Voiced dental plosive

Voiced dental plosive
d̪
Image
IPA number	104 408
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	d​̪
Unicode (hex)	U+0064 U+032A
X-SAMPA	d_d
Kirshenbaum	d[

The voiced dental plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨d̪⟩. This is the letter for the voiced alveolar plosive with the "bridge below" diacritic meaning dental.

Features

Features of the voiced dental plosive:

• Its manner of articulation is stop, or plosive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. (The term plosive contrasts with nasal stops, where the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.)
• Its place of articulation is dental which means it is articulated with the tongue at either the upper or lower teeth, or both. (Most stops and liquids described as dental are actually denti-alveolar.)
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. In the Romance languages, /d/ is often called dental. However, the rearmost contact (which is what gives a consonant its distinctive sound) is actually alveolar, or perhaps denti-alveolar. The difference between the /d/ sounds of the Romance languages and English is not so much where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth as which part of the tongue makes the contact. In English, it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed apical), whereas in a number of Romance languages, it is usually the blade of the tongue just behind the tip (such sounds are called laminal). Indian languages like Hindi and Bengali have true apical voiced dental plosives and contrast aspirated and unaspirated forms.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	Standard	دين	[ˈd̪iːn]	'religion'	See Arabic phonology
Basque		diru	[d̪iɾu]	'money'
Bengali		দাম	[d̪am]	'price'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan		dit	[ˈd̪it̪]	'finger'	See Catalan phonology
Dinka		dhek	[d̪ek]	'distinct'	Contrasts with alveolar /d/
English	Irish	that	[d̪æt]	'that'	Corresponds to /ð/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Georgian		კუდი	[ˈkud̪i]	'tail'
Hindi		दाल	[d̪ɑːl]	'lentils'	Hindi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Irish		dorcha	[ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə]	'dark'	See Irish phonology
Italian		dare	[ˈd̪are]	'to give'	See Italian phonology
Pashto		ﺪﻮﻩ	[ˈd̪wɑ]	'two'
Polish		dom	[d̪ɔm]	'home'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese		dar	[d̪aɾ]	'to give'	See Portuguese phonology
Russian		дышать	[d̪ɨˈʂatʲ]	'to breathe'	Contrasts with a palatalized voiced alveolar plosive. See Russian phonology
Spanish		hundido	[ũn̪ˈd̪iðo̞]	'sunken'	See Spanish phonology
Swedish		dag	[dɑːɡ]	'day'	See Swedish phonology
Turkish		dal	[d̪äɫ]	'twig'	See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian		дерево	[ˈd̪ɛ.rɛ̝.wɔ]	'tree'	See Ukrainian phonology
Urdu		دودھ	[d̪uːd̪ʰ]	'milk'	Urdu contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.The initial is unaspirated and final one is aspirated. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan	'dan'	[d̪aŋ]	'countryside'

Bibliography

• Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618 
• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223 
• Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1 
• Hickey, Raymond (1984), "Coronal Segments in Irish English", Journal of Linguistics 20 (2): 233–250, doi:10.1017/S0022226700013876 
• Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191 
• Jones, Daniel; Dennis, Ward (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press 
• Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell 
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 
• Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 
• Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605 
• Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659 
• Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press 

See also

• List of phonetics topics