Voiceless velar fricative
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| IPA – number | 140 |
| IPA – text | x |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | x |
| X-SAMPA | x |
| Kirshenbaum | x |
 Sound sample (help·info) |
|
The voiceless velar fricative, informally known as the hard ch, is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is x, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is x. The [x] sound was part of the consonant inventory of Old English and can still be found in some dialects of English, most notably in Scottish English.
Contents |
[edit] Features
Features of the voiceless velar fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is velar which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum).
- Its phonation type is voiceless, which means the vocal cords are not vibrating during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
[edit] Varieties of [x]
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| x | plain velar fricative |
| xʷ | labialised |
| xʼ | ejective |
| xʷʼ | ejective labialised |
| x̜ʷ | semi-labialised |
| x̹ʷ | strongly labialised |
| xʲ | palatalised |
| xʲʼ | ejective palatalised |
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | goed | [xuˑt] | 'well' | ||
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | alax | [ɑlɑx] | 'two' | |
| Angor | hombo | [xombo] | 'to walk' | ||
| Arabic | خضراء | [xadˤraːʔ] | 'green (f)' | See Arabic phonology | |
| Assamese | অসমীয়া | [ɔxɔmija] | 'Assamese' | ||
| Avar | чeхь | [tʃex] | 'belly' | ||
| Azerbaijani | xoş | [xoʃ] | 'pleasant' | ||
| Bulgarian | тихо | [tixɔ] | 'quietly' | ||
| Chinese | Mandarin | 河/hé | [xɤ˧˥] | 'river' | See Standard Mandarin |
| Croatian | Hrvatski | [xř̩ʋaːtskiː] | 'Croatian' | ||
| Czech | chlap | [xlap] | 'guy' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch | Belgian Dutch[1] | acht | [ˈɑxt] (help·info) |
'eight' | More common in northern dialects. See Dutch phonology |
| Northern dialects[2] | |||||
| English | Scottish | loch | [lɔx] | 'loch' | See English phonology |
| Esperanto | monaĥo | [monaxo] | 'monk' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Eyak | duxł | [tʊxɬ] | 'traps' | ||
| Georgian[3] | ჯოხი | [ˈdʒɔxi] | 'stick' | ||
| German | Kuchen | [kuːxən] | 'cake' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | χαρά | [xaˈra] | 'joy' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hindi | ख़ुशी | [xʊʃiː] | 'happiness' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | sahhal | [ʃɒxːɒl] | 'with a shah' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish | deoch | [dʲɔ̝̈x] | 'drink' | See Irish phonology | |
| Lithuanian | choras | [xoras] | 'chorus' | ||
| Lojban | xatra | [xatra] | 'letter' | ||
| Persian | خواهر | [xaːhær] | 'sister' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish[4] | chleb | [xlɛp] | 'bread' | Also (in great majority of dialects) represented by <h>. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Brazilian | rabo | [ˈxabʊ] | 'tail' | See Portuguese phonology |
| Russian[5] | хвост/khvost | [xvost] | 'tail' | See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | drochaid | [troxadʒ] | 'bridge' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbian | храст/hrast | [xrast] | 'oak' | ||
| Slovak | chlap | [xlap] | 'guy' | ||
| Somali | khad | [xad] | 'ink' | See Somali phonology | |
| Spanish[6] | ojo | [ˈo̞xo̞] | 'eye' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Xhosa | rhoxisa | [xɔkǁiːsa] | 'to cancel' | ||
| Urdu | خوشی | [xʊʃiː] | 'happiness' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Vietnamese | khê | [xe] | 'to be burnt' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | carchar | [kaɾxaɾ] | 'jail' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Yaghan | xan | [xan] | 'here' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[7] | mejor | [mɘxoɾ] | 'better' | Used primarily in loanwords from Spanish |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:243)
- ^ van Reenen & Huijs (2000:?)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
[edit] Bibliography
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquipan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107-114
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 21 (1): 39-87
- van Reenen, Pieter; Huijs, Nanette (2000), "De harde en de zachte g, de spelling gh versus g voor voorklinker in het veertiende-eeuwse Middelnederlands" (in Dutch), Taal en Tongval 52: 159-181, http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/taalentongval/artikelen/Reenen_Huijs.pdf
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 243-247
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