Voiceless retroflex affricate
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| Voiceless retroflex affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʈ͡ʂ | |||
| t͡ʂ | |||
| IPA number | 105 (136) | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʈ͡ʂ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+0288 U+0361 U+0282 | ||
| X-SAMPA | ts` |
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| Kirshenbaum | ts. |
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| Sound | |||
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The voiceless retroflex affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʈ͡ʂ⟩, sometimes simplified to ⟨tʂ⟩,[1] and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ⟨ts`⟩.
The affricate occurs in a number of languages:
- Slavic languages: Polish, Belarusian, Old Czech, and some speakers of Russian may use it instead of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate.
- a number of Northwest Caucasian languages have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
Contents |
Features[edit]
Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical sub-apical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian | Some dialects[2][3] | ḷḷobu | [ʈ͡ʂoβu] | 'wolf' | Corresponds to standard /ʎ/. |
| Belarusian | пачатак | [paʈ͡ʂatak] | 'the beginning' | See Belarusian phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin[4] | 中文 Zhōngwén | [ʈ͡ʂʊŋ˥ u̯ən˧˥] | 'Chinese' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology |
| Polish[5][6] | czas |  [ˈʈ͡ʂäs] (help·info) |
'time' | Transcribed /tʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology | |
| Northern Qiang | zhes | [tʂəs] | 'day before yesterday' | Contrasts with aspirated and voiced form. | |
| Russian | лучше | [lutʈ͡ʂe] | 'better ' | The only word where this sound occurs. See Russian phonology | |
| Slovak[7] | čakať | [ˈʈ͡ʂakac] | 'to wait' | ||
| Torwali[8] | ? | [ʈ͡ʂuwu] | 'to sew' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Yi | ꍈ zha | [ʈ͡ʂa˧] | 'a bit' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ As an affricate, which is considered a double articulation by the IPA, it doesn't appear in the IPA Unicode 5.1 Chart Appendix. ⟨ʂ⟩ appears as 136, but unlike the palato-alveolar and alveolar affricates, there is no unified glyph.
- ^ (Asturian) Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana Page 14
- ^ García Arias (2003:34)
- ^ Ladefoged & Wu (1984:?)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Hamann (2004:65)
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ^ Lunsford (2001:16–20)
Bibliography[edit]
- García Arias, Xosé Lluis (2003), Gramática Histórica de la Lengua Asturiana, Oviedo: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana, pp. 34–36, ISBN 84-8168-341-8
- Hamann, Silke (2004), "Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 53–67, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter; Wu, Zongji (1984), "Places of Articulation: An Investigation of Pekingese Fricatives and Affricates", Journal of Phonetics 11: 267–278
- Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan", M.A. thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
