Voiced labiodental fricative
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| Voiced labiodental fricative | |
|---|---|
| v | |
| IPA number | 129 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | v |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0076 |
| X-SAMPA | v |
| Kirshenbaum | v |
| Braille |  |
| Sound | |
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|
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The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨v⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v.
Although this is a familiar sound to most European listeners, it is cross-linguistically a fairly uncommon sound, being only a quarter as frequent as [w]. The presence of [v] and absence of [w], along with the presence of otherwise unknown front rounded vowels [y, ø, œ], is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia.[citation needed] Speakers of East Asian languages which lack this sound like Mandarin tend to pronounce [v] as [p], Japanese as [b], and Cantonese as [w], thus failing to distinguish a number of English minimal pairs.
Contents |
Features [edit]
Features of the voiced labiodental fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence [edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | европа | [evˈropʼa] | 'Europe' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Afrikaans | wees | [ˈveə̯s] | 'to be' | See IPA for Afrikaans | |
| Albanian | valixhe | [validʒɛ] | 'case' | ||
| Arabic | Siirt[1] | ذهب | [vaˈhab] | 'gold' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | վեց |  [vɛtsʰ] (help·info) |
'six' | |
| Bai | Dali | ? | [ŋv˩˧] | 'fish' | |
| Catalan | Balearic[3] | viu | [ˈviw] | 'live' | See Catalan phonology |
| Valencian[4] | |||||
| southern Catalonia[4] | |||||
| Chechen | вашa / vaṣa | [vaʃa] | 'brother' | ||
| Czech | voda | [voda] | 'water' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch | All dialects | wraak | [vraːk] | 'revenge' | Allophone of [ʋ ~ β̞ ~ w] before /r/. See Dutch phonology |
| Most dialects | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | Can be devoiced to [f] by certain speakers, mainly those from the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology | |
| Standard[5] | |||||
| English | valve | [væɫv] | 'valve' | See English phonology | |
| Ewe[6] | ? | [évlɔ] | 'he is evil' | ||
| Faroese | røða | [ˈɹøːva] | 'speech' | ||
| French[7] | valve | [valv] | 'valve' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[8] | ვიწრო | [ˈvitsʼɾo] | 'narrow' | ||
| German | Wächter | [ˈvɛçtɐ] | 'guard' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | βερνίκι verníki | [ve̞rˈnici] | 'varnish' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew | גב | [ɡav] | 'back' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi[9] | व्रत | [vrət̪] | 'fast' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | veszély | [vɛseːj] | 'danger' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish | bhaile | [veːlə] | 'home' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[10] | avare | [aˈvare] | 'miserly' (f.pl.) | See Italian phonology | |
| Judaeo-Spanish | mueve | [ˈmwɛvɛ] | 'nine' | ||
| Kabardian | зэвы | [zavə] | 'narrow' | Corresponds to [ʐʷ] in Adyghe. | |
| Macedonian | вода | [vɔda] | 'water' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Maltese | iva | [iva] | 'yes' | ||
| Norwegian | vann | [vɑn] | 'water' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Occitan | Auvergnat | vol | [vɔl] | 'flight' | See Occitan phonology |
| Limousin | |||||
| Provençal | |||||
| Polish[11] | wór | [vur] (help·info) |
'bag' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[12] | vila | [ˈvilɐ] | 'hamlet', 'town', 'villa' | Historical Galician-Portuguese /β/ merged with /b/ in Galician and inland Northern Portuguese dialects, and shifted to /v/ in other dialects. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | val | [val] | 'wave' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[13] | волосы | [ˈvoləsɨ] | 'hair' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
| Slovak | voda | [voda] | 'water' | ||
| Spanish[14] | afgano | [ävˈɣ̞äno̞] | 'Afghan' | Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | vägg | [ˈvɛɡ] | 'wall' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Turkish | cetvel | [dʒetvæl] | 'ruler' | Allophone of /ʋ/ after voiceless consonants. See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese[15] | và | [vaː˨˩] | 'and' | In southern dialects, is in free variation with [j]. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | fi | [vi] | 'I' | ||
| West Frisian | weevje | [ˈʋeːvjə] | 'to weave' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. | |
| Yi | ꃶ vu | [vu˧] | 'intestines' | ||
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Watson (2002:15)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ a b Wheeler (2002:13)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:156)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Janet Pierrehumbert, Rami Nair, Volume Editor: Bernard Laks (1996), Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods), European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996, ISBN 978-1-901471-02-1
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf; http://plaza.ufl.edu/lmassery/Consonantes%20oclusivasreviewlaurie.doc
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
Bibliography [edit]
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
