Voiced palato-alveolar affricate
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(Redirected from Voiced postalveolar affricate)
| Voiced palato-alveolar affricate | |||
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| d͡ʒ | |||
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| IPA number | 104 (135) | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʤ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+02A4 | ||
| X-SAMPA | dZ |
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| Kirshenbaum | dZ |
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| Sound | |||
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The voiced palato-alveolar affricate, also described as voiced domed postalveolar affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly ⟨ʤ⟩), or in broad transcription ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is ⟨dZ⟩. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump.
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[edit] Features
Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | аџыр | (?) | 'steel' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | джанэ |  [dʒanɛ] (help·info) |
'dress' | ||
| Albanian | xham | [d͡ʒam] | 'glass' | ||
| Amharic | እንጀራ | [ɨnd͡ʒəra] | 'injera' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[1] | جـرس | [d͡ʒaras] | 'bell' | In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern | ջուր | [d͡ʒur] | 'water' | |
| Western | ճանճ | [d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ] | 'fly' | ||
| Azerbaijani | ağac | [ɑɣɑd͡ʒ] | 'tree' | ||
| Bengali | জল | [d͡ʒɔl] | 'water' | contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Berber | Kabyle | lj̗Iran | [ld͡ʒiran] | 'the neighbors' | |
| Chechen | джерво/dzhyerwo | [d͡ʒjerwo] | 'previously married woman' | ||
| Coptic | ϫⲉ | [d͡ʒe] | 'that' | ||
| Czech | léčba | [lɛːd͡ʒba] | 'treatment' | See Czech phonology | |
| English | jump | [ˈd͡ʒʌmp] | 'jump' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | manĝaĵo | [mand͡ʒaʒo] | 'food' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Faroese | gestir | [ˈd͡ʒɛstɪɹ] | 'guests' | ||
| French | djinn | [d͡ʒin] | 'djinn' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[2] | ჯიბე | [d͡ʒibɛ] | 'pocket' | ||
| German | Dschungel | [d͡ʒʊŋəl] | 'jungle' | See German phonology | |
| Goemai | [d͡ʒaːn] | 'twins' | |||
| Hindi-Urdu | जाना/جانا | [d͡ʒɑːnɑː] | 'to go' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | lándzsa | [laːnd͡ʒɒ] | 'spear' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[3] | gemma | [ˈd͡ʒɛmma] | 'gem' | See Italian phonology | |
| Indonesian | jahil | [ˈd͡ʒahil] | 'stupid' | ||
| Kyrgyz | жаман | [d͡ʒaman] | 'bad' | ||
| Macedonian | џемпер | [ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr] | 'sweater' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | jahat | [d͡ʒahat] | 'evil' | ||
| Manchu | ? | [d͡ʒuwe] | 'two' | ||
| Occitan | Languedocien | jove | [ˈd͡ʒuβe] | 'young' | |
| Provençal | [ˈd͡ʒuve] | ||||
| Ojibwe | ? | [iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ] | 'brother' | See Ojibwe phonology | |
| Pashto | جګ | [d͡ʒeɡ] | 'high' | ||
| Persian | کُجا | [kod͡ʒɒ] | 'where' | See Persian phonology | |
| Portuguese | Brazilian[4] | grande | [ɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi] | 'big' | See Portuguese phonology |
| Romanian | ger | [d͡ʒer] | 'frost' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Sardinian | Campidanese | géneru | [ˈd͡ʒɛneru] | 'son-in-law' | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Dia | [d͡ʒia] | 'God' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | џем/džem | [d͡ʒɛ̝m][tone?] | 'jam' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Somali | joog | [d͡ʒoːɡ] | 'stop' | See Somali phonology | |
| Spanish | Some dialects | yo | [d͡ʒo] | 'I' | See Spanish phonology and yeísmo. |
| Turkish | yatırımcı | [jät̪ɯɾɯmd͡ʒɯ] | 'investor' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | jar | [d͡ʒär] | 'ravine' | ||
| Ubykh | /amd͡ʒan/ | '?' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | джерело | [d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ] | 'source' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| West Frisian | siedzje | [ʃɪd͡ʒǝ] | 'to sow' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[5] | dxan | [d͡ʒaŋ] | 'god' | |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Watson (2002:16)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
[edit] Bibliography
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
