Vrije Universiteit

Not to be confused with Vrije Universiteit Brussel.

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Latin: Universitas Libera (sometimes: Amstelodamensis or Reformata)
Motto	Auxilium nostrum in nomine Domini
Motto in English	Our help is in the name of the Lord
Established	1880
Religious affiliation	Protestant
Endowment	€ 420 million
Rector	Professor Frank van der Duyn Schouten
Academic staff	2,764
Students	22,730
Location	Amsterdam, Netherlands
Affiliations	EUA, Santander
Website	www.vu.nl/en

The Vrije Universiteit (literal translation from Dutch: "Free [as in liberty] University") is a university in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The Dutch name is often abbreviated as VU and in English the university uses the name "VU University". The university is located on a compact urban campus in the southern part of Amsterdam in the Buitenveldert district. Though a faith-based institution, the VU receives government funding on a parity basis with the public universities.

The university should not be confused with the University of Amsterdam, which is a different university, located in the same city. That university was formerly owned and operated by the City of Amsterdam, but is now one of the public universities in the Netherlands.

The VU has about 22,738 students, most of whom are full-time students. The number of faculty members and researchers is 2,764 (excluding personnel at VU University Medical Center). Teaching and research activities are supported by 1,905 administrative, clerical, technical, and other employees. The university's annual budget is around US$500 million, about two thirds of which comes from the Dutch government. Tuition, research grants, and industrial contracts provide the rest.

The logo of the university is the griffin, pictured on the right. The position of its wings symbolizes the freedom in the university's name: freedom from both state and church.

History

Abraham Kuyper, founder of the VU

Former main building at De Lairessestraat.

The VU was founded in 1880 by Abraham Kuyper as the first orthodox-Protestant (Calvinist) university in the Netherlands. Kuyper was a Dutch politician, journalist, and prime minister of the Netherlands from 1901 to 1905. He was a professor of theology at the VU as well as the first rector magnificus (President of the University).

Vrije Universiteit literally means 'Free University' (or 'Liberated University') to signify freedom from both government and church. The education itself, however, is not free of charge. To overcome this association, recently a decision was made to use the term VU University instead of Free University whenever the English translation is needed.

When the Vrije Universiteit started in 1880, it hired some rooms in the Scottish Missionary Church (today a theatre called De Kleine Komedie) and used them as lecture rooms. Here the founder Abraham Kuyper and his four co-professors gave their lectures. In 1883 the Scottish Missionary Church became too small for the quickly growing number of students and the university bought another building: Keizersgracht 162. In the following years the university bought more buildings throughout the city. Since 1968, the entire university has been located on a campus in the Buitenveldert district.

As with all accredited universities in the Netherlands, students pay a (government determined) tuition, which is currently (2009) around €1700/year for students from the European Union and ranges from €9000 to €12000/year for students from elsewhere. Most Dutch students and long-term Dutch resident EU citizens receive a grant or loan from the government to cover tuition and living expenses.

Although current students and faculty members are adherents of many religions, as a consequence of its Protestant heritage, the VU has always placed a special emphasis on the social and cultural context in which it operates. Many faculties offer courses teaching students about the historical, social, and cultural issues related to their discipline, with course names like "Social Aspects of Science". Topics such as the consequences of science for society, ethics, and related issues are discussed.

Management structure

The board of trustees of the university is the Vereniging VU-Windesheim, which also manages Windesheim University of Applied Sciences (Dutch: Christelijke Hogeschool Windesheim) in Zwolle as well as VU University Medical Center, which is the university's teaching hospital. The university is run by an executive board which makes decisions in consultation with the Board of Deans.

Recent university presidents have been:

• 1983-1987 Pieter Drenth
• 1987-1993 Cees Datema
• 1993-1997 Egbert Boeker
• 1997-2006 Taede Sminia
• 2006-2013 Lex Bouter
• 2013-today Frank van der Duyn Schouten

Education

Former eastern entrance to the campus, replaced in 2011 with a temporary building for the Faculty of Law.

Organisationally, the university is divided into 12 faculties, which offer a great variety of bachelor's, master's, and Ph.D. programmes in many fields. These faculties are:

• Arts
• Dentistry
• Earth science and life science
• Economics and business
• Human movement
• Law
• Medicine
• Philosophy
• Psychology and pedagogy
• Exact science
• Social science
• Theology

The language of instruction for most bachelor's courses is Dutch. However, many of the master's programmes are given entirely in English in order to attract students from outside the Netherlands. In fact, in some master's programmes, international students outnumber the Dutch students by a large margin.

The Ph.D. programme is different from that in the United Kingdom and the U.S.A. Rather than applying to the university for admission in the winter, prospective students must find a (full) professor who has a position for a Ph.D. student, called an AiO (Assistant in Opleiding—Assistant in Training), and contact him or her directly. Most professors and faculties advertise their open positions on their Websites. AiOs are paid a salary and are considered university employees. They do not have to pay tuition.

Research

Left: Exact Sciences; Right: Humanities and law

From its humble beginnings, the VU has become a modern research university. The research focus is given by the VU-star, which emphasizes seven broad areas in which the university excels:

1. Communication, knowledge, and meaning
2. Computerization and digitization
3. Economics and society
4. Health and disease
5. Legal and administrative issues
6. Life sciences
7. System earth

Many of these research foci are interdisciplinary, with faculty members and students from multiple faculties working together to forge new breakthroughs. Some of the key faculty members are listed below.

Notable faculty

De Rode Pieper ('red potato'), housing the Institute for Health and Wellness

• Henri Bal, professor of Computer Science and author of several books, who together with his student John Romein wrote a program that broke the ancient game of Oware (Awari) and gives the best move in any situation, usually leading to a forced win.
• Dorret Boomsma, professor of biological psychology and winner of the Spinozapremie.
• Brad Bushman, since 2005 a visiting professor from the The Ohio State University in United States who is a foremost expert on the causes and consequences of human aggression.
• Jet Bussemaker, assistant professor of political science 1991-2001, undersecretary of the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport (2007–2010).
• Frank den Butter, former chairman of the Royal Netherlands Economic Association.
• Jaap Doek, professor of law and chairman of the U.N. Committee of the Rights of the Child (2001–2007)
• Frank van Harmelen, professor of Artificial Intelligence who co-designed Web Ontology Language (OWL) and authored many books on semantic web.
• Peter Koslowski the ethicist and philosopher, author of nearly 20 books.
• Peter Nijkamp, professor of spatial economics, former president of the governing board of the Netherlands Research Council (NWO), winner of the Spinozapremie
• Bob Pinedo, professor of medicine, director of the VUmc Cancer Center, and winner of the Spinazopremie.
• Piet Rietveld, professor of economics, and leading researcher in transport economics.
• Jan Smit, professor of earth science, was one of the people who contributed to the theory that an impact of a meteor near Mexico caused the ending of the Dinosaur age about 65 million years ago.
• Andrew S. Tanenbaum, professor of Computer Science who wrote the MINIX operating system, the inspiration and precursor to Linux. Tanenbaum is the author of five textbooks, which have been translated into over 20 languages and are used at universities all over the world. He is also the founder and webmaster of electoral-vote.com.
• Richard Tol, professor of economics, and leading researcher in the economics of climate change.
• Pier Vellinga, director of the Climate Centre.

Notable past faculty

• Anthony Tol, documentalist
• Jan Peter Balkenende, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands, was a special professor of "Christian Social Thought".
• James Kennedy, professor of modern history (20th century) (2003–2007)
• Jacob Klapwijk, philosopher
• Pieter Kooijmans, currently a Judge on the International Court of Justice, Professor of International and European Law (1965–1973)
• Ronald Plasterk, professor of molecular biology, 1993–1997, winner of the Spinozapremie, former Minister of Education (2007)
• D. H. Th. Vollenhoven, theologian
• Reijer Hooykaas, historian of science
• Jan Woltjer, linguist
• Abraham Kuyper, theologian, Prime Minister of the Netherlands, 1901–05
• Herman Dooyeweerd, philosopher of law
• Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy, professor of law, Prime Minister of the Dutch government-in-exile, 1940–45
• Herman Bavinck, theologian
• Gerrit Cornelis Berkouwer, theologian
• Arie van Deursen, historian

Notable graduates and former students

The science building

• Christine Aaftink, multiple National Champion Sprint (skating) and winner of medals at the WC; studied at the faculty of Human Movement Sciences
• James Olthuis, philosopher, theologian, psychotherapist, and Senior Member Emeritus at the Institute for Christian Studies, Toronto.
• Calvin Seerveld, philosopher and Senior Member Emeritus in Philosophical Aesthetics at the Institute for Christian Studies, Toronto.
• Hendrik Hart, philosopher and Senior Member Emeritus at the Institute for Christian Studies, Toronto.
• Gerrit Cornelis Berkouwer, influential theologian and professor at the Vrije Universiteit
• Jan Peter Balkenende, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands, studied history and law at the VU
• Wouter Bos, party leader of the Dutch Labour Party and former Minister of Finance of the Netherlands, studied political science and economics at VU
• Elco Brinkman, previous leader of the CDA party, studied political science and law at the VU
• Wim Deetman, Mayor of The Hague, studied political science at the VU
• Piet Hein Donner, Minister of Justice in several cabinets (Balkenende I, II, III) and Minister of Social Affairs (Balkenende IV), studied law at the VU
• Herman Dooyeweerd, founder of Reformational Philosophy, got his Ph.D. at the VU and became a full professor there
• Ellen van Dijk, double World Champion cycling (2008, 2012); studied at the faculty of Human Movement Sciences
• Mient-Jan Faber, well-known peace activist, studied mathematics and physics at the VU and is currently adjunct professor there
• Bas de Gaay Fortman, the world's only Chair in Political Economy of Human Rights
• Benny Giay, Papua activist
• Pim Fortuyn, the assassinated party leader of the LPF studied sociology at the VU.
• Hans van Goor, long-distance swimmer
• Laetitia Griffith, former alderman in the Amsterdam city council, now member of the Dutch parliament, studied law at the VU
• Nico Habermann, well-known computer scientist and professor at Carnegie Mellon University
• Marijke Höweler, writer, studied psychology at the VU.
• Bert Koenders, Minister of Developmental Cooperation in the cabinet Balkenende IV, studied social science at the VU
• Pauline Krikke, former alderman in the Amsterdam city council, now mayor of Arnhem
• Dolf Jansen and Hans Sibbel, together form the comedy team "Lebbis en Jansen," both studied at the VU
• Jona Lendering, Historian and author of seven books, mostly about antiquity
• Linda de Mol, Dutch and German celebrity, who gained her celebrity status from hosting TV shows and acting in movies
• Atzo Nicolaï, Minister of Government Reform and Kingdom Relations in the cabinet Balkenende III, studied law and political science at the VU
• Lewis B. Smedes, American Reformed ethicist and author; also visiting professor at VU
• Nico Rienks, double Olympic Champion rowing (1988, 1996); studied at the faculty of Human Movement Sciences
• André Rouvoet, Minister of Youth and Family Affairs and Vice-Prime Minister in the cabinet Balkenende IV, studied law at the VU
• Robert Charles Sproul, a popular American Reformed theologian and apologist
• Karel Marinus Van Vliet, physicist
• Geert M.N. Verschuuren, Philosophy of Science, in particular Philosophy of Biology
• Werner Vogels, Chief Technology Officer and Vice President of Amazon.com, got his Ph.D. in Computer Science at the VU
• Gerrit Zalm, Minister of Finance in the cabinets Kok I, Kok II, Balkenende II and Balkenende III, studied and taught economics at VU.

International acclaim

In the 2012 QS World University Rankings placed Vrije Universiteit at 177th overall in the world. An overview of the THE-QS World University Rankings up to 2012 (from 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings):

Year	Rank (Change)
2005	186
2006	183 ( 3)
2007	304 ( 121)
2008	155 ( 149)
2009	165 ( 10)
2010	171 ( 6)
2011	179 ( 8)
2012	177 ( 2)

See also

• Ad Valvas
• Hortus Botanicus Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
• List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)

External links

• Vrije Universiteit Website
• About the University's accommodation