Voiced retroflex sibilant
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(Redirected from Voiced retroflex fricative)
| Voiced retroflex sibilant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʐ | |||
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| IPA number | 137 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʐ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+0290 | ||
| X-SAMPA | z` |
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| Kirshenbaum | z. |
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| Sound | |||
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The voiced retroflex fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʐ ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z`.Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a zee (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant).
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[edit] Features
Features of the voiced retroflex fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated sub-apical - with the tip of the tongue curled up. But more generally it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical sub-apical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
[edit] Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ʐ̺] and laminal [ʐ̻].
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | абжа | [ˈabʐa] | 'half' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin | 肉/ròu | [ʐou̯˥˩] | 'meat' | May also be a retroflex approximant ([ɻ]). See Mandarin phonology |
| Pashto | southern dialect | ږمونځ | [ʐmund͡z] | 'comb' | |
| Polish[1] | żona |  [ˈʐ̠ɔn̪a] (help·info) |
'wife' | Also represented by <rz>. See Polish phonology | |
| Russian[1] | кожа | [ˈkoʐə] | 'skin' | See Russian phonology | |
| Slovak[2] | žabka | [ˈʐapka] | 'frog' | ||
| Torwali[3] | ? | [ʂuʐ] | 'straight' | ||
| Ubykh | [ʐa] | 'firewood' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Vietnamese | Southern dialects | rô | [ʐo] | 'diamond' | See Vietnamese phonology |
| Yi | ꏜ/ry | [ʐɿ˧] | 'grass' | ||
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b Hamann (2004:65)
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ^ Lunsford (2001:16–20)
[edit] Bibliography
- Hamann, Silke (2004), "Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 53–67, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan", M.A. thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
