Voiced alveolar plosive

Voiced alveolar plosive
d
Image
IPA number	104
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	d
Unicode (hex)	U+0064
X-SAMPA	d
Kirshenbaum	d
Sound

The voiced alveolar plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar plosive:

• Its manner of articulation is stop, or plosive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. (The term plosive contrasts with nasal stops, where the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.)
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Varieties

IPA	Description
d	modal d
dʱ or d̤	breathy voice or murmured d
dʲ	palatalized d
dʷ	labialized d
dˤ	pharyngialized d
d̚	unreleased d
d̥	voiceless or slack voice d
d̬	stiff voice d
d̺	apical d
d̻	laminal d
d̪	dental or denti-alveolar d
d̟ or d̪͆	interdental d
d̠	postalveolar d

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Armenian	Eastern	դեմք/demk’	[dɛmkʰ]	'face'	See Armenian phonology
	Western	տալ/tal	{[dɑl]	'to give'
Czech		do	[do]	'into'	See Czech phonology
Dutch		dak	[dɑk]	'roof'	See Dutch phonology
English		admit	[ædˈmɪt]	'admit'	See English phonology
Finnish		sidos	[sido̞s]	'bond'	See Finnish phonology
French		dais	[dɛ]	'canopy'	See French phonology
German		Dach	[dax]	'roof'	See German phonology
Greek		ντροπή/dropí	[dro̞ˈpi]	'shame'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian		adó	[ɒdoː]	'tax'	See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian		dacing	[ˈdatʃiŋ]	'balance scale'
Japanese		男性的/danseiteki	[danseiteki]	'masculine'	See Japanese phonology
Korean		아들/adeul	[adɯl]	'son'	See Korean phonology
Malay		dahan	[dahan]	'branch'
Maltese		dehen	[den]	'wit'
Norwegian		dans	[dɑns]	'dance'	See Norwegian phonology
Slovak		do	[do]	'into'
West Frisian		doarp	[dwɑrp]	'village'
Yi		ꄿ/dda	[da˧]	'competent'

See also

• List of phonetics topics

Bibliography

• Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X 
• Maddieson, Ian (1984), Patterns of Sound, Camebridge University Press 
• Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97 
• Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (2): 209–213