User:Calthinus/Swadesh List of Nakho-Dagestani languages

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This swadesh list (with a couple words added to the default set) compares the core vocabularies of representatives of the various branches of the Northeast Caucasian language family. This list includes the ancient languages of Hurrian and Urartian, thought to to be related- thus it uses the name Alarodian (referring to the relatedness of modern Northeast Caucasian languages and those two) interchangeably with Northeast Caucasian and Nakho-Dagestani. Etruscan is also included, as some scholars believe it is related, due to certain sound correspondences and shared vocabulary [1] (I might note words such as methlam grouping of people by region and Chechen mexk nation and thi Etruscan water to xi Chechen water).

If more than one line of text appear in a slot, the first is the Latin script (occasionally approximated for languages without a Latin script), the second is the IPA (usually of the Standard dialect), and the third is Cyrillic.

The set of words here includes all those on the Swadesh list, with some additions as well.

Table[edit]

Nakho-Dagestani languages
Word meaning in English Proto-Alarodian Alarodian languages) Rasna (Etruscan)
Hurro-Urartian branch Nakh branch Avar-Andic branch Dido branch Lak isolate Dargin dialect continuum Macro-Lezgic branch Khinalugh isolate
Hurrian (ancient) Urartian (ancient) Batsbi Dzurdzuk Avar Andic Tsez group Bezhta group Dargin Archi "Samur"-Lezgic
West Samur East Samur South Samur
Chechen Andi (Qwannab) Tsez Bezhta Dargwa dialect Tsakhur Caucasian Albanian Lezgi group Budukh
Udi Lezgi
"I"







as; so

so
so̞ː
со
dun
dun
дун
din
din
ден (дин)
di
di
ди
do

до
na
na
на
nu
nu
ну
zon
zon
зон


зы
zu

зу
zun
zun
зун


зын


зы
"thou" [sing. you] [2]
ðuː
fe

xho[3]
ʜo̞ː
хьо
mun[3]
mun
min
min
мен (мин)
mi[3]
mi
ми
mi[3]
mi
ми
ina[3]
ina
ина


хІу [3]
un[3]
un
ун

гъу[3]

ун, гьун
vun[3]
wun
вун


вын [3]


вы
"he", "she", "it"
hi,ʃi, ɪt


mane



iza, i
ɪzɐ, əi
иза; и

ʁow, ʁoj, ʁob
гъов, гъой, гъоб [4]
ghedew, ghedey, ghedeb

гьедев, гьедей, гьедеб
ža
ʒa
жа
hugi[5]
hugi
гьуги
ta(ga); va(mu)
ta(ga), va(mu)
та(га), ва(му)
it
it
ит
tow (m.), tor (f.), tob (n.)
tow, tor, tob
тов, тор, тоб
mana, mana, man

мана, мана, ман
me, meno, mono

ме, мено, моно
am

ам

ад, уд, удж

гьу[6]
"we" (neutral)
wiː
šattil txo
txo̞
тхо
nizh
niʒ
ниж
ilhil

илІил
žu

жу
nusha

нуша
nen

нен
"we" (exclusive)
wiː
šattil txo
txo̞
тхо
we (inclusive)
wiː
šattil vay
vaɪ
вай
you (plural)
juː
fella šu
ʃu
шу
žven
ʒʷen
жвен
"they"
ðeɪ
manella üš

yьш
"this"
ðɪs
hara
hɑɾɐ
хIара
"that"
ðæʔt
djaranig
dʢɑːɾənɪg
дIараниг
here
hiɚɹ
quzaxh
qʊzɑʜ
there
ðɛɚɹ
dja
dʢɑ
who mila

what hun
hʊn
where maca
mɑtsɐ
when miçaxh, stenig
mɪtʃɑʜ, stjenɪg
how mouxa
moʊxɐ
not ca
tsɑ
all derrig, massuo
de̞rɪg, mɑssuo
many duqa
dʊqɐ
some
few khezzig
k'ezzɪg
other qin, vuož
qɪn, vwoʒ
one šukko, šuki
šu tsʜɑ cxha'
tsʜɑʔ[7]
цхьaъ
tso
tso
цo
себ sis hõs tsa(va)
(
ца
tsa
sa sa sad θu
two šini
ši'
ʃɪʔ
шіъ
zal
three kike
qo
qʰo
qo’
qʰo̞ʔ
кхоӀ
ci
ki
four tumni
ħiwʔ di'
dɪʔ
диӀ
huθ
five nariya pxi’
pxɪʔ
maχ
six šeše

yalx
jɑlx
śa
ʃa
seven šinti

vorh
vɔːr̥
semφ
eight kiri

barh
bɑːr̥
cezp
kesp
nine tamri
iss
ɪsː
nurφ
ten ēmani it
ɪt
śar
ʃar
eleven cxhaitta
tsʜaɪttɐ
twenty tqha
tqʼɑ
hundred bje
bʢɛː
thousand ezar
jezɑr
big
long
wide
thick
heavy
small
short
narrow
thin
woman
man (male)
man (human)
child
wife
husband
mother
father
animal
fish
bird
dog
louse
snake
worm
tree
forest
stick
fruit
seed
leaf
root
bark (of a tree)
flower
grass
rope
skin
meat
blood
bone
fat (noun)
egg
horn
tail
feather
hair
head
ear
eye
nose
mouth
tooth
tongue
fingernail
foot
leg
knee
hand
wing
belly
guts
neck
back
breast
heart
liver
to drink
to eat
to bite
to suck
to spit
to vomit
to blow
to breathe
to laugh
to see
to hear
to know
to think
to smell
to fear
to sleep
to live
to die
to kill
to fight
to hunt
to hit
to cut
to split
to stab
to scratch
to dig
to swim
to fly
to walk
to come
to lie (as in a bed)
to sit
to stand
to turn (intransitive)
to fall
to give
to hold
to squeeze
to rub
to wash
to wipe
to pull
to push
to throw
to tie
to sew
to count
to say
to sing
to play
to float
to flow
to freeze
to swell
sun
moon
star
water
rain
river
lake
sea
salt
stone
sand
dust
earth
cloud
fog
sky
wind
snow
ice
smoke
fire
ash
to burn
road
mountain
red
green
yellow
white
black
night
day
year
warm
cold
full
new
old
good
bad
rotten
dirty
straight
round
sharp
dull
smooth
wet
dry
correct
near
far
right
left
at
in
with
and
if
because
name

Sources[edit]

Notes and References[edit]

  1. ^ Ed Robertson. Etruscan’s genealogical linguistic relationship with Nakh-Daghestanian: a preliminary evaluation. PDF: http://www.nostratic.ru/books/%28329%29EGRWND.pdf
  2. ^ Note that many of these languages, like French and English, use the the plural "you" forms as more formal singular 2nd person pronouns. See Below.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j These languages may use their 2nd person plurals as an alternate form. Use (or lack of) may vary according to dialect and context. In some languages, the 2nd person plural forms are conjugated as if they were singular, in others this is not the case, however.
  4. ^ Avar also has an alternate set of 3rd person singular pronouns: dow, doy and dob. They are probably derived from the Avar word for "they" (i.e. 3rd plural)- dol.
  5. ^ Bezhta also has another 3rd person pronoun: hogo. It may be derived from the word for "they" in Bezhta, hоgōl
  6. ^ According to IDS, Khinalug also uses гьаь, they, for a singular 3rd person, as English also does
  7. ^ may instead be /ʦˤɑʔ/

Category:Swadesh lists