Velarized alveolar lateral approximant
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| Velarized alveolar lateral approximant | |||
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| ɫ | |||
| lˠ | |||
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| IPA number | 209 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɫ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+026B | ||
| X-SAMPA | 5 |
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| Kirshenbaum | l<vzd> |
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| Sound | |||
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The velarized alveolar lateral approximant, also known as dark l, is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The regular symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨lˠ⟩, though the dedicated letter ⟨ɫ⟩ is perhaps more common.
Depending on language and dialect, this sound may instead be pharyngealized. Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar while clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.[1]
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[edit] Features
Features of the velarized alveolar lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is dental or alveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip (or, more rarely,[2] the blade of the tongue) against the alveolar ridge. It also has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | halla | [ˈhaɫa] | 'aunt' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[3] | الله/‘Allah | [ʔɑɫˈɫɑːh] | 'God' | Also transcribed as ⟨lˤ⟩. See Arabic phonology |
| Bashkir | ҡала/ǩala | [ˈqɑˈɫɑ] | 'city' | ||
| Bulgarian | ъгъл/ăgăl | [ˈɤ̞ɡɐɫ] | 'corner' | ||
| Catalan[4] | Eastern dialects | cel·la | [ˈsɛɫːə] | 'cell' | See Catalan phonology |
| Western dialects | alt | [ˈaɫ(t)] | 'tall' | ||
| Dutch[5][6] | bal | [bɑɫ] | 'ball' | Postvocalic allophone of /l/. See Dutch phonology | |
| English[7] | RP and GA | peel | [pʰiːɫ] | 'peel' | Can be always dark in North America, Scotland, Australia and New Zealand. See English phonology |
| Scottish English | loch | [ɫɔx] | 'loch' | ||
| Greek | Northern dialects[8] | μπάλα/bálla | [ˈbaɫa] | 'ball' | Allophone of /l/ before /a o u/. See Modern Greek phonology |
| Icelandic | sigldi | [sɪɫdɪ] | 'sailed' | Rare. See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish | lá | [ɫɑː] | 'day' | See Irish phonology | |
| Norwegian | Southeastern dialects | tale | [ˈtʰɑːɫə] | 'speech', 'to speak' | See Norwegian phonology. Allophone after [ɑ(ː)], [ɔ] and [oː] in the Southeast. |
| Northern dialects | spelle | [spæɫːe] | 'to play' | ||
| Ossetian | Алани |  [aˈɫaːni] (help·info)/Alani |
'Alania' | ||
| Polish | Eastern dialects | łapa | [ˈɫapa] | 'paw' | Corresponds to /w/ in standard Polish. See Polish phonology |
| Portuguese | European[9] | mil | [miɫ̪] | 'one thousand' | See Portuguese phonology |
| Russian[10] | малый | [ˈmɑɫ̪ɨj] | 'small' | See Russian phonology | |
| Scots | fluir | [fɫyːr] | 'floor' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | Mallaig | [ˈmaʊɫækʲ] | 'Mallaig' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| St’át’imcets | qaoḻ | [qáɫ] | 'bad' | ||
| Taos | [kīǣˈwǣɫmã̄] | 'be strong' | See Taos phonology | ||
| Turkish | kızıl | [kɯzɯɫ] | 'red' | See Turkish phonology | |
| West Frisian | lân | [ɫɔːn] | 'land' | ||
[edit] Notes
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005:4)
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005:4)
- ^ Watson (2002:16)
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005:1, 20)
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ Booij, Geert. 1999. The Phonology of Dutch. P.8
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:73)
- ^ Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:93)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:168)
[edit] References
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94
- Daniel, Jones; Dennis, Ward (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 1–25
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Essex: Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21346-5
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 243–247
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press
