Vimana
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Vimāna (Sanskrit: विमान) is a Sanskrit word with several meanings ranging from temple or palace to mythological flying machines described in Sanskrit epics. It is made of vi- = "apart" and mā-na- = "having been measured".
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[edit] Etymology and usage
Sanskrit vi-māna literally means "measuring out, traversing" or "having been measured out". It can refer to (ref Monier-Williams[1]):
- The palace of an emperor or supreme monarch (especially one with seven stories)
- The adytum of a Rama temple, or of any other temple
- A temple or shrine of a particular form, see Vimanam (tower)
- From that meaning, "a god's palace", Rāvana's flying palace Pushpaka in the Ramāyana.
- From that, a chariot of the gods, any mythical self-moving aerial car (sometimes serving as a seat or throne, sometimes self-moving and carrying its occupant through the air; other descriptions make the Vimana more like a house or palace, and one kind is said to be seven storeys high.
- From that, any chariot or vehicle (especially a bier)
- In medicine, the science of (right) measure or proportion (e.g. of the right relation between the humours of the body, of medicines and remedies etc.)
- In the Vimanavatthu, a small piece of text used as the inspiration for a Buddhist sermon.
- In some modern Indian languages, vimāna or vimān means "aircraft", for example in the town name Vimanapura (a suburb of Bangalore).
[edit] In Sanskrit literature
[edit] Vedas
The predecessors of the flying vimanas of the Sanskrit epics are the flying chariots employed by various gods in the Vedas: the Sun (see Sun chariot) and Indra and several other Vedic deities are transported by flying wheeled chariots pulled by animals, usually horses (but the Vedic god Pūsan's chariot is pulled by goats, as is that of Norse Thor).
The Rigveda does not mention Vimanas, but verses RV 1.164.47-48 have been taken as evidence for the idea of "mechanical birds":
- 47. kṛṣṇáṃ niyânaṃ hárayaḥ suparṇâ / apó vásānā dívam út patanti
- tá âvavṛtran sádanād ṛtásyâd / íd ghṛténa pṛthivî vy ùdyate
- 48. dvâdaśa pradháyaś cakrám ékaṃ / trîṇi nábhyāni ká u tác ciketa
- tásmin sākáṃ triśatâ ná śaṅkávo / 'rpitâḥ ṣaṣṭír ná calācalâsaḥ
- "Dark the descent: the birds are golden-coloured; up to the heaven they fly robed in the waters.
- Again descend they from the seat of Order, and all the earth is moistened with their fatness."
- "Twelve are the fellies, and the wheel is single; three are the naves. What man hath understood it?
- Therein are set together spokes three hundred and sixty, which in nowise can be loosened." (trans. Griffith)
In Swami Dayananda Saraswati's "translation", these verses become:
- "jumping into space speedily with a craft using fire and water ... containing twelve stamghas (pillars), one wheel, three machines, 300 pivots, and 60 instruments."[2]
But likelier in the original Indian symbolism when that hymn was composed, the wheel is a year, the 12 "fellies" are months (lunations), and the 360 spokes are days.[citation needed]
[edit] Ramayana
In the Ramayana, the pushpaka ("flowery") vimana of Ravana is described as follows:
- "The Pushpaka chariot that resembles the Sun and belongs to my brother was brought by the powerful Ravana; that aerial and excellent chariot going everywhere at will .... that chariot resembling a bright cloud in the sky ... and the King [Rama] got in, and the excellent chariot at the command of the Raghira, rose up into the higher atmosphere.'"[3]
It is the first flying vimana mentioned in Hindu mythology (as distinct from the gods' flying horse-drawn chariots).
Pushpaka was originally made by Maya for Kubera, the God of wealth, but was later stolen, along with Lanka, by his half-brother, the demon king Ravana.
[edit] Mahabharata
One example in the Mahabharata is that the Asura Maya had a Vimana measuring twelve cubits in circumference, with four strong wheels. Apart from 'blazing missiles', the poem records the use of other deadly weapons. 'Indra's Dart' (Indravajrā) operated via a circular 'reflector'. When switched on, it produced a 'shaft of light' which, when focused on any target, immediately 'consumed it with its power'.[citation needed]
In one exchange, the hero, Lord Krishna, is pursuing his enemy, Salva, in the sky, when Salva's Vimana, the Saubha, is made invisible in some way. Undeterred, Lord Krishna immediately fires off a special weapon: "I quickly laid on an arrow, which killed by seeking out sound".[citation needed]
The Mahabharata compliments "the all-knowing Yavanas" (sarvajnaa yavanaa, the Greeks), as the creators of the vimanas[4]: The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so (sarvajnā yavanā rajan shurāz caiva vishesatah)[5].
[edit] Jaina literature
Vimāna-vāsin ('dweller in vimāna') is a class of deities who served the tīrthaṃkara Mahā-vīra.[6] These Vaimānika deities dwell in the Ūrdhva Loka heavens.
According to the Kalpa Sūtra of Bhadra-bāhu, the 24th tīrthaṃkara Mahā-vīra himself emerged out of the great vimāna Puṣpa-uttara[7] ; whereas the 22nd tīrthaṃkara Ariṣṭa-nemi emerged out of the great vimāna Aparijita[8]. The tīrthaṃkara-s Abhinandana (4th) and Sumati-nātha (5th) both[9] traveled through the sky in the "Jayanta-vimāna", namely the great vimāna Sarva-artha-siddhi, which was owned by[10] the Jayanta deities; whereas the tīrthaṃkara Dharma-nātha (15th) traveled through the sky in the "Vijaya-vimāna"[11] . A vimāna may be seen in a dream, such as the nalinī-gulma.[12][13]
[edit] Vimanas and the Vaimanika Shastra
The Vaimanika Shastra is an early 20th century Sanskrit text on aeronautics, claimed to be obtained by mental channeling, about construction of vimānas, the "chariots of the Gods".
The existence of the text was revealed in 1952 by G. R. Josyer, according to whom it is due to one Pandit Subbaraya Shastry, who dictated it in 1918-1923. A Hindi translation was published in 1959, the Sanskrit text with an English translation in 1973. It has 3000 shlokas in 8 chapters and was attributed by Shastry to Maharishi Bharadvaja,[14] which makes it of purportedly "ancient" origin, and hence it has a certain notability in ancient astronaut theories.
A study by aeronautical and mechanical engineering at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 1974 concluded that the aircrafts described in the text were "poor concoctions" and that the author showed complete lack of understanding of aeronautics.[15]
[edit] In popular culture
Vimanas have appeared in books, films, internet and games including:
- Grant Morrison's Vimanarama features vimanas.
- Vimana is an arcade game from Toaplan wherein the player's ship earns the name.
- Interstellar propulsion system called "Vimana Drive" is used in the space exploration game Noctis
- The psy-trance producers Etnica released 'Vimana' in 1997 with samples drawn from the film 'Roswell', which includes references to UFOs and alien life forms.
- Gouryella, a former trance duo, used Vimana as one of their aliases.
- In Fate/zero, Archer has a nuclear-powered vimana in his arsenal.
- In The Objective, a US Special Forces ODA searches for vimanas in Afghanistan
- In the game Deep Labyrinth, the labyrinth is referred to Vimana by its caretakers.
[edit] References
- ^ Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, version 0.1a_12
- ^ cited after Mukunda, H.S.; Deshpande, S.M., Nagendra, H.R., Prabhu, A. and Govindraju, S.P. (1974). "A critical study of the work "Vyamanika Shastra"" (PDF). Scientific Opinion: 5–12. http://cgpl.iisc.ernet.in/site/Portals/0/Publications/ReferedJournal/ACriticalStudyOfTheWorkVaimanikaShastra.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-03. p. 5.
- ^ Dutt, Manatha Nath (translator), Ramayana, Elysium Press, Calcutta, 1892 and New York, 1910.
- ^ Clive Hart, "The Prehistory of Flight", (Berkeley, 1985)
- ^ Mahabharata VIII.31.80
- ^ Hermann Jacobi : Jaina Sūtras. p. 169
- ^ http://jainsamaj.org/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm (2)
- ^ http://jainsamaj.org/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm (171)
- ^ Johann Georg Buhler (ed. by James Burgess) : The Indian Sect of the Jainas. London : Luzac, 1903. p. 67
- ^ Johann Georg Buhler (ed. by James Burgess) : The Indian Sect of the Jainas. London : Luzac, 1903. p. 74
- ^ Johann Georg Buhler (ed. by James Burgess) : The Indian Sect of the Jainas. London : Luzac, 1903. p. 69
- ^ Saryu Doshi (transl. by Thomas Dix) : Dharma Vihara, Ranakpur. Axel Menges, 1995. p. 11a.
- ^ Mewar Encyclopedia, s.v. "Ranakpur, founding of"
- ^ Childress (1991), p. 109
- ^ "Flights of fancy? (Part X of XII)". The Week. 2001-06-24. http://www.hvk.org/articles/0601/100.html. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- WorldMysteries.com The Anti-Gravity Handbook (Lost Science) by David Hatcher Childress* Vymanika Shastra
- UFOs and Vimanas
- Los Vimanas (a collection of various texts, partially in Spanish and partially in English) http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_vimanas.htm#inicio
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