithuanian Wars?
... that Battle of the Border refers to the series of battles that were the opening stage of the Nazi Germany invasion of Poland in September 1939?
... that Laments by 16th century Polish poet Jan Kochanowski, a masterpiece of the Polish Renaissance, were inspired by the death of the poet's young daughter, Urszula?
... that the Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars of the 16th century saw significant territorial gains for the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and forced the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to ally itself closer with the Kingdom of Poland, forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth?
... that 17 days after the Germans invaded Poland in 1939, the Soviet Union joined the invasion, ensuring the fall of the Second Polish Republic?
... that in the early 1900s the illegal paramilitary Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party assassinated hundreds of Russian officials, policemen and secret agents responsible for repression in partitioned Poland?
... that Taras Fedorovych, a 17th century Cossack hetman, led an unsuccessful uprising over the issue of the Cossack register?
... that the Political Instability Task Force might have predicted over 85% of major state crises occurring in 1990–1997?
... that the Poniatowski Bridge in Warsaw was destroyed in both World Wars?
... that the Society of Friends of Science, first Polish scientific organization, founded in 1800, originated from the Thursday's dinners custom held by the last king of Poland, Stanisław August Poniatowski?
... that History Line: 1914-1918, a turn-based strategy computer game from 1993, adapted the software engine of the science-fiction Battle Isle series to portray the First World War?
... that on October 5 1914, a French Voisin III pilot scored the first air-to-air kill of World War I?
... that neoclassical Staszic Palace in Warsaw was temporary redesigned in a Russo-Byzantine style when Poland was partitioned?
... that a church of the Order of the Holy Ghost once stood at the site of the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre in Kraków?
... that the Barbican of Warsaw became obsolete almost immediately after its construction in 1548?
... that the Polish 4th Rifle Division was the only Polish military unit that fought in the Russian Civil War and returned to Poland undefeated?
... that the Great Synagogue in Danzig, one of the most impressive synagogues of its time, was demolished by the city council of the Free City of Danzig even before the German invasion of Poland began?
... that in the Battle of Zhovti Vody the army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth faced 1:10 odds for 18 days before its final defeat by the Cossack-Tatar alliance?
... the Swedish forces at the Siege of Jasna Góra were actually German mercenaries and Polish supporters of Charles X Gustav?
... that the Land Coastal Defence that defended the Polish coast during the German invasion of Poland was subordinate to the Polish Navy, not the Army?
... that the title of Namestnik of Kingdom of Poland became unused and replaced with that of Governor-General of Warsaw without any formal decree after the death of last namestnik?
... that the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland of 1815, considered among the most liberal constitutions of its time, was increasingly disregarded by the Polish government, leading to the November Uprising of 1830?
... that the Polish minority in Lithuania is the largest ethnic minority in Lithuania?
... that there are several theories about the origins of the name of Poland?
... that construction of Żarnowiec, Poland's only nuclear power plant, was cancelled as the project neared completion?
... that Russian general Władysław Wejtko joined the Polish Army and constructed fortifications in the decisive Battle of Warsaw?
... that a strike in the Hipolit Cegielski Industries in Poznań, June 1956, led to the first major Polish protest against communism?
... that General Stanislav Poplavsky was one of thousands of Soviet officers who served as commanders, advisors and officials in the People's Republic of Poland during the Stalinization period?
... that the Polish Second Army was the second major formation of the Peoples' Army of Poland fighting alongside the Soviet Union in the Second World War?
... that Kazimierz Pelczar, a Polish professor of the Stefan Batory University and pioneer of oncological research, was one of the 100,000 victims of the Ponary massacre?
... that Ponary massacre lasted for 3 years as 100,000 Jews, Poles and Russians were murdered by the Nazis and their collaborators near Vilnius?
... that Leon Wasilewski, first Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs, was one of the chief supporters of the Prometheism policy aimed at breaking up the Soviet Union?
... that a part of Rawa River in Silesia is currently so polluted it is officially classified as a sewage channel?
... that the main force of the Łódź Army was destroyed in the Battle of the Border during the Polish Defensive War of 1939, but an Operational Group held out for a month defending the Modlin fortress?
... that legendary Łysa Góra is the site of an ancient pagan temple, a ruined monastery that gave its name to the local mountain range and province and the tallest TV tower in Poland?
... that confusing orders prevented most Polish forces from taking part in the Battle of Wilno in 1939?
... that reopening of the Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów in 2005 marked a major improvement of Polish-Ukrainian relations?
... that following Operation Barbarossa, two distinct Polish military formations were formed in the Soviet Union - the first subordinate to the Polish government in exile, and the second one, to the communist puppet government?
... that Polish general Józef Zając held military decorations from Poland, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Austro-Hungary, and the short-lived state of Central Lithuania?
... that the status of the Northern Group of Forces, the Soviet Army unit stationed in Poland from 1945 to 1993, was formally regulated by Soviet-Polish treaty only in 1956?
... that Polish Armed Forces in the West, despite having their country occupied by the enemy, were one of the most numerous of Western Allies military formations?
... that bishop Adam Stanisław Krasiński was one of the leaders of the Bar Confederation, the first Polish uprising?
... that the Poznań 1956 protests were the first major demonstration against the communist government of the People's Republic of Poland?
... that Antoni Szylling was captured by the Germans as a Major in the Russian Army during World War I, and was captured again by the Germans in World War II as a General of the Polish Army?
... that in the 1957 Polish legislative elections, only 723 of 60,000 candidates were allowed to run?
... that the events of Polish October together with Hungarian November shook the Eastern Bloc in 1956 and set the course for the Revolutions of 1989?
... that Polish-Jewish and American historian Adam Ulam escaped The Holocaust by boarding a ship to study in the U. S. only days before the Germans invaded Poland?
... that the defection of Polish secret police agent Józef Światło in 1953 shook the Polish United Workers' Party and led to the liberalization of Polish October?
... that the 1928 legislative election is considered the last free election in Poland before the fall of communism six decades later?
... that reification is a logical fallacy that occurs when qualities of a living being are attributed to an abstract concept?
... that the Institute of National Remembrance, a Polish research institute on modern Polish history, has been in a center of recent Polish politics?
... that historical demography, popularized in the 20th century by French historian Louis Henry, is the study of historical records leading to estimations of past human population?
... that the Jagiellonian Library of Kraków, dating back to the 14th century, is the largest Polish collection of pre-19th century texts?
... that Edward Manning Bigelow is known as the "father of Pittsburgh's parks"?
... that the concept of a communist crime was introduced in Polish law to facilitate studying and prosecution of crimes committed by people in authority against Polish citizens or the nation?
... that the Kraków szopka is a unique Polish Christmas tradition that portrays artistic interpretations of buildings of Kraków along nativity scenes?
... that the summer 1944 Lublin-Brest Offensive of Soviet Army succeeded in bringing the Soviets to the vicinity of Warsaw, where the Warsaw Uprising began?
... that Władysław Orkan, a Podhale Polish writer and poet of the Young Poland movement, never passed his matura exams?
... that Matysiakowie is both the most popular radio drama in Poland and one of the longest running in the world, with over 2600 episodes broadcast since 1956?
... that battle for trade was a phrase introduced by Polish communist propaganda for the nationalization of private sector shops?
... that Józef Franczak, last of the cursed soldiers, was a resistance fighter for over half his life?
... that a Three-Year Plan succeeded in rebuilding the economy of Poland from World War II devastation?
... that before World War II, the Polish Army prioritized defence planning in case of Soviet attack over a plan against German invasion until the late 1930s?
... that Józef Mianowski, a 19th century Polish academic and personal physician of Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaievna, falsified university records to give alibis to Polish insurgents in 1860s?
... that 19th century Polish general Ludwik Mierosławski led revolutionaries in Poland, Germany and Italy?
... that Miss Pittsburgh was the first plane to deliver airmail between Pittsburgh and Cleveland?
... that 19th century Polish noble and farmer Stanisław Chełchowski published academic works ranging from ethnography through agriculture to mycology?
... that Polish I Corps in Russia, originally intended to fight for the Triple Entente against the Central Powers, was forced to ally itself with the German Ober Ost forces?
... that the Polish-Teutonic War of 1519-1521 was the last of the Polish-Teutonic Wars, and ended with the Prussian Homage?
... that the 1621 Battle of Khotyn resulted directly in the death of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth leader, hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, and indirectly in the death of the Ottoman Empire commander, sultan Osman II?
... that Będzin Castle, an important fortress in medieval Poland, fell into disrepair in the Renaissance era, was almost demolished in the 19th century and was rebuilt only in the 1950s?
... that one of the most influential people in Polish-French relations was Napoleon Bonaparte, still considered a hero in Poland and mentioned in the Polish national anthem?
... that in the Polish-Ottoman War of 1672-1676, a few years before crippling the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was forced to sign an unfavorable treaty with the Empire?
... that according to a legend, Polish-Lithuanian noble Mikołaj Sapieha stole a Holy Painting from a private Papal chapel in Rome?
... that the April 1920 Polish-Ukrainian agreement became the legal justification of the Kiev Offensive against Bolshevik Russia?
... that the 10-day battle for the Festung Kolberg in March 1945 was one of the most intense urban battles of the Polish First Army, destroying most of the city?
... that the Polish Army in France continued to fight in the Battle of France despite Pétain’s call for armistice and demobilization?
... that Stanisław Patek, dropped from the Russian Empire's list of attorneys for defending political dissidents, was later involved in the creation of a new Polish legal system?
... that in the Smolensk War, the Russian Tsardom and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth tried various Western military innovations and strategies for the first time?
... that Protestant and Orthodox minorities gained significant concessions from the Catholics during the election sejm of 1632?
... that the Polish Resettlement Corps was tasked with organizing the 250,000 members of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, over half of whom eventually chose to settle in the UK instead of returning to communist Poland?
... that coffin portraits of nobility of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were meant to create an impression that the deceased is taking part in the funeral?
... that the Polish historian and survivor of the Nazi German Operation Sonderaktion Krakau Stanisław Kutrzeba formed an underground university in defiance of Nazi edicts?
... that the real objective of the 1732 Treaty of Three Black Eagles, where Prussia, Austria and Russia agreed to support the Portuguese Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém in elections to the Polish throne, was to create a rift between France and Prussia?
... that in 1526, with the heirless death of Janusz III Mazowiecki, last of the Masovian Piasts, the Duchy of Masovia was reunited with Poland?
... that the military doctrine of the cult of the offensive was one of the main causes of World War I?
... that Piłsudski's Mound, built in 1937, is the youngest and largest of the four mounds of Kraków?
... that after the November Uprising in partitioned Poland, the government of the Russian Empire offered a bounty for one of the Polish leaders, Jan Czyński?
... that the leaders of the failed coup in Poland in 1919 were arrested by their intended troops?
... that Polish bishop of Płock Antoni Julian Nowowiejski, murdered by German Nazis in Soldau concentration camp, became one of the 108 Martyrs of World War Two?
... that Polish-American historian Jerzy Jan Lerski was a member of the cichociemni, a Polish elite commando unit, during WWII?
... that the Łódź insurrection was one of the largest disturbances of the Russian Revolution of 1905?
... that Polish painter and politician Henryk Józewski protected Ukrainian leader Symon Petliura from extradition to Soviet Union by hiding him in his flat?
... that Wilhelm Koppe, one of the chief Nazi Holocaust perpetrators in occupied Poland, escaped arrest and under false name managed a Bonn chocolate factory for over a decade?
... that the now-Polish Gliwice Canal was known as the "Adolf Hitler Canal" during WWII?
... that the Little Treaty of Versailles was the first of several Minority Treaties, and Poland's renouncing of it was the deathblow to the League of Nations' ethnic minority-protection regime?
... that the Minority Treaties of 1919-1921, designed to protect ethnic minorities, were not implemented on the victorious allies of World War I?
..that popularity of German Minority, a party of the German minority in Poland, has been steadily declining since its establishment?
... that despite losing almost one third of their men in the Battle of Osuchy, Polish resistance in the Zamość region successfully engaged Germans during the nationwide Operation Tempest only a month later?
..that Jan Czerski, exiled to Siberia after the January Uprising, became a self-taught scientist and Siberian explorer, thrice decorated with the gold medal by the Russian Geographical Society?
... that Bonawentura Niemojowski, a Polish politician during the Congress Poland period, became one of the most vocal supporters of the November Uprising against the Russian Empire and a leader of the revolutionary Polish government?
..that among the founding members of Philomathes - a clandestine Polish student organization in Imperial University of Vilna in partitioned Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth - was Adam Mickiewicz, one of the three national poets of Poland?
... that Berlinka was a partially constructed highway built by Nazi Germany that was intended to span the Polish Corridor from Berlin to Königsberg, Prussia?
... that during the negotiations in Ostrów in 1392, the principal Polish negotiator, Henry of Masovia, bishop of Płock, fell in love with the sister of his opponent, Vytautas the Great?
... that in 1866 Polish exilees to Siberia staged an uprising trying to escape to China?
... that Kazimierz Pużak, once considered for president of Poland, was one of the leaders of the Polish Secret State arrested by Soviets and sentenced in the Trial of the Sixteen?
... that Golden Liberty, the political system of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, similar to federation and democracy, became ineffective when faced with the surrounding monarchies?
... that Żeligowski's Mutiny, which resulted in the creation of the Republic of Central Lithuania in late 1920, was in fact staged and carried out with the knowledge of Polish leader Józef Piłsudski?
... that the Polish rock band Czerwone Gitary reached the heights of its popularity in the 1960s, and was known as the Polish Beatles?
... that Otto Magnus von Stackelberg, Russian ambassador to Poland, can be considered an unofficial but de facto ruler of Poland?
... that the Polish side tried to keep the Suwałki Agreement limited in scope so that it would not interfere with the planned Żeligowski's Mutiny?
... that the Battle of Chudniv in 1660 was the largest Polish victory over the Russians until the Battle of Warsaw in 1920?
... that without adequate scouting, Russian forces advanced blindly into the Battle of Lubar in 1658 during the Russo-Polish War, and were soundly defeated by a Polish army much larger than expected?
... that the Battle of Szkłów in 1654 occurred during a solar eclipse?
... that Jan IV Oświęcimski, the duke of Oświęcim from 1445 to 1456, harassed the King of Poland so much that he was paid a debt that was promised him four years earlier?
... that the Battle of Kostiuchnówka during the Brusilov Offensive in summer 1916 is considered the largest and most vicious of the battles involving the Polish Legions?
... that the testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty, High Duke of Poland, in 1138, led to the fragmentation of Poland which lasted for 200 years?
... that Lód, the most recent book by Polish science-fiction writer Jacek Dukaj, is an alternate history novel of over 1000 pages?
... that in the Polish-Austrian War of 1809, part of the War of the Fifth Coalition, Polish forces under Józef Antoni Poniatowski neutralized an Austrian force twice their size and liberated most of the Austrian-held Polish territory?
... that E.Wedel, a famous confectionery company of Poland, retained its logo even under the Polish communist government?
... that Nazi Germany planned to starve tens of millions of Jews, Poles and Soviet citizens in order to simultaneously eliminate "surplus population" and feed German citizens and their army?
... that despite German and Soviet attempts to destroy Polish culture during World War II, it was kept alive by underground activities, with the Polish Home Army even creating newsreels?
... that Polish duke Władysław the White gained a nickname of King Lancelot due to his adventurous life?
... that Abraham Gancwajch was one of the most prominent Jewish Nazi collaborators and criminals in the Warsaw Ghetto?
... that Group 13 was a notorious group of Jewish Nazi collaborators within the Warsaw Ghetto, known as the Jewish Gestapo?
... that Multinational Division Central-South, part of the Multinational Force Iraq, has been under the Polish command since its creation in 2003?
... that the Academy of Music in Warsaw, the oldest and largest music school in Poland, is named after the most famous of its students, Fryderyk Chopin?
... that about 12 million people were forced laborers in Nazi Germany during World War II, and less than 2 million received direct compensation after the war?
... that Independent Operational Group Polesie, composed of mostly reserve and second line troops, was nonetheless the last regular unit of the Polish Army to capitulate during the German invasion of Poland in 1939?
... that Red Plague, a poem of Józef Szczepański, commander of Batalion Parasol during the Warsaw Uprising, was banned in the People's Republic of Poland due to its anti-Soviet sentiments?
... that the battle of the Dukla Pass was one of the bloodiest battles in Slovakia's history and contributed to the failure of the Slovak National Uprising?
... that Brest Fortress was belatedly honoured by the USSR as a Hero Fortress in 1965 for its resistance to the Nazi invasion in 1941?
... that Jakub Wejher, one of 17th century Poland's richest magnates, founded the town of Wejherowo?
... that despite much preparation by Prussia, Toruń Fortress, one of the largest defence complexes in Central and Eastern Europe, did not play a significant role in World War I?
... that Karol Szajnocha, one of Poland's leading 19th century historians, was self-taught as he was expelled from university?
... that Operation Himmler was a Nazi Germany false flag operation, intended to create an appearance that the German invasion of Poland was a defensive war provoked by a Polish attack on Germany?
... that Alexander Solzhenitsyn composed his 12,000-lines long poem Prussian Nights while imprisoned in a GULAG camp, writing down each day a few lines on a bar of soap?
... that over 90% of Lithuanian Jews perished in the first few months of Operation Barbarossa in the Holocaust in Lithuania?
... that in the 1944 Battle of Murowana Oszmianka, the Polish resistance Armia Krajowa dealt a significant defeat to the Nazi-Lithuanian Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force?
... that the Zamość Uprising was one of the major operations of the Polish resistance movement in World War II, and succeeded in significantly delaying German plans to evict the Polish inhabitants and colonize the region?
... that Polish – Ukrainian relations have been steadily improving since the fall of communism, and both countries now have a strong strategic relationship?
... that Polish war correspondent Melchior Wańkowicz was charged with "slandering the People's Republic of Poland", for criticizing the state in a private letter?
... that revolution in the Kingdom of Poland, part of the Russian Revolution, included a three-year-long school strike against the russification of the Polish educational system?
... that lumpenbourgeoisie, a neologism of lumpenproletariat and bourgeoisie popularized by economist and sociologist Andre Gunder Frank, is used to describe colonial and neocolonial elites in Latin America?
... that neither the far right Lizard Union nor the communist Armia Ludowa, both parts of the Polish resistance in World War II, recognized the Polish Underground State?
... that silva rerum was a type of a multi-generational chronicle, kept by many Polish noble families from the 16th through 18th centuries?
... that Frederick II of Prussia was elated by the First Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth?
... that the book Fear by Jan T. Gross has been a subject of significant controversy in Poland?
... that to preserve national unity, Polish king Stefan Batory restored the city of Danzig's economic and religious privileges after an uprising?
... that sociology was banned as a bourgeois science by the Polish government in the Stalinist period 1948–1956?
... that the Polish-Lithuanian union of Lublin in 1569 marked the beginning of centuries of struggle between Poland and Russia over Central and Eastern Europe?
... that rabbi Dow Ber Meisels of Kraków and Warsaw was a prominent supporter of Polish independence, including both the November and January Uprisings?
... that sociology of the Internet is one of newly emerged branches of sociology concerned with issues such as the digital divide, online social capital and public sphere?
... that after agreeing to a prisoner exchange following the 1799 Siege of Mantua, the Austrians reneged by arresting soldiers of the Polish Second Legion as "deserters"?
... that sociologists distinguish between general social movements and specific social movement organizations?
... that social interface is a term used in social sciences both in a theoretical literature, and in a practical design of computer user interfaces?
... that Open Access movement, a social movement in academia dedicated to the principle of open access—information sharing for the common good—traces its history to 1960s or earlier?
... that the colonels' group dominated the Polish government for most of the history of the Second Polish Republic?
... that the Battle of Kokenhausen saw one of the most successful uses of the Polish hussars?
... that despite total defeat of the Polish forces in the Mongol invasion of Poland, the Mongols did not occupy the country?
... that after the Battle of Chmielnik, a major victory for the Mongols during their invasion of Poland, inhabitants of Kraków abandoned their city?
... that the Wawer massacre around Christmas 1939 in occupied Poland is considered one of the first large massacres of Polish civilians by Nazi Germany?
... that political opportunity theory explains the rise and decline of social movements by their dependence on outside, political factors?
... that Polish mountaineer Tadeusz Piotrowski, one of the finest winter mountaineers of the 1970s and '80s, died during descent from K2, after completing the first and only ascent by the "South Face"?
... that Supreme National Tribunal, a war crime tribunal active in Poland from 1946 to 1948, presided over seven high-profile cases, including the First Auschwitz Trial?
... that cancer specialist Julian Aleksandrowicz, a Polish Jew, joined Polish resistance Armia Krajowa after being aided in the Kraków ghetto by one of the Polish Righteous?
... that Łaski's Statute of 1505 was the first codification of Polish law?
... that in the aftermath of the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, the Kościuszko Uprising occurred in 1794?
... that Three Emperors' Corner is a former tripoint between the Austrian Empire, German Empire and the Russian Empire, created in the late 19th century in the aftermath of the partitions of Poland?
... that Nazi Germany used thousands of Polish laborers to build infrastructure for their invasion of the Soviet Union?
... that in 1919, Poland tried to overthrow the Lithuanian government, but the Sejny Uprising resulted in the plan's failure?
... that historian Richard C. Lukas estimated that upwards of one million Poles were involved in the rescue of Jews during the Holocaust?
... that Mieczysław Jagielski negotiated the agreement which recognized Solidarity as the first independent trade union within the Eastern Bloc?
... that Order of the Builders of People's Poland was the highest civilian decoration in the People's Republic of Poland?
... that overchoice refers to the situation where when faced with too many choices, people become indecisive and unhappy?
... that Tytus Filipowicz, nominally the first Polish ambassador to Georgia, was captured during the Soviet invasion and ultimately organized the first Polish embassy to the Soviet Union?
... that Baruch Steinberg was the Chief Rabbi of the Polish Army during the German invasion of Poland in 1939, and died a year later as a Soviet prisoner of war in the Katyn massacre?
... that after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Polish II Corps in Russia refused to surrender to the Germans?
... that in the Prussian partition of Poland, Germanization policies had the opposite effect of strengthening Polish national consciousness?
... that out of three partitions of Poland, the Russian partition was the largest and most populous?
.. that out of three partitions of Poland, the Austrian partition had the most local autonomy, but was also the poorest?
... that the Red Army invasion of Georgia in 1920 prevented the Polish-Georgian alliance from being fully implemented?
... that the song "The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino", one of the best-known Polish war songs, was written during the Battle of Monte Cassino in May 1944?
... that Jerzy Putrament, a Polish communist writer and politician, in his youth flirted with the right-wing endecja movement?
... that one of Russia's most famous writers, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, was a proponent of the Russian autocracy?
... that Czesław Wycech, Polish peasant movement activist, was also involved with underground education in occupied Poland during WWII?
... that Leon Kruczkowski, a major figure in post-WWII Polish theater, was also involved in introducing the socrealism doctrine in Poland?
... that in light of the Nazi Germany attempt to destroy Polish culture, the Secret Teaching Organization created an underground education system with over a million students?
... that the Bank of Issue in Poland, created by the Nazis to support the Nazi economy, was penetrated by the Polish resistance which used it as a source of falsified documents?
... that in the Battle of Loyew in 1649, dismounted Polish hussars took a Cossack wagon fort?
... that Mykhailo Krychevsky, a respected military commander, switched sides during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, joining the Cossacks, and died soon afterwards in the Battle of Loyew?
... that Polish historian, army officer, and independence activist Wacław Lipiński joined the anti-communist resistance, was arrested by communist secret police in 1947 and died in prison two years later?
... that from 14th to 17th century, the Tęczyński family from Lesser Poland had a major influence in the Kingdom of Poland?
... that Polish caricaturist Eryk Lipiński worked for the Polish resistance during World War II, forging documents, and was imprisoned in Auschwitz?
... that the Secret Military Printing Works of the WWII Polish resistance Home Army was probably the largest underground publisher in the world?
... that Adolf Pilch, Polish resistance fighter trained by SOE during WWII, fought against both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union?
... that French submarine Doris was sunk by German submarine U-9 in May 1940, after being ordered to sortie with significant damage, rendering it unable to dive?
... that in the Battle of Warsaw in 1705, a Swedish force of 2,000 men defeated a Polish-Lithuanian-Saxonian force five times as strong?
... that despite historical border disputes, Poland – Czechoslovakia relations were friendly, and during WWII their governments-in-exile considered forming a confederation?
... that Minsk Ghetto was the largest ghetto in the German-occupied territory of the Soviet Union?
... that an uprising led by local chapter of the Jewish Combat Organization occurred in the Będzin Ghetto during its final liquidation in early August 1943?
... that the most successful of Nazi Germany's anti-partisan operations of the Second World War was Operation Hannover?
... that some Nazi German anti-partisan operations later became the basis for counter-insurgency policies developed by countries such as France and the United States?
... that Jerzy Borejsza, in charge of the Polish communist cultural policy in the early postwar years, was so influential that his network was called an "empire" or "state within a state"?
... that Polish Jesuit and missionary Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki introduced the knowledge of logarithms to China in the mid-17th century?
... that Polish merchant Jan Dekert was a vocal advocate for the enfranchisement of burghers during the Great Sejm in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth?
... that American Louis Littlepage had to receive a special permission from the US Congress to serve as a secretary to the last king of Poland, Stanisław August Poniatowski?
... that while most Enlightenment scholars criticized the Byzantine system of the Eastern Roman Empire, Konstantin Leontiev, a scholar from the Russian Empire praised it for the very same reasons?
... that the capture of Bologna on 21 April 1945 was the last battle of the Polish II Corps?
... that the battle of Ancona was the only independent operation of the Polish II Corps in World War II?
... that Jan Piekałkiewicz, a leading Polish statistician, became the Polish Underground State's Government Delegate, and died at the hands of Nazi Germany?
... that Gazette de Leyde was likely the most important newspaper of the late 18th-century Europe, and the only one read by Louis XVI?
... that the Black Procession of Polish burghers in 1789 resulted in the passage of the belated major urban reform in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth?
... that the 1923 Kraków riot resulted in over 30 fatalities and helped in the fall of the Chjeno-Piast government of Wincenty Witos?
... that the study of sociology in China was repressed as a bourgeois pseudoscience during the early communist era?
... that the Środa treasure, one of the most valuable archaeological finds in 20th-century Europe, was originally lost during the Black Plague?
... that Marxist sociology, despite Marxist influences on the Russian Revolution, for a time has been suppressed in the Soviet Bloc, while flourishing in the West?
... that the Soviet Peace Committee, a peace movement created and sponsored by the Soviet Union, criticized Western policies but defended Soviet ones?
... that Dartmouth Conferences is one of the longest ongoing bilateral unofficial dialogues between American and Soviet (now, Russian) representatives?
... that Statutes of Casimir the Great from the 14th century were the first codification and the basis of modern Polish law?
... that Nazi German regulation of Polish forced laborers intentionally created and supported discrimination on the basis of ethnicity?
... that Polish historian and socialist activist, Adam Próchnik, was alleged to have been an illegitimate son of the Polish Prime Minister Ignacy Daszyński?
... that the architectural style of the manor houses known as dwór or dworek that evolved during the late Polish Renaissance period still inspires some contemporary Polish manors?
... that while Venice lost some territories in the Peace of Turin in 1381, it was in fact winning the Venetian–Genoese Wars?
... that Dymitr of Goraj, one of the most powerful people in the late 14th-century Kingdom of Poland, was instrumental in preventing the marriage between Jadwiga of Poland and William, Duke of Austria?
... that in 1900 alone the Eastern German provinces lost about 1,600,000 people due to Landflucht?
... that Adolf Bniński, Polish presidential candidate in 1926, was the Government Delegate of the Polish Underground State for the Polish territories annexed by Nazi Germany?
... that in the Polish – Muscovite War of 1577–1582, Muscovy failed in its attempt to gain access to the Baltic Sea?
.. that in 1882, almost a century after the final partition of Poland, Polish explorer Stefan Szolc-Rogoziński tried to found a Polish colony in Cameroon?
... that Kordian, a romantic drama by one of Poland's Three Bards, Juliusz Słowacki, is a polemic with Dziady, an earlier work by another of the Three Bards, Adam Mickiewicz?
... that many Jews of the Radom Ghetto in occupied Poland were forced to work in the local arms factory?
... that one of the most notable actions of minor sabotage in occupied Poland during World War II involved stealing a propaganda plaque from the monument of Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikołaj Kopernik)?
... that the Nicolaus Copernicus Monument in Warsaw was inspired by a comment made by Napoleon, and was nearly melted down by Nazi Germany after the Warsaw Uprising?
... that Wronki Prison is the largest prison in Poland?
... that Polish general Józef Haller de Hallenburg faked his death in the 1918 Battle of Kaniów?
... that the Zamojski Academy, the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in Poland, was founded in 1594 at Zamość by Royal Chancellor Jan Zamoyski?
... that Sosnowiec Ghetto was the setting of the Maus comic book?
... that Władysław Oporowski, archbishop and primate of Poland, was a chief political rival of cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki?
.. that the proposed Lithuanian – Polish – Ukrainian Brigade reflects attempts by the Polish government to tie Ukraine more closely with the West?
... that the Puławy Legion of the Imperial Russian Army, supported by National Democrats, was formed to counteract the Polish Legions of the Austro – Hungarian Army, an initiative of Piłsudski?
... that the Duchy of Belz was passed as a dowry by Władysław Jagiełło, king of Poland to Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, upon Siemowit's marriage to Władysław's sister, Alexandra?
... that the Jakub Wujek Bible served as the main Catholic Bible translation into Polish for more than three centuries?
...that one of the findings of sociology of leisure has been that amount of free time is not significantly dependent on one's wealth?
... that Tearoom Trade, a study by sociologist Laud Humphreys of homosexual acts taking place in public toilets, caused a major debate on ethics in observation?
.. that a double-barreled question asks about more than one thing, but allows only one answer?
... that univariate analysis is the simplest form of quantitative (statistical) analysis?
... that biosocial criminology predicts that left handed individuals are more likely to engage in criminal behavior than right handed ones?
... that people's veto is a type of a referendum that allows citizens to appeal an existing law?
... that Gazette d'Amsterdam was one of the most important European newspapers of the Enlightenment period?
... that not all complex questions are informal fallacies?
... that Justus van Effen has been recognized as one of the most important Dutch language writers of the eighteenth century and an influential figure of the Dutch Enlightenment?
... that the Hollandsche Spectator, inspired by the British Spectator, was one of the most important developments in Dutch literature during the Enlightenment period?
... that Courier du Bas-Rhin, one of the leading European papers of the late 18th century Enlightenment period, and the main rivals of the Gazette de Leyde, was significantly controlled by the Prussian government?
... that controversies related to the human experimentation in the United States led to the introduction of the institutional review boards?
... that Haiti economic reforms of 1996 were designed to restore the economy of Haiti after the economic shocks of early 1990s?
... that American sociologist Mildred Parten developed a theory on children's stages of play?
... that much of the information that reaches Chinese media is published in the limited-circulation reports for government officials, not in the regular press?
... that James Morris Blaut's death prevented him from finishing his trilogy of books criticizing Eurocentrism?
... that economist Eric Jones is known for popularizing the term European Miracle?
... that Venezuelan farmer Franklin Brito amputated a finger for the television cameras and died as a result of several years of a hunger strike in protest over a series of court rulings?
... that the Tamaulipas massacre that occurred on 24 August 2010 has been described as "the worst known atrocity" of the Mexican Drug War?
... that proper design of a sampling frame can be crucial in statistical research?
... that variables and attributes are some of the most basic concepts in science?
... that bivariate analysis is one of simplest forms of quantitative (statistical) analysis?
... that interments at the Gunnersbury Cemetery in London include a Polish president and Commander-in-Chief?
... that Francesco Nullo is commemorated in both Italy and Poland as a hero of those countries' struggle for independence?
... that public perception of graffiti in New York is slowly changing from an act of vandalism to a form of art?
... that François Rochebrune, the French commander of the Zouaves of Death, once disciplined panicked Polish troops by asking them what time it was, which was the only Polish he knew?
... that Eric Hobsbawm's The Age of Empire: 1875–1914 is a Marxist study of the period of the Belle Époque?
... that several ordas (hordes) originated on the Eurasian Steppe, including the famous Golden Horde?
... that repertoires of contention slowly change over time, and include such concepts as rough music, sit-ins and hacktivism?
... that the Battle of Grochowiska, one of the largest battles of the January Uprising, has been also described as the "most bloody" and a "Pyrrhic victory" for the Polish insurgents?
... that the Polish canned fish paste paprykarz szczeciński was inspired by an African dish?
... that, according to the theory of generations, major historical events that occur in a generation's youth, determine the actions they take later in life?
... that the authors of the webcomic Zahra's Paradise remain anonymous, for fear their coverage of recent Iranian events could endanger their relatives in Iran?
... that Polish and Italian prisoners taken by the Russians after the Battle of Krzykawka were deported to Siberia?
... that in world-system theory, sociologists debate whether two world-systems have ever existed during the same period?
... that scholars estimate that it takes two or three generations for a tradition to emerge?
... that Polish poet Juliusz Słowacki is one of the Three Bards of Polish literature?
... that the Polish Pomeranian anti-Nazi Pomeranian Griffin resistance organization was persecuted by the Soviets due to its strongly Catholic character?
... that with over 40,000 citations in scientific literature, Polish-American polymer chemist Krzysztof Matyjaszewski is one of the most cited chemists in the world?
... that the Commission for Polish Relief provided limited food and medical supplies to occupied Poland until late 1941, in spite of Britain's 1940 blockade of shipments to Nazi occupied Europe?
... that Polish best-selling historian and dissident Paweł Jasienica, due to his criticism of the Polish communist government, had his books removed from distribution and prohibited from printing?
... that in the aftermath of World War I, Polish agronomist Mieczysław Jałowiecki lost his renowned estates in Lithuania?
... that in his youth, Karl Marx wrote a comedic novel, Scorpion and Felix?
... that about 90% of the world's amber production comes from the Amber Coast of the Sambia peninsula on the Baltic Sea?
... that the 1833 newspaper Vorwärts!, edited by Karl Marx, has been described as the "most radical" European newspaper of its time?
... that the 1997 Central European flood was caused by some of the heaviest rains ever recorded?
... that Polish neurologist Włodzimierz Godłowski was one of the victims of the Katyn massacre?
... that Władysław Marian Jakowicki, a Polish physician and rector of the Stefan Batory University, was one of 19 faculty members arrested by the Soviets in 1939 and disappeared without a trace?
... that Mo Li Hua (Jasmine Flower), a popular Chinese folk song used previously on many official occasions, was censored due to its association with the 2011 Chinese protests?
... that Émile Durkheim, one of the fathers of sociology, intended The Rules of Sociological Method (1895) to be a manifesto of this discipline?
... that Polish State Forests oversee 77.8% of forests in Poland?
... that Bloodlands: Europe Between Stalin and Hitler, by Timothy D. Snyder, discusses the estimated 14 million deaths that occurred in Eastern Europe between 1933 and 1945?
... that the adjective "Polish-Lithuanian" refers to pre-nationalistic, multicultural inhabitants of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, unlike the modern understanding of the two nationalities?
... that Baron Ludwig von Westphalen was a friend and mentor of young Karl Marx?
... that a conman impersonating Oskar Daubmann received international fame, caused an incident in French-German relations, and helped the Nazis win the 1932 German elections?
... that the Battle of Bautzen in 1945 was the bloodiest battle of the Polish Army since the Battle of Bzura in 1939?
... that in the Battle of Byczyna, Chancellor and Hetman Jan Zamoyski of Poland-Lithuania took Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria prisoner, ending the brief War of the Polish Succession?
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... that the Polish faculty expelled by the Nazis from Poznań University during World War II formed the underground University of the Western Lands
... that the phenomenon of feudal fragmentation has had a significant impact on European history, particularly during the Middle Ages?
... that the 1945 Augustów roundup which resulted in the disappearance and likely murder of about 600 Polish citizens by the Soviet Union is considered the largest crime committed in Poland after World War II?
... that Polish-German "cotton king" Juliusz Karol Kunitzer survived a 1893 assassination attempt, but died during that of 1905?
... that during World War II the Polish Teachers' Union was mostly active through the Secret Teaching Organization?
... that Solidarity's victory in the Polish legislative election, 1989, ushering the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, was a surprise to both the communists and the opposition?
... that the issue of Dominium maris baltici was central to Danish and Swedish foreign policy for several centuries?
that the kremówka cake gained international recognition after Pope John Paul II noted he once ate 18 of them as part of a bet?
... that the space industry is heavily dominated by the G7 countries, due to their extensive investment in the aerospace industry?
... that The Last Ringbearer, an English translation of a Russian alternative retelling of Lord of the Rings, has been published as a non-commercial ebook after a 10-year delay due to fears of litigation?
... that the Nigerian NAPEP poverty reduction program has been a recent target for hacktivists?
... that the anarchist Revolutionary Avengers group from 1910 to 1914 has been described as the most radical terrorist organization in the history of Poland?
... that Duchy of Opole and Racibórz, one of many Duchies of Silesia, was created in the 13th century, split by the end of it, and recreated in the 16th by the last Piast?
.. that the figure of Józef Tusk, grandfather of current Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk, was in the center of the "Wehrmacht affair" of the 2005 Polish presidential election?
... that the late 19th-century novel Homo sapiens, although well received in Germany, was withdrawn from sale in the U. S. after being called obscene?
... that May 3rd Constitution Day, among the most important Polish holidays, was banned in the former communist state, the People's Republic of Poland?
... that as political prisoners were released due to the fall of communism in Poland, regular prisoners rioted, demanding better conditions and an amnesty?
... that the first two destroyers due to be constructed by domestic shipyards for the Polish Navy were never completed due to the German invasion of Poland?
... that the official magazine of the Polish Underground State published 80 issues in the dangerous conditions of occupied Poland?
... that the World War II idea of Polish-Czechoslovakian confederation was eventually discarded by the Czechs, whose leader chose instead to believe in the Soviet Union promises of alliance?
... that the British-supported Greek-Yugoslav confederation was signed during World War II, but never came to pass?
... that Polish Jacobin activist, officer of the Polish Legions, Kazimierz Konopka, gained notoriety for his involvements in the unrest and hangings during the Kościuszko Uprising?
... that a masterpiece painting (fragment pictured) by Jan Matejko shows more than a dozen figures involved in the passing of the Polish-Lithuanian Constitution of May 3, 1791?
... that the effigy of Jan Suchorzewski, who once threatened to kill his son to prevent the signing of the Constitution of 3 May, was hanged during the Kościuszko Insurrection?
... that the Hetman Party of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth called upon Russia to help defend their Golden Liberties?
... that the reformers of Kołłątaj's Forge popularized the ideals of the French Revolution in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth?
... that the Patriotic Party of the late 18th century Great Sejm succeeded in passing one of the first constitutions in Europe influenced by the Enlightenment ideals?
... that both the Tarnogród Confederation and the Silent Sejm were engineered by Russian Tsar Peter the Great to strengthen Russia's influence in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth?
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... that Tadeusz Rejtan is remembered in Poland for his dramatic gesture as a symbol of patriotism?
... that the Battle of Clervaux, part of the Battle of the Bulge, has been compared to the Alamo?
... that the same Partition Sejm that acceded to the First Partition of Poland also created the celebrated Commission of National Education, seen as Europe's first ministry of education?
... that Prussian Homage (fragment pictured) by Jan Matejko was among the most wanted Polish paintings searched for by Nazis during World War II?
... that the 1773 French satirical drawing of the First Partition of Poland, The Troelfth Cake, was banned in several European countries?
... that the report National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope, by US Senator Tom Coburn, has generated controversy for portraying much scientific research as "silly"?
... that the closed circle of suspects is a common literary device from the Golden Age of Detective Fiction?
... that Prussian statesman Georg von Vincke, known as one of the great orators of contemporary German politics, fought a duel with Otto von Bismarck?
... that American Sociological Association's annual award in the sociology of education is named after Willard Waller?
... that the 2003 historical Chinese TV series Towards the Republic has been subject to significant censorship, and compared to River Elegy, a TV series that influenced the Tiananmen movement of 1989?
... that before his death in 2011, Tadeusz Sawicz was believed to have been the last surviving Polish pilot to have fought in the Battle of Britain?
... that the reputedly impeccable moral character of Celestyn Czaplic, marshal of the Sejm of 1766 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, became the subject of a proverb?
... that Natalia Tułasiewicz, Polish teacher, was one of only two lay women beatified among the 108 Martyrs of World War II?
... that the cross in front of the Presidential Palace in Warsaw became a focus of a major controversy in 2010, regarding the relations between church and state in Poland?
... that nobleman and diplomat Michał Radziwiłł Rudy was described as a psychopath by his own cousin, politician Krzysztof Radziwiłł?
... that numerous Polish formations fought in Russia from the First World War, through the Russian Revolution of 1917 up to the Polish–Soviet War?
... that Wroniec, a dark fairy tale by Jacek Dukaj, was a taboo-breaking take on martial law in Poland, which was in effect from 13 December 1981?
... that Kazimierz Karwowski holds the record for being elected to the most Sejms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth?
... that the ideas of 17th-century Polish reformer Stanisław Dunin-Karwicki have been both praised as the harbinger of later reforms, and criticized for not going far enough?
... that Karl Marx's theory of historical trajectory attempted to prove the long-term unsustainability of capitalism?
... that the Triple Alliance of 1788, formed on the verge of the French Revolution, almost led to the war which would have pitted England and Prussia against Russia?
... that the Andrzej Fidyk's documentary Defilada about North Korea, despite its anti-totalitarian message, was initially praised both by communist Poland's censors and in North Korea itself?
... that Public Domain Day is celebrated on January 1 in several countries, but not in the United States or Australia, where no works will enter the public domain until 2019 and 2026 respectively?
... that Prussia refused to meet its obligations from the Polish–Prussian alliance of 1790, and instead of aiding Poland during the Polish–Russian War of 1792, helped Russia to quell the Kościuszko Uprising the following year?
... that the figure of Abbé Morio in Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace was modeled on Scipione Piattoli (pictured), one of the drafters of the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791?
... that the abolition of serfdom in Poland was spurred by unrest and uprisings such as the Kraków Uprising and the January Uprising?
... that the 1764 Russo-Prussian alliance, formed two years after the signatories clashed in the Seven Years' War, allowed them to intervene in internal matters of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth?
... that one of the largest operations of the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party became known as the Bloody Wednesday?
.. that the exploits of the Polish partisan People's Army have been significantly exaggerated by the propaganda of the People's Republic of Poland?
... that Siedlce pogrom in the Congress Poland was organized by the Russian Empire's secret police, and carried out by the Imperial Russian Army, whose soldiers were later decorated?
... that the Society of Friends of the Constitution, formed in 1791 to support the Constitution of 3 May, was the first Polish political party?

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