Voyager 1
 Voyager 1 |
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| Operator | NASA / JPL |
|---|---|
| Mission type | Flyby |
| Launch date | 1977-09-05 12:56:00 UTC (35 years, 8 months, and 18 days ago) |
| Launch vehicle | Titan IIIE-Centaur |
| Launch site | Space Launch Complex 41 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, United States |
| Mission duration |
In progress (Interstellar mission)
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| Flyby of | Jupiter, Saturn |
| COSPAR ID | 1977-084A |
| Homepage | NASA Voyager website |
| Mass | 721.9 kg (1,592 lb) |
| Power | 420 W (3 RTGs) |
| References: [1] |
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The Voyager 1 spacecraft is a 722 kg (1,590 lb) space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977 to study the outer Solar System and interstellar medium. Operating for 35 years, 8 months, and 18 days as of 23 May 2013,[2] the spacecraft receives routine commands and transmits data back to the Deep Space Network. At a distance of about 124.02 AU (1.855×1010 km) as of April 2013[update],[3][4] it is the farthest man-made object from Earth and is currently traveling in a previously unknown region of space. It is still unclear whether this region is part of interstellar space or an area within the Solar System.[5][6][7]
As part of the Voyager program, and like its sister craft Voyager 2, the spacecraft is in extended mission, tasked with locating and studying the boundaries of the Solar System, including the Kuiper belt, the heliosphere and interstellar space. The primary mission ended on November 20, 1980, after encountering the Jovian system in 1979 and the Saturnian system in 1980.[8] It was the first probe to provide detailed images of the two largest planets and their moons.
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Mission background [edit]
History [edit]
In the 1960s, a Grand Tour to study the outer planets was proposed. This prompted NASA to begin work on a mission in the early 1970s. The development of the interplanetary probes coincided with a favorable alignment of the planets, which would allow a probe to reach the outer Solar System by means of the then-new gravity assist technique.
Gravity assists would enable a single probe to visit the four gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) while requiring a minimal amount of propellant and a shorter transit duration between planets. Originally, Voyager 1 was planned as Mariner 11 of the Mariner program. Because of budget cuts, the mission was scaled back to be a flyby of Jupiter and Saturn, and renamed the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes. As the program progressed, the name was later changed to Voyager as the probe designs began to differ greatly from previous Mariner missions.[9]
Golden record [edit]
Each Voyager space probe carries a gold-plated audio-visual disc in the event that either spacecraft is ever found by intelligent life-forms from other planetary systems.[10] The discs carry photos of the Earth and its lifeforms, a range of scientific information, spoken greetings from people (e.g. the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the President of the United States) and a medley, "Sounds of Earth", that includes the sounds of whales, a baby crying, waves breaking on a shore, and a collection of Earth music, including works by Mozart, Blind Willie Johnson, and Chuck Berry's "Johnny B. Goode".
Spacecraft design [edit]
Voyager 1 was constructed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It has 16 hydrazine thrusters, three-axis stabilization gyroscopes, and referencing instruments (Sun sensor/Canopus Star Tracker) to keep the probe's radio antenna pointed toward Earth. Collectively these instruments are part of the Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS) along with redundant units of most instruments and 8 backup thrusters. The spacecraft also included 11 scientific instruments to study celestial objects as it travels through space.[11]
Communication system [edit]
The radio communication system of Voyager 1 was designed to be used up to and beyond the limits of the Solar System during the extremely long flight of this space probe. The communication system includes a 3.7 meter diameter parabolic dish high-gain antenna (see diagram) to send and receive radio waves via the three Deep Space Network stations on the Earth. These modulated waves are placed in the S-band (about 13 cm in wavelength) and X-band (about 3.6 cm in wavelength) which provided a bit rate as high as 115.2 kilobits per second when Voyager 1 was at the distance of Jupiter from the Earth, and many fewer kilobits per second at larger distances.
When Voyager 1 is unable to communicate directly with the Earth, its digital tape recorder (DTR) can record up to 62,500 kilobytes of data for transmission at another time.[11] The length of time needed to send messages to Voyager 1 or to receive messages on the Earth depends on the straight-line distance between the two according to the simple equation t = D/c, where D is the distance and c is the speed of light (about 300,000 km/s).
Power [edit]
Voyager 1 has three large radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) mounted end to end on a boom. Each MHW-RTG contains 24 pressed plutonium-238 oxide spheres. The 2,400 watts of heat from the spheres generated about 157 watts of electric power per RTG at the launch, with the remainder being dissipated as waste heat. Hence there was a total of about 470 watts of electric power provided by the three RTGs.
The power output of the RTGs does decline over time (halving every 87.7 yrs), but the RTGs of Voyager 1 will continue to support some of its operations until around 2025.[11][12]
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RTG fuel container
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RTG diagram 1
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RTG unit
Scientific instruments [edit]
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For more details on the Voyager space probes' identical instrument packages, see the separate article on the overall Voyager Program.
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Mission profile [edit]
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Launch and trajectory [edit]
The Voyager 1 probe was launched on September 5, 1977, from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral, Florida, aboard a Titan IIIE-Centaur launch vehicle. The twin Voyager 2 probe had been launched two weeks earlier, on August 20, 1977. Despite being launched later, Voyager 1 reached both Jupiter and Saturn sooner, following a shorter trajectory.
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Encounter with Jupiter [edit]
Voyager 1 began photographing Jupiter in January 1979. Its closest approach to Jupiter was on March 5, 1979, at a distance of about 349,000 kilometers (217,000 mi) from the planet's center. Because of the greater photographic resolution allowed by a closer approach, most observations of the moons, rings, magnetic fields, and the radiation belt environment of the Jovian system were made during the 48-hour period that bracketed the closest approach. Voyager 1 finished photographing the Jovian system in April 1979.
The two Voyager space probes made a number of important discoveries about Jupiter, its satellites, its radiation belts, and its never-before-seen planetary rings. The most surprising discovery in the Jovian system was the existence of volcanic activity on the moon Io, which had not been observed either from the ground, or by Pioneer 10 or Pioneer 11.
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Media related to the Voyager 1 Jupiter encounter at Wikimedia Commons |
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Encounter with Saturn [edit]
The gravitational assist trajectories at Jupiter were successfully carried out by both Voyagers, and the two spacecraft went on to visit Saturn and its system of moons and rings. Voyager 1's Saturnian flyby occurred in November 1980, with the closest approach on November 12, 1980, when the space probe came within 124,000 kilometers (77,000 mi) of Saturn's cloud-tops. The space probe's cameras detected complex structures in the rings of Saturn, and its remote sensing instruments studied the atmospheres of Saturn and its giant moon Titan.
Because Pioneer 11 had one year earlier detected a thick, gaseous atmosphere over Titan, the Voyager space probes' controllers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory elected for Voyager 1 to make a close approach of Titan, and of necessity end its Grand Tour there. (For the continuation of the Grand Tour, see the Uranus and Neptune sections of the article on Voyager 2.)
Its trajectory with a close fly-by of Titan caused an extra gravitational deflection that sent Voyager 1 out of the plane of the ecliptic, thus ending its planetary science mission. Voyager 1 could have been commanded onto a different trajectory, whereby the gravitational slingshot effect of Saturn's mass would have steered and boosted Voyager 1 out to a fly-by of Pluto. However, this plutonian option was not exercised, because the other trajectory that led to the close fly-by of Titan was decided to have more scientific value and less risk.[18]
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Media related to the Voyager 1 Saturn encounter at Wikimedia Commons |
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Interstellar mission [edit]
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On February 14, 1990, Voyager 1 took the first ever "family portrait" of the Solar System as seen from outside,[19] which includes the famous image known as "Pale Blue Dot". It is estimated that both Voyager craft have sufficient electrical power to operate their radio transmitters until at least 2025, which will be over 48 years after launch.
On November 17, 1998, Voyager 1 overtook Pioneer 10 as the most distant man-made object from Earth, at a distance of 69.419 AU (1.03849×1010 km). It is currently the most distant functioning space probe to receive commands and transmit information to Earth. The spacecraft's mission now is its eternal mission, to study and wander the interstellar medium. At 17.26 km/s (10.72 mi/s)[20] it has the fastest heliocentric recession speed of any man-made object.[21]
Provided Voyager 1 does not collide with anything, the New Horizons space probe will never pass it, despite being launched from Earth at a faster speed than either Voyager spacecraft. New Horizons is traveling at about 15 km/s, 2 km/s slower than Voyager 1, and is still slowing down. When New Horizons reaches the same distance from the Sun as Voyager 1 is now, its speed will be about 13 km/s (8 mi/s).[22] The close flyby of Saturn and Titan gave Voyager 1 a massive advantage with its extra gravity assist.
| Year | End of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations |
|---|---|
| 2007 | Termination of plasma subsystem (PLS) |
| 2008 | Power off Planetary Radio Astronomy Experiment (PRA) |
| 2010 | Terminate scan platform and Ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) observations |
| 2015 | Termination of Data Tape Recorder (DTR) operations (limited by ability to capture 1.4 kbit/s data using a 70 m/34 m antenna array. This is the minimum rate at which the DTS can read-out data.) |
| 2016 approx | Termination of gyroscopic operations |
| 2020 | Start shutdown of science instruments (as of October 18, 2010[update] the order is undecided but the Low-Energy Charged Particles, Cosmic Ray Subsystem, Magnetometer, and Plasma Wave Subsystem instruments are expected to still be operating)[23] |
| 2025–2030 | Can no longer power any single instrument. |
Heliopause [edit]
As Voyager 1 heads for interstellar space, its instruments continue to study the Solar System; Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists are using the plasma wave experiments aboard Voyager 1 and 2 to look for the heliopause, the boundary at which the solar wind transitions into the interstellar medium.
Scientists at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory believe that Voyager 1 entered the termination shock in February 2003.[24] This marks the point where the solar wind slows to subsonic speeds. Some other scientists have expressed doubt, discussed in the journal Nature of November 6, 2003.[25] In a scientific session at the American Geophysical Union meeting in New Orleans on the morning of May 25, 2005, Dr. Ed Stone presented evidence that Voyager 1 crossed the termination shock in December 2004.
The issue will not be resolved until other data becomes available, since Voyager 1's solar-wind detector ceased functioning in 1990. This failure has meant that termination shock detection must be inferred from the data from the other instruments on board.[26][27][28]
However, in May 2005 a NASA press release said that consensus was that Voyager 1 was now in the heliosheath.[29] On June 15, 2012, NASA announced that the probe was detecting changes in the environment that are suspected to correlate with arrival at the heliopause.[30] A paper published in September 2012, scientists reported a surprise sudden decrease in charged particles flowing outward from the Sun, and a sudden collapse in the solar wind which left researchers without a working model for the outer Solar System.[31]
On October 9, 2012, researchers reported that data from the spacecraft indicated that the probe has passed through the heliopause.[32][33] Measurements from the spacecraft revealed a steady rise since May in collisions with high energy particles (above 70 MeV), which are believed to be cosmic rays emanating from supernova explosions far beyond the Solar System, with a sharp increase in these collisions in late August. At the same time, in late August, there was a dramatic drop in collisions with low-energy particles, which are thought to originate from the Sun.[34] Ed Roelof, space scientist at Johns Hopkins University and principal investigator for the Low-Energy Charged Particle instrument on the spacecraft declared that "Most scientists involved with Voyager 1 would agree that [these two criteria] have been sufficiently satisfied." However, the last criterion for officially declaring that the Voyager has crossed the boundary, the change in magnetic field direction (from that of the Sun to that of the interstellar field beyond), indicates the nature of the edge of the heliosphere has been misjudged. On December 3, 2012, Voyager project scientist Ed Stone of the California Institute of Technology said, "Voyager has discovered a new region of the heliosphere that we had not realized was there. "We're still inside, apparently. But the magnetic field now is connected to the outside. So it's like a highway letting particles in and out." [35]
Current status [edit]
Voyager 1 is operational and responding to commands broadcast from Earth.
Voyager 1 is not heading towards any particular star, but in about 40,000 years it will pass within 1.6 light years of the star Gliese 445, which is at present in the constellation Camelopardalis. That star is generally moving towards the Solar System at about 119 km/s (430,000 km/h; 270,000 mph).[36]
On February 17, 1998, Voyager 1 became the farthest man-made object from Earth, passing Pioneer 10 at 69 AU from the Sun.[37] Since then, Voyager 1 has been the farthest man-made object from Earth, and there are no probes predicted to be launched in the next 20 years that will pass the probe.[citation needed]
On December 15, 2004, Voyager 1 passed the termination shock.[38] This is the unofficial date of departure from the Solar System.[citation needed] While the spacecraft still remains under the Sun's influence, at the termination shock particles from the interstellar medium interact with solar particles, signaling that the hypothetical heliopause is not far from this point. Six years later in 2010 Voyager 1 entered an area of the heliosheath where the solar wind outward speed is 0, or flowing sideways relative to the Sun. This signals that Voyager 1 is getting very close to entering the interstellar medium.
On March 31, 2006, the amateur radio operators from AMSAT in Germany tracked and received radio waves from Voyager 1 using the 20-meter (66 ft) dish at Bochum with a long integration technique. Retrieved data was checked and verified against data from the Deep Space Network station at Madrid, Spain.[39] This is believed to be the first such tracking of Voyager 1.
On December 13, 2010, it was confirmed that Voyager 1 passed the reach of the solar wind emanating from the Sun. It is suspected that solar wind at this distance turns sideways because of interstellar wind pushing against the heliosphere. Since June 2010, detection of solar wind has been consistently at zero, providing conclusive evidence of the event.[40] The meridional (north-south) speed of the solar wind, which is suspected to have increased, cannot be inferred in Voyager 1's current configuration.[citation needed] On this date, the spacecraft was approximately 17.3 billion kilometers (116 AU or 10.8 billion miles) from the Sun.[41]
On March 8, 2011, Voyager 1 was commanded to change its orientation to detect the current direction of the solar wind. A test roll done in February confirmed the spacecraft's ability to maneuver and reorient itself. The course of the spacecraft was not changed. It rotated 70 degrees counterclockwise with respect to Earth to detect the solar wind. This was the first time the spacecraft had done any major maneuvering since the family portrait photograph of the planets was taken in 1990. The spacecraft will be maneuvered again in the coming months to further analyze the solar wind. After the first roll the spacecraft had no problem in reorienting itself with Alpha Centauri, Voyager 1's guide star, and it resumed sending transmissions back to Earth. This is a major milestone in the Voyager interstellar program. Voyager 2 is still detecting outward flow of solar wind but it is estimated that in the coming months or years it will experience the same conditions as Voyager 1.[42][43]
On May 21, 2011, the spacecraft was reported at 12.44° declination and 17.163 hours right ascension, and at an ecliptic latitude of 34.9° (the ecliptic latitude changes very slowly), placing it in the constellation Ophiuchus as observed from the Earth.[18] NASA continued its daily tracking of Voyager 1 with its Deep Space Network. This network measures both the elevation and azimuth angles of the incoming radio waves from Voyager 1, and it also measures the distance from the Earth to Voyager 1.
On June 15, 2011, the distance to the interstellar medium was recalculated, which is now believed to be much less than previously thought. NASA believes that Voyager 1 may cross into the space between the stars sometime in the next year or so. The Low Energy Charged Particle device on Voyager 1 has detected the outward flow of the solar wind to be at zero. This means it is flowing parallel up and down to the Sun, signaling that the interstellar medium is very close. Voyager 2 still has more travel time before it reaches the interstellar medium, while scientists believed Voyager 1 will enter interstellar space "at any time".[44]
On December 1, 2011, it was announced that Voyager 1 detected the first Lyman-alpha radiation originating from the Milky Way galaxy. Lyman-alpha radiation had previously been detected from other galaxies, but because of interference from the Sun, the radiation from the Milky Way was not detectable.[45]
On December 5, 2011, it was announced that Voyager 1 had entered a new region referred to as a "cosmic purgatory" by NASA. Within this stagnation region, charged particles streaming from the Sun slow and turn inward, and the Solar System's magnetic field has doubled in strength as interstellar space appears to be applying pressure. Energetic particles originating in the Solar System have declined by nearly half, while the detection of high-energy electrons from outside has increased by 100 fold. The inner edge of the stagnation region is located approximately 113 astronomical units from the Sun, while the outer edge is unknown.[46][47]
On June 14, 2012, NASA announced that Voyager 1 has reported a marked increase in its detection of charged particles from interstellar space, which are normally deflected by the solar winds within the heliosphere from the Sun. The craft thus begins to enter the interstellar medium at the "final frontier of the Solar System",[29][48] or the "edge of the Solar System".[49][50] Voyager 1 is the farthest man-made object from Earth.
On September 5, 2012, Voyager 1 was in space for 35 years since its launch to Jupiter and Saturn. The craft is currently more than 11 billion miles from the Sun. Twin Voyager 2, which celebrated its launch anniversary two weeks earlier, trails behind at 9 billion miles from the Sun.[51]
On September 9, 2012, Voyager 1 was 121.836 AU (1.82264×1010 km; 1.13254×1010 mi) from the Earth and 121.798 AU (1.82207×1010 km; 1.13218×1010 mi) from the Sun; and traveling at 17,043 m/s (38,120 mph) (relative to the Sun) and traveling outward at about 3.595 AU per year.[3] Sunlight takes 16.89 hours to get to Voyager 1. The apparent magnitude of the Sun from the spacecraft is −16.3.[3] Voyager 1 is heading in the direction of the constellation Ophiuchus.[3] (To compare, Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun, is about 4.2 light-years (or 2.65×105 AU) distant. Voyager 1's current relative velocity to the Sun is 17,043 m/s (61,350 km/h; 38,120 mph). This calculates as 3.592 AU per year, about 10% faster than Voyager 2. At this velocity, 73,775 years would pass before reaching the nearest star, Proxima Centauri, were the spacecraft traveling in the direction of that star. Voyager 1 will need about 17,565 years at its current velocity to travel a complete light year.)
On December 3, 2012, NASA scientists announced that Voyager 1 had discovered a previously unknown region of the heliosphere. Described as a "magnetic highway," here the pressure of the interstellar medium sweeps back the Sun’s magnetic field and with it many of the slower moving particles emerging from within the Solar System. These are mixed with faster moving particles entering the Solar System from the interstellar medium. The magnetic field in this newly discovered region is 10 times more intense than Voyager 1 encountered before the termination shock. It is expected to be the last barrier before the spacecraft exits the Solar System completely and enters interstellar space.[52][53][54]
On March 20, 2013, it was announced that Voyager 1 may have been the first man-made object to leave the Solar System, on August 25, 2012. However, it is still under debate as to whether the new region is interstellar space or an unknown region of the Solar System.[5]
In fiction [edit]
- In the TV and game series Defiance, Voyager 1 was the first human device to detect the incoming Votan fleet.[55]
- In the 1979 movie Star Trek: The Motion Picture V'Ger is revealed to be the Voyager 6 probe, a lost 20th-century Earth space probe. The damaged probe was found by an alien race of living machines that interpreted its programming as instructions to learn all that can be learned, and return that information to its creator.
See also [edit]
- Local Interstellar Cloud
- Rings of Jupiter
- Rings of Saturn
- Space exploration
- Specific orbital energy of Voyager 1
- Voyager: Sounds of the Cosmos, the album made from Voyager's recordings
- List of artificial objects escaping from the Solar System
References [edit]
- ^ "VOYAGER:Mission Information". NASA. 1989. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
- ^ current operation time
- ^ a b c d Peat, Chris (September 9, 2012). "Spacecraft escaping the Solar System". Heavens-Above. Retrieved September 9. 2012.
- ^ Voyager 1, Where are the Voyagers – NASA Voyager 1
- ^ a b "Voyager 1 has entered a new region of space, sudden changes in cosmic rays indicate". Retrieved 20 March 2013.
- ^ "Report: Humanity Leaves the Solar System — Or Maybe Not". Time News Magazine. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
- ^ "Report: NASA Voyager Status Update on Voyager 1 Location". NASA. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
- ^ The term "visit" is used here in the sense of "approach".
- ^ Chapter 11 "Voyager: The Grand Tour of Big Science" (sec. 268.), by Andrew,J. Butrica, found in From Engineering Science To Big Science ISBN 978-0-16-049640-0 edited by Pamela E. Mack, NASA, 1998
- ^ Ferris, Timothy (May 2012). "Timothy Ferris on Voyagers' Never-Ending Journey". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
- ^ a b c "VOYAGER 1:Host Information". NASA. 1989. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
- ^ Furlong, Richard R.; Wahlquist, Earl J. (1999). "U.S. space missions using radioisotope power systems". Nuclear News 42 (4): 26–34. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
- ^ "Voyager 1 Narrow Angle Camera Description". NASA / PDS. August 26, 2003. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
- ^ "Voyager 1 Wide Angle Camera Description". NASA / PDS. August 26, 2003. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
- ^ "Voyager Mission Description" NASA, February 19, 1997
- ^ "Voyager 1 Full Mission Timeline" Muller, Daniel, 2010
- ^ "Voyager 1 Website" NASA, December, 2012
- ^ a b "Voyager – Frequently Asked Questions". Voyager.jpl.nasa.gov. February 14, 1990. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
- ^ "Photo Capion". Public Information Office. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
- ^ Webb, Stephen (2002). If the universe is teeming with aliens-- where is everybody?: fifty solutions to the Fermi paradox and the problem of extraterrestrial life. Copernicus Series. Springer. p. 62. ISBN 0-387-95501-1.
- ^ Darling, Dr. David. "Fastest Spacecraft". Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ "New Horizons Salutes Voyager". New Horizons. August 17, 2006. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
- ^ "Voyager – Spacecraft – Spacecraft Lifetime". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. October 18, 2010. Retrieved 2011-09-30. "shutdown order has not been determined"
- ^ Tobin, Kate (November 5, 2003). "Spacecraft reaches edge of solar system". CNN. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
- ^ L A Fisk (2003). "Planetary Science: Over the edge?". Nature 426 (6962): 21–22. doi:10.1038/426021a. PMID 14603294.
- ^ Stamatios M. Krimigis; +7 others (2003). "Voyager 1 exited the solar wind at a distance of 85 au from the Sun". Nature 426 (6962): 45–48. doi:10.1038/nature02068. PMID 14603311.
- ^ Frank B. McDonald; +5 others (2003). "Enhancements of energetic particles near the heliospheric termination shock". Nature 426 (6962): 48–51. doi:10.1038/nature02066. PMID 14603312.
- ^ Leonard F. Burlaga; +6 others (2003). "Search for the heliosheath with Voyager 1 magnetic field measurements". Geophysical Research Letters 30 (20): 2072–2075. Bibcode:2003GeoRL..30tSSC9B. doi:10.1029/2003GL018291.
- ^ a b "Voyager Enters Solar System's Final Frontier". NASA. May 24, 2005. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
- ^ NASA Voyager 1 Spacecraft Nears Interstellar Space
- ^ http://www.space.com/17456-voyager-1-spacecraft-solar-system-edge.html
- ^ Wolchover, Natalie (10/09/2012). "Voyager 1 Has Left Solar System By Crossing Heliopause, New Data Suggest". Huffington Post.
- ^ http://zeenews.india.com/news/space/voyager-1-likely-to-become-first-man-made-object-to-reach-deep-space_804693.html
- ^ http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/2984-voyager-spacecraft-solar-system.html
- ^ http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/12/04/despite-tantalizing-hints-voyager-1-has-not-crossed-into-the-interstellar-medium/
- ^ "Voyager – Mission – Interstellar Mission". Voyager.jpl.nasa.gov. August 9, 2010. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
- ^ "Voyager 1 now most distant man-made object in space". CNN. February 17, 1998. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ "Voyager Timeline". NASA/JPL. February 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
- ^ AMSAT-DL article in German; ARRL article in English
- ^ Voyager 1 Sees Solar Wind Decline
- ^ Jonathan Amos (December 14, 2010). "Voyager near Solar System's edge". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
- ^ Voyager – The Interstellar Mission
- ^ "Voyager: Still dancing 17 billion km from Earth". BBC News. March 9, 2011.
- ^ NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (June 15, 2011). Recalculating the distance to interstellar space. ScienceDaily
- ^ "Voyager Probes Detect "invisible" Milky Way Glow". National Geographic. December 1, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ "Spacecraft enters 'cosmic purgatory'". December 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
- ^ "Voyager 1 hits new region at solar system edge". December 5, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
- ^ ""Did You Know"? – Voyager – The Interstellar Mission". NASA. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
- ^ "What Does the Edge of the Solar System Look Like? Ask Voyager". NASA. November 5, 2003. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
- ^ "Data From NASA's Voyager 1 Point to Interstellar Future". June 14, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-16. Unknown parameter
|publishser=ignored (help) - ^ "NASA's Voyager 1 on verge of leaving solar system". CBS News. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
- ^ Ian O’Neill, “Voyager 1 Can ‘Taste’ the Interstellar Shore,” Discovery News, December 3, 2012 http://news.discovery.com/space/voyager-1-flys-into-a-mystery-magnetic-highway-121203.html Accessed December 4, 2012.
- ^ Kelly Oakes, “Voyager 1 is still not out of the solar system”, Scientific American. Basic Space Blog. http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/basic-space/2012/12/03/voyager-1-is-still-not-out-of-the-solar-system/
- ^ "Voyager 1 probe leaving solar system reaches 'magnetic highway' exit". Daily News & Analysis. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
- ^ "Defiance World Tumblr". Syfy. March 2, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-02.
External links [edit]
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Media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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Media related to Voyager 1 at Wikimedia Commons
- NASA Voyager website
- Voyager Spacecraft Lifetime – interstellar mission coverage.
- Voyager 1 Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- Voyager 1 (NSSDC Master Catalog)
- Spacecraft Escaping the Solar System – current positions and diagrams
- Weekly Mission Reports – includes information on current spacecraft state
- iPhone Application with Voager Golden Record information
- We Are Here: The Pale Blue Dot. A short film on The Pale Blue Dot picture taken by Voyager. Narrated by Carl Sagan.
- Heavens-above.com
- JPL Voyager Telecom Manual
- Voyager 1 Has Outdistanced the Solar Wind
- Explanation of VIM
- Gray, Meghan. "Voyager and Interstellar Space". Deep Space Videos. Brady Haran.
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