Voiceless palatal stop
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| Voiceless palatal stop | |
|---|---|
| c | |
| IPA number | 107 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | c |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0063 |
| X-SAMPA | c |
| Kirshenbaum | c |
| Braille |  |
The voiceless palatal stop is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨c⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c.
It is common for the symbol ⟨c⟩ to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate [t͡ʃ] or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between stop and affricate is not contrastive.
Contents |
Features [edit]
Features of the voiceless palatal stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence [edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian[1] | kuq | [kuc] | 'red' | Merged with [t͡ʃ] in Gheg Albanian for all speakers and in Tosk for some speakers.[2] | |
| Aranda | [example needed] | — | — | Dento-alveolo-palatal and alveolar.[3] | |
| Basque | ttantta | [caɲca] | 'droplet' | ||
| Blackfoot | ᖳᖽᖾᖳᐡ akikoan | [aˈkicoan] | 'girl' | Allophone of /k/ after front vowels. | |
| Catalan | Majorcan[4] | mags | [ˈmacs] | 'wizards' | Simultaneous dento-alveolo-palatal and palatal.[3] Corresponds to /k/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology |
| Corsican | chjodu | [ˈcoːdu] | 'nail' | Also present in the Gallurese dialect | |
| Czech | čeština | [ˈtʃɛʃcɪna] | 'Czech language' | Alveolar and alveolo-palatal.[3] See Czech phonology | |
| Dawsahak | [cɛːˈnɐ] | 'small' | |||
| Dinka | car | [car] | 'black' | ||
| Ega[5] | [cá] | 'understand' | |||
| French | [example needed] | — | — | Ranges from alveolar to palatal with more than one closure point.[3] See French phonology | |
| Friulian | cjase | [case] | 'house' | ||
| Ganda | caayi | [caːji] | 'tea' | ||
| German[citation needed] | Matjes | [macəs] | 'soused herring' | Allophone of more frequent [tj]. | |
| Greek[6] | καί kaí | [c̠e̞] | 'and' | Somewhat retracted. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gweno | [ca] | 'to come' | |||
| Hungarian[7] | tyúk | [cuːk] | 'hen' | Alveolo-palatal.[3] See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | gjóla | [couːla] | 'light wind' | Alveolo-palatal.[3] See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish | ceist | [cɛʃtʲ] | 'question' | Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and palatal.[3] See Irish phonology | |
| Khmer | ចាប | [caap] | 'bird' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |
| Latvian | ķirbis | [ˈcirbis] | 'pumpkin' | ||
| Low German | Plautdietsch | kjoakj | [coac] | 'church' | Corresponds to [kʲ] in all other dialects. |
| Macedonian | вреќа | [ˈvrɛca] | 'sack' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Norwegian | Northern and central dialects[8] | fett | [fɛcː] | 'fat' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Limousin | tireta | [ciˈʀetɒ] | 'drawer' | |
| Auvergnat | tirador | [ciʀaˈdu] | 'drawer' | ||
| Portuguese | Fluminense | pequeno | [piˈcẽnu] | 'small' | Allophone of stressed /k/ after [i ~ ɪ] and before /ẽ/ or /ĩ/. Generally absent among many speakers and in careful pronunciation. See Portuguese phonology |
| Romanian[9] | chin | [cin] | 'torture' | Allophone of /k/ before /i/ and /e/. See Romanian phonology | |
| Romansh | Sursilvan[10] | notg | [nɔc] | 'night' | |
| Sutsilvan[11] | tgàn | [caŋ] | 'dog' | ||
| Surmiran[12] | vatgas | [ˈvɑcɐs] | 'cows' | ||
| Puter[13] | zücher | [ˈtsycər] | 'sugar' | ||
| Vallader[14] | müs-chel | [ˈmyʃcəl] | 'moss' | ||
| Kinyarwanda | ikintu | [iciːntu] | 'question' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | Chakavian dialect | Ćićarija | [cicaˈɾija] | 'Ćićarija' | |
| Slovak | deväť | [ˈɟɛvæc] | 'nine' | Alveolar.[3] | |
| Spanish | Canarian dialect | muchacho | [mu'caco̞] | 'boy' | |
| Turkish | köy | [cʰœj] | 'village' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese[15] | chị | [ci˧ˀ˨ʔ] | 'elder sister' | May be slightly affricated [t͡ɕ]. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | tjems | [cɛms] | 'strainer' | ||
| Western Desert Language | kutju | [kucu] | 'one' | ||
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982:10)
- ^ Kolgjini (2004)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Recasens (2013:11–13)
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005:1)
- ^ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002:100)
- ^ Arvaniti (2007:20)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:164)
- ^ Skjekkeland (1997:105–107)
- ^ DEX Online : [1]
- ^ Menzli (1993:92)
- ^ Liver (1999:53–54)
- ^ Liver (1999:56–57)
- ^ Liver (1999:59–60)
- ^ Liver (1999:63–64)
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
Bibliography [edit]
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art", Journal of Greek Linguistics 8: 97–208
- Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
- Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004), Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates (Ph.D.), The University of Texas at Arlington
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Liver, Ricarda (1999), Rätoromanisch: Eine Einführung in das Bünderromanische, Gunter Narr Verlag, ISBN 3-8233-4973-2
- Menzli, Gierdi (1993), Cuors da romontsch sursilvan: Lecziuns 1–18, Ligia romontscha
- Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982), Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-1129-6
- Recasens, Daniel (2013), "On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878
- Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
